YOUTH ACADEMY FOR DIALOGUE AND COOPERATION

THE FALL OF YUGOSLAVIA

Belgrade, Serbia,October 14th, 2014 Jasmina Lazovic

YIHR Serbia

From this…

… to this!

Brief history of YugoslaviaThrough different state solutions

1918 – 1941 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1941 – 1945 Occupation (Germany, Italy,

Bulgaria, Independent State of Croatia, Nazi Collaboration Regimes)

1945 – 1991 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

1991 – June/July War in Slovenia 1991 – 1995 War in Croatia 1992 – 1995 War in Bosnia

Brief history of YugoslaviaThrough different state solutions

1998 – 1999 War in Kosovo 1999 – NATO intervention in FRY 1999 – 2001 Conflict in South Serbia 2001 – January/November Conflict in

Macedonia 2006 – Montenegro declared

independence 2008 – Kosovo declared independence

Brief history of YugoslaviaThrough different state solutions

KINGDOM OF SERBS, CROATS AND SLOVENES (1918) / KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA (1929)

Established after World War I The goal was to become stronger in order to

defend the position of South Slavs against Austrian, Hungarian, Ottoman, Italian, Bulgarian interests in the Balkans

Serbian Domination: Belgrade (Serbia) is capital city, Serbian Royal Family is ruling family

Territory of Serbia (with Kosovo), Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia

World War II in Yugoslavia

Divided into annexed parts by Germany, Italy, Albanian (under Italian occupation) and Bulgaria

Independent State of Croatia (lead by Ustasha - Croats): Holocaust (Jews), genocide (Serbs), crimes against humanity (Roma)

Chetniks (Serbian Movement): crimes in Eastern Bosnia, fighting against partisans

The Balli Kombëtar (National Front) was an Albanian nationalist, anti-communist and anti-monarchist organization

World War II in Yugoslavia

Brief history of YugoslaviaThrough different state solutions

SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA

Established after World War II (Marshal Tito and Communist Party of Yugoslavia)

Six federal units (six republics) Territory of Serbia (with 2 provinces:

Vojvodina and Kosovo), Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia

The regime was trying to minimize the role of Serbia as the biggest unit

Ethnic Structure of Yugoslavia in 1991

Brotherhood and unity – nations and nationalities

No dealing with the past of civil war during WW2

The status of: 1. Muslims who were recognized as nation during

’60s / Bosniaks in 1993 (prior to this, they were religiously Muslims, ethnically Serbs/Croats/undeclared)

2. Albanians had status of nationality but were seeking for more (although they are not Slavs and do not speak Slavic language)

Ethnic Structure of Yugoslavia in 1991

Ethnic Structure of Yugoslavia in 1991

Serbs 36.3% Croats 19.7% Muslims (Bosniaks) 8.9% Slovenes 7.8% Albanians 7.7% Macedonians 5.9% Yugoslavs 5.4% Montenegrins 2.5%

Tito’s Death

Josip Broz Tito died in 1980 Largest state funeral in history at the time “We all cried, but we did not know we

were burying Yugoslavia” – Mahmut Bakalli, Kosovar Albanian politician and former President of the League of Communists in Kosovo

Collective presidency: new chairman “elected” every year, on rotation

Functioned until around 1991

80’s in Kosovo

Serbs and Albanians unsatisfied with position in Kosovo

March 1981: Mass Demonstrations of Albanians started at University of Prishtina (Kosovo to Kosovars). Federal police/army tanks intervene

1987: Rise of Slobodan Milosevic (Serbian nationalist) who is supporting Serbs in Kosovo

1989: Serbia granted right to rescind Kosovo’s autonomy (guaranteed by constitution from 1974) which led to rioting/unrests in Kosovo, curfews, some people died

Serbs given financial incentives to settle in Kosovo

Slobodan Milosevic – president of Serbia

End of Cold War

1989: Fall of Berlin Wall and Communist Regimes around Europe

1990: First Multi-Party Elections in Yugoslav Federal Republics

Victories of nationalists (mostly former communists)

Slovenian and Croatian Independence

Two richest republics declared independence on June 25th, 1991

10-day War in Slovenia Yugoslav People’s Army

(JNA) sent to take over borders’ check points, to defend territorial integrity.

