Beginning of the Year ReviewShow what you know . . .

� All sentences contain two basic elements- a subject and a verb.

� The subject answers the questions Who? or What? before the verb.

� The verb tells what the subject does, what is done to the subject, or the subject’s condition.

S V� Example: Jackie runs.

The Basic Sentence

� A simple sentence contains 1 independent clause.� It also contains a subject and a verb. � Complete thought

Example: [This book is good] independent clause

The movie was hilarious

Sentence Structure

� A compound sentence consists of 2 or more independent clauses.

� Compound sentences are joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS).

� Example: [This book is good] , and [I will finish it today.]

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� I watched Despicable Me , and I enjoyed it.

Sentence Structure

� Dependent clause (not a complete thought) followed by a comma and a independent clause (complete thought).

subordinate clause

� Example: (If I finish this book,) [I will bring it to you.] independent clause

�

Although Sally invited me to another movie , I

wanted to go home.

Sentence Structure

� A compound-complex sentence consists of a dependent clause followed by a comma and a compound sentence.

� subordinate clause independent clause

� Example: (If I bring it to you,) [I will let you borrow it] ,but [I am afraid of not getting it back.] independent clause

After the movie, I went home, but Sally saw another film.

Sentence Structure

Determine the sentence structure of the following sentences.

1. As soon as I got the letter, I read the instructions, and I knew that I wanted to go.

2. Have you found the map?

3. This situation is confusing, but I hope to have clarification soon.

4. If I visit the county fair, I will buy a funnel cake.

Sentence Structure Practice

� Declarative- states an idea and ends with a periodCarrollton has a population of 24,000.

� Interrogative- asks a question and ends with a question markWhat do you expect to learn?

The 4 Functions of Sentences

� Imperative- gives an order or a directions; ends with a period or an exclamation mark

Clean your room, now!Turn to chapter 26.

� Exclamatory- Conveys a strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark

This stinks!

Nouns- a person, place, thing, or an ideas

Collective- refers to a group of people or things.

Ex. team, family, or class

Compound- expresses a single idea through a combination of two or more words

Ex. dog house

Common- A person, place, or thing that is NOT specific. Common nouns begin with lowercase letters. Ex. shadow, harmonica, paw, mistake

NOT SPECIFIC

Proper- A specific person, place, or thing. Always capitalize proper nouns.

Ex. Chinatown, Switzerland, Jupiter, Herbert

ALWAYS CAPITALIZE “I”...

Singular- name one person, place, or thing.Ex. earthquake,laboratory, medicine, outcome

Plural- name more than one person, place, or thing.

Ex. chemicals, splinters,geniuses, soldiers

Nouns

Abstract- things that cannot be seen or touched. They represent ideas.

Ex. democracy, authority, beauty, fame

Concrete- things you can see and/or touch.Ex. calendar, basketball, ocean, show

Possessive- shows ownershipEx. Larry’s bike

Nouns

� James Patterson is easily one of my favorite authors.◦ proper

� A company of dancers will entertain us first.

◦ collective� The library at Carrollton Junior High will close at 4:00

p.m.◦ common

� To do well at our game, we will need a lot of teamwork.

◦ compound or abstract

How would you classify the underlined noun in the following sentences?

A pronoun takes the place/replaces a noun.

Antecedent – word the pronoun takes the place of in the sentence

ADD TO TOP OF NOTESPossessive Pronouns show ownership. Ex. his, hers, theirs, yours, ours

Subjective pronouns are the subject of a sentence and a pronoun. It performs the action of the verb.Ex. He spends ages looking out the window.

Objective pronouns are used as the object of preposition, direct object, or indirect object. Ex. her, him, it, me, them, us, you

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Pronouns

◦ Personal- refer to the person speaking, the person spoken to, or thing spoken about◦ Demonstrative- point out a specific noun⚫ this, that, these, those◦ Relative-begins a subordinate clause⚫ who/whom, whoever/whomever, whose, that, which

Pronouns

◦ Interrogative- begins a question⚫ what, which, who, whom, whose◦ Indefinite – not specific⚫ Ex. both, all, most, many, anyone, everybody, several, none,

some⚫ Definitive pronouns are specific

◦ Reflexive- pronouns that end with self or selves.

Ex. myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

� Mr. Phillips accepted his award with dignity.◦ personal or possessive

� That is the last piece of cake!◦ Demonstrative

� No one really knows that Mrs. Ogles has magic powers.◦ Indefinite

� Mrs. Allen is the person who is in charge today.◦ Relative

� Who knows how old Dr. Simpson is?◦ Interrogative

How would you classify the underlined pronoun in the following sentences?

� Prepositions relates the noun or pronoun following it to

another word in the sentence.

