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BeforeScience Fiction: Romances of Science andScientific Romances (http://io9.com/5870883/science-fiction-before-science-fiction-romances-of-science-and-scientific-romances)
The origin of science fiction stories is well-known to both critics and the public: by
consensus, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein(1818) was the first SF novel. But the
origins of "science fiction" as a concept are neither well-known nor agreed-upon.
The phrase "science fiction," meaning the genre of scientifically-oriented fantastic
fiction, was popularized in 1929 by Hugo Gernsback. But "science fiction" had a
19th century predecessor: "scientific romance," a term used by H.G. Wells.
However, as we'll see, science fiction started decades before that, as did many of
the terms describing science fiction.
Before 1849 and the Death of Poe
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) is generally recognized as the first significant
American author of science fiction. Gernsback himself, in defining "scientifiction"
(Gernsback's predecessor term before "science fiction'), said in 1926 that "By
'scientifiction,' I mean the Jules Verne, H.G. Wells, and Edgar Allan Poe type of
story." Poe was not the only writer of science fiction during these years, however,
nor the best-known to his contemporaries.
JESS NEVINS AND MICHELLE MARTINEZ SECRET HISTORY (/TAG/SECRET-HISTORY) 12/23/11 11:56am (8,574 1 5
Science and entertainment from the world of tomorrow.
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Mary Shelley's lesser-known follow-up to Frankensteinwas The Last Man(1826),
set at the end of the 21st century. In it a plague destroys much of humanity, and
conflict in Great Britain and between the United States and Europe takes care of
the rest. While not the most famous work of science fiction up to that point -
Frankenstein, Rudolf Erich Raspe's Baron Munchausen's Narrative of His
Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia(1785) and William Godwin's St. Leon
(1799) were all better-known than The Last Man it attracted a great deal of
attention in Great Britain and the United States and was described as "a favorite
with admirers of the German school of romance." This reference to the German
genre of gory supernatural stories known as the schaeurroman, or "shudder
novel," indicates an understanding that The Last Man, with its futuristic settingand winged balloons capable of long-distance flights, belongs to a different
category of fiction from the usual genres of the time. However, "the German school
of romance" would become used primarily for works of emotional or narrative
extremity rather than just the fantastic.
The "Great Moon Hoax" grew out of six articles published in the New York Sunin
late August, 1835. Most likely written by Richard A. Locke, a reporter for the Sun,
the articles described aliens and unicorns living on the moon. The articles
attracted a great deal of attention, and though the Sundid not admit that they
were fictional for six weeks, others recognized them for what they were
immediately.
On September 9, the Baltimore Gazette and Daily Advertiserwrote this about
Locke and the Hoax articles:
Mr. Locke, the very ingenious author of the late story of the Moon and
the wonders, animate and inanimate, there to be seen, promises to
figure-if we are to believe the New York Herald-as an author of no little
celebrity. To explore new fields in science, has been quite a frequent
thing in the present age; but a new walk in literature, it has been
thought, almost until now, impossible for the shrewdest mind to
discover. This distinction seems to have been reserved for Mr. Locke;
who, in the intelligence he has brought us nether mortals from our
Earth's Satellite, has opened to us sources of the marvelous, the
delightful and the comic, which were never before so much as dreampt
[sic] of by either the genius of Swift or Fielding, of Scott or Bulwer. Mr.
Locke, we are given to understand by the Herald, has in preparation, or,
in the Herald's phrase, is putting on the stocks the frame of a new novel
on a subject similar to that of his recent able invention in Astronomy.
His peculiar and original talent will then be brought out in full relief.
As Sir Walter Scott was the author of the historical Novel of which he
had many imitators, so Mr. Locke is the inventor of an entirely new
species of literature, which may be called the "scientific novel." He, too,
may expect a few, not, like Sir Walter, many imitators; very few will be
at the pains, even supposing they should have the capacity to add totheir diversified literary acquirements the requisite scientific
attainments. Mr. L. possesses both. He and the very few who may soar
to the heights and sound the depths of science, who may delightedly
repose in the bowers of literature, who, to a masterly knowledge of
books, may join the vigor and raciness of immediate observation of
living characters and manners, he and those few only may hope to excel
in this new species of fictitious history.
Locke never finished his novel (if he began it at all), and "scientific novel" never
caught on as a descriptor of science fiction, most likely due to the comparative
lack of science fiction over the next ten years. Instead, "scientific novel" was
applied to books like Harriet Martineau's Illustrations of Political Economy(1832),
which use fiction to explore the ideas of science, and to the works of Zola, with
their "scientific contemplation of human corruption." Nonetheless, its use here
marks the first known occasion when science fiction was recognized as something
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unique and different from other genres of literature.
In 1847 William Henry Smith, in reviewing Tales, by Edgar Allan Poe, wrote that
Poe's poem "The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion," about the destruction of
Earth by a passing comet, was "a remarkable instance of that species of imaginary
matter of fact description, to which we have ventured to think that the Americans
show something like a national tendency." Smith has no single phrase to draw
upon to describe Poe's science fiction. "Imaginary matter of fact" appears
occasionally, but never in reference to science fiction. But it is clear that Smith
knows what science fiction is when he sees it, which was also critic and author
Damon Knight's preferred definition of science fiction. It is also clear that Smith is
aware of previous works of science fiction. I mentioned in the preceding paragraph
that there was a relative lack of science fiction published between 1835 and 1845.