Brijuni Agreement on July 7th between Croatia, Slovenia, SFRY and European Community (resulted with Conference on Yugoslavia in the Hague, Netherlands)

War in Croatia

Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) Local Serbs with support of JNA and regime in

Belgrade took more than 25% of Croatia Aug 1991: 87-day siege on Vukovar, 80% of all

buildings destroyed Non-Serbs ethnically cleansed, included into

RSK

War in Croatia

February 1992: UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force) came to Croatia

To ensure conditions for peace talks, and security

War in Croatia August 1995: Operations Flash and Storm (recapture of Krajina territory) – the end of

war + Peaceful reintegration of Eastern Slavonia

Serbian Side of Story (Ethnic Cleansing)

Croatian Side of Story (Victory)

War in Bosnia

Referendum for independence in early 1992 held by Muslim government

Boycotted by Bosnian Serbs, threats of violence

Croats side with Bosnia’s Muslim government, although in the beginning of war Croats proclaimed Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia

In first few months of war Serbs took around 70% of territory of Bosnia (Serbian Republic)

War in Bosnia

Summer 1992: Prijedor – Camps

5,200 (est.) Bosniaks/Croats missing or killed

War in Bosnia 1992: British Journalist captured this

War in Bosnia Establishment of the UN International

Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (1993)

Task: stop the war!

War in Bosnia

1993: UN safe zones as humanitarian corridors Sarajevo Srebrenica Gorazde Zepa Bihac Tuzla

War in Bosnia

Siege of Sarajevo Rape as War Crime Ethnic Cleansing Detention and Death Camps Genocide in Srebrenica and the end of

the war

Crimes on three sides?!

War in Bosnia Siege of Sarajevo

War in Bosnia

Siege of Sarajevo longest siege of a capital city in the

history of modern warfare / three times longer than the Siege of Stalingrad and a year longer than the Siege of Leningrad

11,500 (est.) people killed Grenades (approx. 330 per day) and

snipers Sarajevo Tunnel built in mid-1993 “Stretching the brains” – R. Mladic

War in Bosnia

Srebrenica Genocide July 1995 Led by Army of Republika Srpska (General

Ratko Mladic and president Radovan Karadzic) Around 8,000 members of male population

who were trying to escape this UN protected area

Women, children and elderly people transferred to other places

“Revenge for 5 centuries of Ottoman rule over Serbia” – R. Mladic

War in Bosnia

Nov/Dec 1995: Dayton Peace Agreement Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and

Republika Srpska (Serbian Republic) Central government, rotating state

presidency 3 ethnic majorities: Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks High representative of Bosnia and

Herzegovina was created in 1995 immediately after the Dayton Peace Agreement to oversee the civilian implementation of this agreement.

War in Bosnia

Bosnian Book of Dead Bosniaks: 62.013 Serbs: 24.953 Croats: 8.403 Total: 95.940 Civilians: 38.239 Soldiers: 57.701

War in Bosnia

War in Kosovo

Kosovo Albanians had parallel institutions since 1991 led by Ibrahim Rugova (Democratic League of Kosovo) – peaceful resistance because of awareness of potential consequences of fighting against regime in Belgrade

Expectations that Albanian Issue in Kosovo will be solved in Dayton in 1995 (did not happen)

1996: Rise of rebel groups that were attacking randomly in small range / later will become Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)

War in Kosovo

KLA – initially perceived as terrorist group, but later recognized as freedom fighters

Their goal was Kosovo separation from Yugoslavia/Serbia

Adem Jashari (KLA founder) killed in March 1998 with around 50 other people (KLA members + women and children)

This resulted in an international backlash against Milosevic

War in Kosovo

Clashes between Yugoslav Army/police and KLA escalate

Milosevic regime is sending extensive forces to Kosovo

1998 Summer and Fall: Albanian refuges in Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro (ethnic cleansing)

International Community is reacting – OSCE Verification Mission to Kosovo

Racak Massacre in January 1999

War in Kosovo

February/March 1999: Rambouillet Negotiations and Agreement (France)

Albanians signed, Serbian side did not Resulted in NATO intervention Bombing of Yugoslavia (March-June 1999) Horrible crimes in Kosovo during bombing Agreement on the end of war: Serbia is withdrawing

its army and police from Kosovo, UNMIK mission is settled

Status quo and unsuccessful negotiations by December 2007 (more than autonomy, less than independence)