� They express location, time, or have other meanings

depending on how they are used in the sentence.

� A Prepositional phrase BEGINS with a preposition and

ENDS with an Object of Preposition. (P.O.P)Some

Prepositional phrases have more than one object of

preposition. This is called a compound object.

Prepositions

Adverb Phrases: can occur anywhere in the sentence. It will answer How? When? or Where?

Ex. Before class, Josh asked his friends for a pencil.

Adjective Phrases: Most adjective phrases follow the nouns or pronouns they modify. They will answer the question which one?

Ex. The book on the bathroom floor is Jake’s.

Prepositional Phrases

◦ Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. ◦ Coordinating- used to join two equal parts⚫ F A N B O Y S

◦ Correlative- work in pairs to join words and groups of words with equal weight

◦ Ex. either...or, not only...but also, neither...nor, both...and, whether...or, just as...so

Conjunctions

◦ Subordinating⚫ Begins a subordinate clause (has subject and verb, but

is dependent)⚫ May look for comma before in some cases⚫ Ex. after, till, if, as, until, in order that, as long as,

where, provided (that), since, how, although, unless, as if, when, now that, as soon as, wherever, though, whereas

� She not only won first prize, but she also went on to the regional competition.

◦ correlative� Please go to the store and then straight home.

◦ coordinating� Will Zeke or Kendall be going with us?

◦ coordinating� Whether you like it or not, you will clean your room!

◦ correlative� Neither Grandma nor Grandpa can drive anymore.

◦ correlative

In the following sentences, tell what type of conjunction the underlined word is . . .

� Expresses feeling and emotion◦ Some types of emotion that might be shown . . .⚫ Surprise⚫ Joy⚫ Pain⚫ Impatience⚫ Hesitation ⚫ Anger

� Functions independently from the rest of the sentence and is set off from the rest of the sentence with an exclamation mark or a comma.

Interjections

Mild Interjections

Interjections

Strong Interjections

● Commas separate mild interjections from the rest of the sentence.

● Ex. oh, thanks, yes, oh well, no, well, whoops

● Exclamation marks follow interjections which express strong feelings.

● Ex. Hurrah! Look! Wow! Yeah! Cheers! Brrr! Great! Ouch! Yikes! Yippee!

� Ouch! I caught my finger in the door.◦ pain

� Wow! I am so excited you are here.◦ joy

� Hey! I have told you not to do that!◦ anger

� Yuck! I don’t like that at all.◦ dislike

� Whew! I am so glad that meeting is over.◦ relief

In the following sentences, tell what emotion the underlined word is showing . . .

� Adjectives answer these 4 questions: What kind? quietWhich one? thoseHow many? sevenHow much? some

● Descriptive adjectives will tell: What color? blue What size? enormous What shape? triangular What temperature? cool What quality? expensive

Adjectives – modify or describe nouns or pronouns

Proper adjectives begin with a capital letter.Ex. Mexican taco, French accent

Articles- a, an, the(ON THE MORE NOTES TAB)

Predicate adjectives follow a linking verb and describe the subject.

Adjectives

� Answers 1 of 4 questions:◦Where? there

◦When? yesterday

◦How? loudly

◦To what extent? really

◦NOT is always an adverb!

Adverbs – modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

How : happily, slowly, willingly, sadly Three exceptions: hard, well, fast

When: soon, today, yesterday, tonight, nowSequencing: first, after, then, next, last, finally

Where: here, there, left, right, nowhere, anywhere, everywhere, in out, nearby, near, far

To What extent: hardly, not, so, completely, rather, too, quite, somewhat

� She tearfully accepted the award.◦ tearfully

� He has never asked for much help.◦ never

� My science teacher is a very friendly person.◦ very

� I jog weekly.◦ weekly

� Last Saturday, I thoroughly cleaned our bathrooms.◦ thoroughly

� We live close to the school.◦ close

Identify the adverb in the following sentences…

� A verb shows action. ◦ throw, teach, read

● Tenses (past, present, future)_ Today I jump. (present)_ Yesterday, I jumped. (past)_ Tomorrow, I will jump. (future)

� Linking Verbs- connects a noun or pronoun at or near the beginning of a sentence with a word at or near the end.

� Helping Verbs- added before another verb◦ Help create a verb phrase

Verbs

Verbs that state facts are state of being verbs. They include: is, am, was, are, were, be, being, been.

PresentI am She isWe are

Past He wasThey were

State of Being Verbs

� She felt sick after she ate rotten bananas.

◦ linking

� Her mother felt her head to see if she had a temperature.

◦ action

� They had felt for splinters in the stray cat’s foot.◦ helping

How would you classify the underlined verb in the following sentences?