Behavioral Biology Chapter 51. Behavior is what an animal does and how it does it. What is Behavior?
Behavioral Biology Chapter 51. Behavioral Biology Part I What is behavior? Innate Behavior FAP/...
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Transcript of Behavioral Biology Chapter 51. Behavioral Biology Part I What is behavior? Innate Behavior FAP/...
Behavioral Biology
Part I What is behavior? Innate Behavior
FAP/ Sign stimulus Learned Behavior
Habituation Imprinting Associative learning
Classical Operant ob
Part II(current areas of
research) Optimal Foraging Cognitive maps Sociobiology
Behavior What an animal does and how it does it can be
Muscular seen or heardNon muscular secretion of sex attractants
Genes influence behavior can evolve Behav. ecology understand behav. In
the evolutionary sense (Darwin)
Causes of Behavior
Proximate Cause mechanistic, environmental stimuli trigger behavior,
Ultimate Cause why or how behav. improves fitness
Courtship behavior in cranes
Innate BehaviorBehavior that is
preprogrammed into the animal all individuals exhibit the behavior, despite environmental differences
Automatic, developmentally fixedEx: blind birds, human infant
Foraging
Food searching behaviors Why animals choose the food they
do at that time cost benefit Optimal Foraging compromise
between feeding cost and feeding benefits
NS refines behaviors to enhance efficiency of feeding
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
Sequence of behaviors essentially unchangeable & usually conducted to completion once it is started
sign stimulusreleaser that triggers FAP
B. Learned Behavior
Innate behavior improves with performance
Modification resulting from experience
Imprinting Learning at a specific critical time &
forms social attachments to anotherboth learning & innate components
Konrad Lorenz was “mother” to these imprinted graylag goslings
Habituation
Loss of response to stimulus“cry-wolf” effect learn not to respond
to repeated occurrences of stimulus
Associative learning
Learning to associate 1 feature of the environment (stimulus) with another
classical conditioningstimulus & reward/punishment
operant conditioningtrial & error learning
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s dog is a good example.Ivan Pavlov exposed dogs to a bell
ringing and at the same time sprayed their mouths with powdered meat, causing them to salivate.
Soon, the dogs would salivate after hearing the bell but not getting any powdered meat.
Operant Conditioning
Trial-and-error learning - an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or a punishment
Cognition & Problem-Solving Connecting behavior with nervous system to perceive, store, process, and
use information gatheredby sensory receptors
tool use
problem-solving
Directed movements Kinesis
simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus
Taxismore or less
automatic, oriented movement toward (positive taxis) or away from (negative taxis) a stimulus
Directed movements Use of landmarks within a familiar area.
Some organisms move in response to a recognized object or environmental cue, the object is the landmark
Cognitive maps.Some animals form cognitive maps
(internal codes of spatial relationships of objects in the environment
Migration Behavior.Migration is the
regular movementof animals overrelatively longdistances.
Piloting: an animalmoves from onefamiliar landmarkto another until itreaches its destination.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.15
Orientation: animals can detect directions and travel in particular paths until reaching destination.Navigation is the most complex, and
involvesdetermining one’s present location relative to other locations in addition to detecting compass directions.
Cues for these behaviors include the earth’s magnetic field, the sun, and the stars.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFig. 51.15
Sometimescooperation occurs.
2. Competitive social behaviors often represent contests for resources
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.18
Agonistic behavior is a contest involving threats.Submissive behavior.Ritual: the use of symbolic activity.Generally, no harm is done.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.19
Reconciliation behavior often happens between conflicting individuals.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.20
Dominance hierarchies involve a ranking of individuals in a group (a “pecking order”).Alpha, beta rankings exist.The alpha organisms control the behavior of others.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Territoriality is behavior where an individual defends a particular area, called the territory.Territories are typically used for
feeding, mating, and rearing young and are fixed in location.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.21
Courtship behavior consists of patterns that lead to copulation and consists of a series of displays and movements by the male or female.
Natural selection favors mating behavior that maximizes the quantity or quality of mating
partners
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Also need to know
Altruistic Behavior Inclusive fitness Kin selection Pheromones Signal/communication Honey bee
dance