Behavioural & Reproductive Adaptations
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Transcript of Behavioural & Reproductive Adaptations
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Behavioural & Reproductive Adaptations
Finding ways to survive
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Strange Behaviours
• Have you ever heard the sound of a camera or the sound of an engine but nothing like it is nearby?
• What’s happening?
• Could it be the Lyre Bird?
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Strange Behaviours
• What do you know about the lyre bird?
• VIDEOS
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Strange Behaviours
• What is it doing?
• Why is it doing it?
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Strange Behaviours
• Most impressive sound = Most impressive male
• Most impressive tail = Most impressive male
• Females go crazy for loud and flamboyant males.
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Strange Behaviours
• These are called behavioural adaptations
• Behaviours that improve the fitness of individuals are referred to as having high adaptive value
• They improve the individuals chance of surviving and increase the chance of reproducing viable offspring.
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Reproductive Adaptations
• VIDEO• Lizard species on the island of Ibiza
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Strange Behaviours
• Behaviour is developed through an interaction between the individual and the environment, their physiology and other living things.
• In the case of the lyre bird what physical and behavioural aspects lead to its unique behaviour?
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Reproductive Behaviour
• Finding the right mate, reproducing and raising young are all reproductive behaviours
• Survival depends on producing viable offspring and animals have developed a diverse range of strategies to do so.
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Reproductive Behaviour
• Reproductive adaptations can be a combination of physical and behavioural features.
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Reproductive Adaptations
• Many organisms must find a mate to reproduce.
• They do this via a process called courtship
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Reproductive Behaviours
• Courtship involves one sex of a species (usually male) proving to the other (usually female) that they are fit to mate with.
• This generally ensures that a fit male is chosen by the female.
• Strategies for finding a mate can vary
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Reproductive Behaviours
• Group living – means mates are close by but it can be very competitive.
• VIDEO
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Reproductive Behaviours
• Elephant seals live in groups where one male has control over a harem of females.
• Only the strongest and biggest (fittest) males can gain control
• Other males can compete for control of the harem.
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Reproductive Behaviours
• In contrast male mandrills live a very solitary life. [Bachelors]
• They avoid family life and only come in contact with females when it is time to mate.
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Reproductive Behaviours
• The female Siberian dwarf hamster uses a different approach. In order to ensure her genes get passed on she is pregnant all the time.
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Reproductive Behaviours
• Gives birth in a burrow
• Just before it gives birth it excretes a pungent scent around the outside of the burrow
• Why might it do this??
To attract more males to mate with
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Reproductive Behaviours
• Why go to all this trouble??
• Why would a female choose a male that shows off so much??
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Reproductive Behaviours
• In the case of the peacock it is informing the female that: - I have good genes
- I have valuable resources - I am extremely ‘fit’
• A lot of energy is invested by males into finding a mate.
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Reproductive Behaviour
• Females invest more energy into caring for their offspring (generally)
• Therefore they need to find a male that will improve their chances of producing viable offspring.
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Reproductive Behaviour
• Other displays include plumage, dances, loud noises, battles etc…
• Examples…
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Reproductive Behaviours
• As a result from mating you get… OFFSPRING
• Who takes on the role of parent?
• Different species have different approaches
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Reproductive Behaviour
• Some species look after their young.• PARENTAL CARE
• This requires many resources such as food, shelter, protection, warmth.
• It also poses a lot of danger for parents.
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Reproductive Behaviour
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Reproductive Behaviour
• This can be a beneficial approach as the offspring are more likely to survive.
• The offspring are also more likely to survive to sexual maturity as they will pick up behaviours from their parents
• Learnt Behaviours (generally mammals & birds)
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Reproductive Behaviour
• Parenting video
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Reproductive Behaviour
• Some species have NO input into the care of their offspring.
• Can you think of an example?
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Reproductive Behaviours
• FROGS
• Produce many offspring hoping this will improve the chance that some will survive to reproduce and carry on their genes.
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Reproductive Behaviours
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Life Cycles
• Video
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Group Living
• As seen with the penguins cooperation between mother and father is needed to raise the young
• Sometimes a whole population can get involved.
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Group living
• Meerkat cooperation
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Group Living
• Many social behaviours can be observed when watching species like the meerkat.
• What social behaviours did you observe in the video?
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Group living
• Look outs (standing guard) SENTRY
• Foraging
• Warnings
• Protecting/looking after young
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Group living
• A lot of individual sacrifice is involved in group living.
• However the benefits to the group and survival of the young far outweigh the individual costs.
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Group living
• Cooperation is not only for protecting each other.
• It is critical for some species in hunting.
• Video
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Group living
• For effective cooperation effective communication is required
• Video
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Group living
• Communication through dance tells other bees where more pollen can be found.
• Within this kind of community you have signallers and signal receivers.
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Group living
• Signallers: Their actions or cues induce behavioural change in other individuals
• These individuals that interpret the signals and then take action are the signal receivers
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Group living
• The types of signals can vary
• Visual• Acoustic• Chemical