February 2008 – Kosovo declared independence

War in Kosovo

Conflicts in Macedonia and South of Serbia

Influenced by conflict in Kosovo (Albanians’ Armed Groups)

Macedonia 2001 and South of Serbia (1999-2001)

Final Stages of Dissolution of Yugoslavia

The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was consisted of Serbia and Montenegro as of 27 April 1992

In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was reconstituted and renamed as a State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

Montenegro formally declared independence on 3 June 2006 and Serbia on 5 June 2006

Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on February 17th, 2008 (recognized by 110 countries, 23 EU members excluding Spain, Cyprus, Romania, Slovakia and Greece)

END - around 135,000 dead

- 100,000 in Bosnia - 20,000 in Croatia - 14,000 in Kosovo

- around 13,000 still missing

- secondary victims- political tensions nowadays

- no proper dealing with the past

The Balkans Today

Slovenia EU member since 2004 Croatia EU member since 2013 Montenegro is the closest to EU in this moment Serbia was/is struggling because of cooperation

with the ICTY (fugitives) and Kosovo problem Bosnia is suffering because of internal divisions Macedonia is fighting with Greece over its name

(FYR of Macedonia) Kosovo is still seeking membership in UN and

negotiate with EU about enlargement (5 EU countries did not recognize Kosovo yet + Serbia and Bosnia in the region)

The map of Fall of Yugoslavia

Thank you!

Any questions right now or any time later…

… jasmina@yihr.org Jasmina Fiona Fifi Lazovic

(FB) jessaminebg (Skype)

Map of Yugoslavia (Flag) http://flagartist.com/art/svg/flags/flag-map-of-yugoslavia-flag-map-openclipart-org-commons-wikimedia-org/

Map of former Yugoslav f region today (Flags) Occupied Yugoslavia during WWII http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia#mediaviewer/File:Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43.png Ethnic composition of Yugoslavia in 1991

http://thevieweast.wordpress.com/2011/07/27/the-death-of-tito-the-death-of-yugoslavia/ Slobodan Milosevic in Kosovo http

://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/international/europe/12milosevic.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Independence of Slovenia and Croatia

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Croatia_Slovenia_Locator.png/350px-Croatia_Slovenia_Locator.png

War in Slovenia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Slovenian_war_map.jpg Destroyed Vukovar http://www.jutarnji.hr/multimedia/archive/00351/vukovar_351531S1.jpg War in Croatia http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-E8P-xrKFW0w/UKrSJUdYxtI/AAAAAAAAg_k/bzOK1ECDeXk/s1600/rsk.png Serbian Refuges from Croatia http://

i0.wp.com/inserbia.info/news/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Operacija-Oluja-Izbeglicka-kolona-ka-Srbiji-5-avgust.jpg Croatia celebrating the Thanksgiving Day http://

www.24sata.hr/politika/srbija-od-haaga-zatrazila-da-zabrani-proslavu-oluje-160480 Prijedor Camp http://www.haber7.com/balkanlar/haber/1033203-bosnada-beyaz-kurdele-gunu The Hague Tribunal http://www-tc.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/files/2010/08/Front_view_of_the_ICTY.jpg UN Safe Zones in Bosnia and Croatia http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre#mediaviewer/File:Bosnia_areas_of_control_Sep_94.jpg Siege of Sarajevo http://inavukic.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/sarajevo-siege-copy.jpg Bosnian Book of Death http://www.klix.ba/forum/bosanska-knjiga-mrtvih-95-940-imena-ubijenih-i-nestalih-t108796.html Ethnic Composition of Bosnia in 1991 http://goo.gl/RqlBkl Ethnic Composition of Bosnia in 2005 http://

upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ethnic_Composition_of_BiH_in_2005.GIF Adem Jashar Kosovo Refuges https://www.msu.edu/course/pls/461/stein/kosovo.htm Kosovo Refuges under tents http://rehaansays.blogspot.com/2011/04/crowds-photo-essay.html Conflict in Macedonia http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia#mediaviewer/File:2001_Macedonia_insurgency.svg Conflict in South Serbia http://

sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikten_i_s%C3%B6dra_Serbien_2001#mediaviewer/File:South_serbia_conflict.png Yugoslavia in 1991 and 2008 www.icty.org The map of Fall of Yugoslavia http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/photo/780588:Photo:45648?context=user#.

VA7vKvmSwYE