PowerPoint Presentation

Ashley ODonnellCNGC 529Dr. Rawlins Summer Session I 2013Being Latino-American: Experience of Discrimination and OppressionLatino or Hispanic?Hispanics or Latinos are those people who classified themselves in one of the specific Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino categories listed on the Census 2010 questionnaire -"Mexican," "Puerto Rican", or "Cuban"-as well as those who indicate that they are "another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin." People who do not identify with one of the specific origins listed on the questionnaire but indicate that they are "another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin" are those whose origins are from Spain, the Spanish-speaking countries of Central or South America, or the Dominican Republic. The terms "Hispanic," "Latino," and "Spanish" are used interchangeably. Origin can be view as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race. Thus, the percent Hispanic should not be added to percentages for racial categories.

Critical Historical Experiences 1500s: The Spaniards first settled in Santa Fe and oppressed the natives of the area which today is comprised of New Mexico, California, and Texas. 1848: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised citizenship, freedom of religion and language, and maintenance of lands to Mexicans living in these locations. 1904: The United States established the first border patrol which extended from Texas to California.

Critical Historical Experiences 1921: The Immigrant Act of 1921 restricted the entry of many Europeans seeking entry into the United States. The agricultural business opposed any efforts to limit immigration from Mexico as it was a source of labor for the farms. 1942 1964: The Bracero Program was created to bring Mexicans to the United States to work in agriculture during WWII when many Americans were fighting overseas. 1945: court case, Mendez v. Westminster which occurred in the California school districts, the US Court of Appeals rendered that Mexican schools were unconstitutionalCritical Historical Experiences Post WWII: After World War II, there were many immigrants from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Columbia, Brazil, Argentina, and other regions of South America who arrived in the United States. 1954: Operation Wetback was created to expel and cut illegal immigration from the United States. As a result of this operation, there was an increase in anti-Latino discrimination and many legal immigrants were also deported based on their ethnicity. 1974: The Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974 was passed by Congress which prohibited discrimination based on race or color in the school districts. It also advised schools to assist with those who have language barriers and encouraged bilingual education. Critical Historical Experiences 1975: The US Voting Rights Act was passed which required language assistance at the polls during elections. 1986: The Immigration Reform and Control Act made it illegal to hire undocumented workers as well legalizing some undocumented workers with guidelines. 1994: Former California Governor Wilson created an initiative titled Proposition 187 which denied public educational, medical, and social services to undocumented immigrants. Critical Historical Experiences 2001: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, there was in increased concern for border security and an increase in racial profiling. 2003: Latinos surpassed African Americans as the largest minority group with 37.1 million Latinos. The statistic is expected to triple by 2050. 2012: The green light was given to the provision of Arizona Immigration Law SB 1070 called show me your papers which permitted police officers to check the immigration status of anyone that may be in the country illegally. Demographics 50.5 million people or 16% of the populationMexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans are the largest of the population and represent of reported Latinos of Latino adults are undocumented immigrantsMajority live in West or South 14% in the NortheastMedian Age: 27For Massachusetts:DominicanPuerto RicanOver million Latinos

Latino Population by County

Rankings: Highest and LowestPopulationMexican (33 million+); Argentinians 242,000Foreign Born Venezuelan (69%); Puerto Rican (1%)Oldest and Youngest Median AgeCuban (40) & Mexican (25) High School CompletionPuerto Rican (29%); Guatemalan (21%)Bachelors+Venezuelan (59%); Guatemalan (7%)Speak English at Home or Very WellSpaniards (93%); Guatemalan (43%)US CitizenPuerto Rican (99%); Hondurans (50%)Earn the Most IncomeArgentinians (55K); Hondurans (31K)Living in PovertyHondurans (33%); Argentinians (11%)Health InsuranceHondurans (46%); Puerto Rican (15%)HomeownershipSpaniards (59%); Dominicans (25%)Values/NormsFamily***Family matters are private and kept between familyReligion/Spirituality Indigenous Healings RespectoHomosexuality Not Well ToleratedSimpatica (harmony)Cultural PridePersonalismo (genuine relationship)Collectivist SocietyEducation (if possible)Community/Group Oriented Gender Roles Marianismo/MachismoStigma with Seeking Mental Health ServicesValue ChildrenRespect for EldersRespect Hierarchy Importance of Relationships

This close family bond is termed familismo and refers to the cohesiveness, interdependence, loyalty, and placing the needs of close friends and family members ahead of ones personal needs. It is necessary as a counselor to understand this value system and the importance of family to Latino clients. The sense of obligation to family may impede the mental health of a particular member, but the individual needs to be seen in the context of the whole. In addition to familismo, there is also the concept of simpatico which refers to a relational style which emphasizes social harmony and personable atmosphere. This concept may create difficulty in the examination of what issues the client may have because they may not want to discuss family discord as it is seen as a reflection of the entire family unit.

11Important Facts and StatisticsOverrepresented among the poor -21% of all Latinos live below the poverty line Tend to have high unemploymentOften live in substandard housing41% of do not earn their high school diploma8.9% earn a Bachelors degree of Latinos speak a language other than English as their primary languageAlmost a quarter of the population work in service roles with almost another 30% of Latino finding employment in the fields of construction, maintenance, repair, production, & transportation, On average a Latino individual earns around $16,000 per year and the household earning approximately $41,000 per year

The Four Forces Psychodynamic:Pros Make the unconscious consciousMaintain the analytic frameworkAwareness of the pastDirective approach

ConsTalk therapy Long termDifficult to gain rapportWhat happens in the family stays thereStigma associated with therapy

The Four Forces Humanistic:ProsRespect Emphasis placed on the genuine encounter Be presentBelief in not making assumptions

ConsTherapist isnt the expertWhat happens in the family stays thereTalk TherapyNo sufficient structure- client finds own solutionStigma associated with therapy

The Four Forces Cognitive BehavioralPros Short termCollaborative the therapist is the expertActive and directive with the use of homeworkSolution focused Present problem centeredCons Change cultural behavior?Stigma associated with therapy

The Four Forces MulticulturalProsIndividual and Culture ContextSelf-awarenessUnderstanding Non-judgmental

ConsNarrative therapy?

Issues Which Impact LatinosResident Status FamilyAcculturation StatusSocioeconomic StatusAccess to health CareExposure to TraumaGeneral Differences Recommendations Understand the Latino definition of familyBe familiar with concepts such as familioso, simpatica, personalismo, and respectoAsk clarifying questionsIncorporate and understand the importance of religion and spirituality Listen to the client and their stories Print all important documents in the native language to ensure understanding and gain rapportRecommendations Consider all possible significant factors including social, economic, poverty, family gender, immigration, and migration processDont generalize! Understand not all Latinos have the same value and cultural systems Establish a therapeutic alliance with the client and explain the methods and models that will be used during the therapy processBe genuine and place importance on the relationship Realize the differences in clinical need, access to mental health care, the way providers interact with clients, and patient preferences, beliefs, and perceived stigma

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