Behaviour theorists define learning as:

a) The process of adjusting our mental models to accommodate new experiences

b) Nothing more than the acquisition of new behaviour

c) Learning as an act of membership in a community of practice

d) None of the above

b) Nothing more than the acquisition of new behaviour

• Behaviourism is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behaviours and discounts mental activities.

Culture is the driving force of individual development according to…

a) Piaget

b) Mickey Mouse

c) Mazlow

d) Vygotsky and social cognition

d) Vygotsky and social cognition

• The social cognition learning model asserts that culture is the prime determinant of individual development. A child’s learning development is affected by culture—including the culture of family environment in which he or she is enmeshed.

There are basic tenets which are embraced by constructivist theorists. They are…

a) Knowledge is created by the child, ideas are constructed, learning is a social process and interpretation is individual.

b) Knowledge is created by the child, ideas are delivered, learning is expected and interpretation is individual.

c) Knowledge is constructed, crayons and glue are needed, learning is a social process

d) Math is fun!

a) Knowledge is created by the child, ideas are constructed, learning is a social process and

interpretation is individual.

• Research offers evidence that students learn mathematics well only when they construct their own mathematical understanding. Constructivism is based on the active, social and interpretive role of the individual who is learning.

_____________ developed a theory of personality that influences many things including education.

a) Barak Obama

b) Abraham Maslow

c) Diana, Dawa, and Annamaria

d) Piaget

b) Abraham Mazlow

• Mazlow’s theory has influenced many because of it’s high level of practicality.

Assessment must target two levels of development which are...

a) Actual and factual development

b) Factual and imaginative development

c) Actual and potential development

d) Intellectual and physical development

c) Actual and potential development

• What children can do on their own is their level of actual development while what they can do with help is their potential development. Two children my have the same level of actual development but may be able to achieve differently if assistance is given which would assess their potential development.

• Vygotsky feels that assessment methods must target both the level of actual and the level of potential development.

Communities of practice is based on the following assumption:

a) Learning is fundamentally a social phenomenon

b) Knowledge is inseparable from practice

c) The processes of learning and membership in a community of practice are inseparable

d) All of the above

d) All of the above

• This theory also includes empowerment or the ability to contribute to a community which creates a potential for learning

Initially, the responsibility for guided problem solving lies with the adult who is interacting with the child but…

a) Eventually they grow old and the adult lets the child lead

b) Eventually and gradually the responsibility shifts to the child

c) Eventually Christmas comes

d) Eventually this presentation will be over

b) Eventually and gradually the responsibility shifts to the child

• Vygotsky notes this premise in the social cognition learning model where an adult is responsible to lead the problem solving while giving strategies to gradually transfer the responsibility of problem solving to the child

The hierarchy of needs refers to:

a) Lower to higher needs we need to fulfil in life in order to reach maximum potential

b) Needs that only animals in the rainforest exhibit

c) Needs that our parents/guardians have set out for us to achieve

d) The specific expectations within the curriculum

b ) Lower to higher needs we need to fulfil in life in order to reach maximum potential

• Maslow has set up a hierarchic theory of needs. This theory is often represented as a pyramid, with the larder lower levels representing the lower needs, and the upper point representing the need for self-actualization. When these needs are impeded, so is that of student learning.

 

To guide and support students’ invention of mathematical ideas rather than transmitting “correct” adult ways of doing

mathematics…

a) Is support for the traditional methods of teaching mathematics

b) Is the job of the guidance counselor

c) Is a new curriculum expectation

d) Is a criticism of the inefficient, free for all constructivist approach

d) Is a criticism of the inefficient, free for all constructivist approach

• The constructivist teacher guides the students’ attention while directing their learning. The guidance of the teacher separates this approach from unguided discovery

A teacher who is able to pose tasks that bring about appropriate conceptual reorganizations in students is…

a) Effective and agrees with brain based learning

b) Effective and agrees with constructivist views

c) Not effective and should be fired

d) Highly effective and deserves a raise

b) Effective and agrees with constructivist views

• According to constructivist theory, teachers must be skilled in structuring the intellectual and social climate of the classroom so that students can reflect on and make sense of tasks

The Hierarchy of Needs in order from lower needs to highest include:

a) Safety, Belonging, Self-actualization, Esteem, Physiological

b) Physiological, Esteem, Belonging, Safety, Self-actualization

c) Physiological, Safety, Esteem, Food, Self-actualization

d) Physiological, Safety, Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization

d) Physiological, Safety, Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization

Maslow has set up a hierarchy of five levels of basic needs. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied, nor the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on.

Relaxed learning means:

a) Creating learning environments that fully immerse students in an educational experience

b) Trying to eliminate fear in learners, while maintaining a highly challenging environment

c) Allowing the learner to consolidate and internalize information by actively processing it

d) None of the above

b) Trying to eliminate fear in learners, while maintaining a highly challenging environment

• There are three instructional techniques associated with brain based learning which are:

• Orchestrated immersion- fully immerse students in an educational experience

• Relaxed alertness- maintain a challenging environment

• Active processing- Allowing the learner to consolidate and internalize information by actively processing it.

The three instructional techniques associated with brain-based learning are:

a) Orchestrated immersion

b) Relaxed alertness

c) Active processing

d) All of the above

d) All of the above

• These instructional techniques are associated with brain based learning and teachers are encouraged to design learning around student interests and make learning contextual

Maslow does not believe people are pushed and pulled by mechanical forces or reinforcements such as behaviourism.

Rather he is a....

a) Macho Man

b) Humanist

c) Bully

d) Biochemist

b) Humanist

• Maslow was a humanist and humanists focus on POTENTIALS. They believe that humans strive for an upper level of capabilities. Maslow sees people as seeking creativity and wisdom, and when this has been reached you are a “fully-functioning person” or as Maslow would state, a “self-actualizing person.”

Maslow believes that education is a....

a) Magical tool for our society

b) Gift

c) Hindrance

d) God

Vygotsky has impacted learning through interaction and urges that curricula should be designed to…

a) De-emphasize interaction between learners and learning tasks

b) Re-emphasize interaction between learners and computers

c) Emphasize interaction between learners and learning tasks

d) Interaction is overrated

c) Emphasize interaction between learners and learning tasks

• According to Vygotsky, interaction is integral to learning and should not be overlooked. An interactive environment with students and an adult (parent, teacher, older sibling or preferably someone older) will be a rich environment for children to learn

Traditional mathematics instruction and curricula are based on…

a) the absorption view of teaching

b) the transmission view of teaching

c) All of the above

d) None of the above

c) All of the above

• Based on constructivist view that teaching consists of transmitting a set of established facts, skills and concepts to the student

Teachers need to emphasize the critical role that experiences play in student learning (such as play in

establishing cognitive structures). This theory is belonging to....

a) MaryLou Kestell

b) Maslow

c) Piaget

d) Britney Spears

c) Piaget

• Piaget’s ideal Instruction strategies for teachers include that teachers need to involve student experience ... this plays a huge role in student learning. He states an example that instructors have to take into account the role that fundamental concepts, such as the permanence of objects, play in establishing cognitive structures.

Scaffolding and adjusting the level of assistance by an adult in response to a child’s level of performance is an

effective form of …

a) Teaching

b) Baking

c) Preaching

d) Math is fun!!

a) teaching

• Vygotskians believe that scaffolding helps produce immediate results while instilling the skills necessary for independent problem solving in the future