Relational Mental

Behavioural

Verbal

Existential

Levin’s verb classesMaterial

PROCESSTYPE

Material:transformative

Elaborating

Extending

Motion

Inherently directed motion]24] advance, arrive, ascend, climb,come back, come, cross, depart, descend,enter, escape, exit, fall, flee, go, go back,leave, plunge, reach, recede, return, rise,tumble, withdraw

‘Leaving’ (deserting)[3] abandon, desert, leave

Manner of motion: ‘rolling’

Manner of motion: ‘running’

[18] bounce, coil, drift, drop, float, glide,move, revolve, roll, rotate, slide, spin,swing, turn, twirl, twist, wirld, wind

[124] amble, backpach, bolt, bounce, bound, bowl,canter, carom.Cauort,charge,clambt>r,chmb,

Enhancing

Removing: banishing

Manner of motion: ‘running’[124] amble, backpach, bolt, bounce, bound, bowl,canter, carom, cavort, charge, clamber, climb,clump, coast, crowl, creep, dart, dash, dodder, drift,file, flit, float, fly, frolic, gallop, gambol, glide,goosestep, hasten, hike, hobble, hop, hurry, hurtle,inch, jog, journey, jump, leap, limp, lollop, lope,lumber, lurch, march, meander, mince, mosey,nip, pad, parade, perambulate, plod, prance,promenade, prowl, race, ramble, roam, roll, romp,rove, run, rush, sashay, saunter, scamper, scoot,scram, scramble, scud, scurry, scutrer, scuttle,shamble, shuffle, sidle, skedaddle, skip, skitter,skulk, sleepwalk, slide, slink, slither, slog, douch,sneak, somersault, speed, stagger, stamp, stray,streak, stride, stroll, strut, stumble, stump, swagger,sweep, swim, tack, tear, tiptoe, toddle, totter,traipse, tramp, travel, trek, troop, trot, trudge,trundle, vault, waddle, wade, walk, wander, whiz,zigzag, zoom

Vehicular: name of vehicle

[39] balloon, bicyde, bike, boat, bobsled, bus,cab, canve, caravan, chariot, coach, cycle,dogsled, ferry, gondola, helicopter,jeep, jet, kayak, moped, motor, motorbike,motorcycle, parachute, punt, raft,rickshaw, rocket, skate, skateboard, ski, sled,sledge, sleigh, taxi, taboggan, tram, trolley, yacht

Vehicular: “drive”

[10] cruise, drive, fly, oar, paddle,pedal, ride, row, sail, tack

‘Waltzing’

[20] boogie, bop, cancan, clog, conga,dance, faxtrot, jig, jittterbug, jive,pirouette, polka quickstep, rumba, samba,shuffle, squaredance, tango, tapdance, waltz

‘Chasing’

[7] chase, follow, pursue, shadow,tail, track, trail

‘Accompanying’

[6] accompany, conduct, escort,guide, lead, shepherd

Extension of process type in delicacy:material clauses with an ‘enhancing’ outcome: “verb” classes from levin (1993).Classified and Diagrammed byC.M.I.M. Mattiessen.

Body-internal motion

[16] buck, fidget, flap, gyrate,kick, rock, squirm, sway, teeter,totter, twist, twitch, waggle,wiggle, wabble, wriggle

Asumming position[19] bend, bow, crouch, flop, hang,kneel, lean, lie, perch, plop, rise, sit,slouch, slump, sprawl, squat, stand,stoop, straddle

Lingering -&-rushing[3] hasten, harry, rush[8] daily, dawdle, delay, dither,hesitate, linger, loiter, tarry

Motion (existence)[35] bob, bow, creep, dance, drift,eddy, flap, float, flutter, hover, jiggle,joggle, oscillate, pulsate, quake, quiver,revolve, rock, rotate, shake, stir, sway...

Avoiding[6] avoid, dodge, duck, evade, shun, sidestep

Sending-&-carrying

[11] barge, bus, cart, drive, ferry, row, shuttle,truck, wheel, wire[15] carry, drag, haul, heave, heft, haist, kick,lug, pull, schlep, shove, tote, tow, tug,[2] bring, take [5] bounce, float, move, roll, slide,[24] airmail, convey, deliver,dispatch, express,fedex, forward, hand, mail, pass, port, post, return,sendoff, shijt, ship, shunt, slip, smuggle, sneak,transfer, transport, ups

Throwing[30] bash, bat, bunt, cast, catapult, chuck, fire,flick, fling, flip, hit, hurl, kick, knock, lob, nudge,pass, pitch, punt, shoot, shove, slam, slap, sling,smash, tap, throw, tip, toss

Putting[13] arrange, immerse, install, lodge, mount,place, position, put, set, situate, sling, stash, stow[9] dangle, hang, lay, lean, perch, rest, sit,stand, suspend[26] bang, channel, dip, dump, funnel, hammer, ladle,pound, push, rake, ram, scoop, scrape, shake, shovel,siphon, spoon, squash, squeeze, squish, sweep, tuck,wad, wedge, wipe, wring[5] drop, hoist, lift, lower, raise,[7] dribble, drip, pour, slop, slosh, spew, spill[9] coil, curl, loop, roll, spin, twril, twist, whirl, wind,[49] brush, cram, crowd, cultivate, dab, daub, drape ...[95] adorn, anoint, bandage, bathe, bestrew, bind ...[103] asphalt, bait, blanket, blindfold, board, bread ...[54] archive, bag, bark, beach, bed, berth, billet ...

[7] banish, deport, evacuate, expel, extradite, recall,remove

Concealing[11] block, cloister, conceal, curtain, hide, isolate,quarantine, screen, seclude, sequester, shelter

Holding-&-kceping

[7] clasp, clutch, grasp, grip, handle, hold, wield[4] board, keep, leave, store

...