However, some of that was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and gained a great
deal of attention. While those stories were usually described in comparison to of
Hawthorne's other work they were clearly science fiction, as William Henry Smith
recognized.
From Post-Poe to Verne: 1849-1863
The period after Poe and before Verne had less science fiction than the 1835-1845
decade: E.F. Bleiler's Science Fiction: The Early Years lists 34 short stories,
anthologies, and novels from 1835 to 1845 and only 26 from 1849 to 1863.
Unsurprisingly, no agreed-upon term for science fiction appeared during these
years. The first, entirely isolated, use of the term "science fiction" was by WilliamWilson in 1851.
The "romance of science" is the phrase most often used during this period to
describe science fiction and the science fictional. Many times it is used in a more
modern sense. In 1849 the British "Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge"
wrote that "The hardships and adventures undergone in some of the great
trigonometrical surveys of the earth's surface belong almost to the romance of
science," but many other times it is used as a description of science-based
speculative thought, or a scientifically-informed flight of fancy, rather than as a
description of a literary genre. In 1841 the Eclectic Review, scathingly deriding
atheism, wrote:
It commences with an assumption of a living being endowed with
properties of the most extraordinary nature, and capable, according to
the hypothesis, of performing all the works usually attributed to aDeitywhich amounts to the same thing as making that lowest of
animals the very Deityand yet this is done by those who affect to think
there is no Deity. This romance of science baffles all parallel....
In 1849 The Literary Worlddescribed the unicorn as "taken from what may be
called the romance of science." In 1850 the Journal of the British Archaeological
Association described the phoenix using a similar phrase. Joseph Bullar, in his
Evening Thoughts, by a Physician(1850), says of Vestiges of the Natural History of
Creationthat:
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militaire et scientifique," but the English language translation has it as "I have a
little military and scientific romance for you."
After Verne's debut "scientific romance" became the standard phrase used to
describe science fiction. In 1865, in The Journal of Science, and theAnnals of
Astronomy, Biology, Geology,.... the Rev. Thomas Hincks wrote that the "Hydroid
Zoophytes,an Order of compound, plant-like animals, chiefly marine" have
"formed the staple of many a scientific romance in the pages of our popular
literature."
In 1866 the Nationdescribed Oliver Wendell Holmes' Elsie Venneras "a scientific
romance of the destiny which a physican can discern in blood and nervous tissue."
That same year Charles Dickens, inAll the Year Round, described Henri de
Parville'sAn Inhabitant of the Planet Mars(1865) as "a scientific romance." By
1875 "scientific romance" was accepted enough as a concept that it appeared in
advertisements: James de Mille's The Sunless Landwas advertised in Publishers
Weeklyas "a scientific romance that fairly rivals Jules Verne's best." "Scientific
romance" still retained its secondary meaning as a science-based flight of fancy
Darwin's Origin of Speciesis often described in this fashion but primarily it
meant science fiction.
The 1870s was a decade in which a number of science fiction stories and novels
were published, including George Chesney's The Battle of Dorkingand Bulwer-
Lytton's The Coming Race, and it is unsurprising that other terms besides
"scientific romance" were used in referring to science fiction. The Chicago PublicLibrary's Annual Report in 1873 said "Prose fiction is quite as harmless as poetical
fiction, historical fiction, biographical fiction, or scientific fiction." Mary Braddon,
in discussing her "Journey to the Sun" in Belgravia in 1876, described it as
"scientific fiction," and in that same year Caxton's Book described Verne as "that
master of scientific fiction."
Nonetheless, "scientific romance" was the commonly used term, and in 1884, when
C.H. Hinton published a two-volume set of collection speculative non-fiction and
science fiction, he entitled it Scientific Romances, beginning over a decade of its
steady use by critics.
Discuss(/posts/5870883/reply)
1 participant
Brainlock (http://brainlock.k
(/posts/93999593/reply)
domhanai (http://domhanai-
Am I being overly sensitive, but you
cite Hawthorne in passing, but
discount his works. In 1844 the
Romantic movement was de rigeur,
and Hawthorne was right there. That
was when he wrote "The Artist Of The
Beautiful" (robotics) and "Rappacini's
Daughter" (toxicology/medicine).
Before that, in 1837, he wrote "Dr.
Heidegger's Experiment"
(anagathics/psychology). Just these
stories alone used "science fiction"
themes before the term "scientific
(/posts/93999741/reply)
nce and entertainment from the world of tomorrow.
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cording to this man). (http://io9.com/are-you-
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arscape-movie-is-reportedly-in-the-works-
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ting-boards-1529093826)
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-1529069378)
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photographs (http://io9.com/a-victim-of-sleep-
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pertkiller whale? (http://io9.com/why-be-
t-a-killer-whale-when-you-could-be-an-expert-
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(http://cache.gawker.com/assets
/images/comment/8/2011
/12/991e531b186cbe3a321a19e40ff2bf
e7/original.jpg)
"This reference to the German genre
of gory supernatural stories known as
the schaeurroman, or "shudder
novel,""
[the-hobbitmovie.com] (http://the-
hobbitmovie.com/wp-content/uploads
/2010/05
/saruman.jpg
) 12/23/11 3:05pm (http://io9.com/5870883/before-science-fiction-romances-of-science-and-scientific-romances?comment=45481478#comments)
Corpsegoddess (http://corp
I love how German words seem to
perfectly capture phrases. This was a
new one for meI'm going to head on
over to The Gutenberg Project and see
if I can find anything that fits that
description
. 12/23/11 7:33pm (http://io9.com/5870883/before-science-fiction-romances-of-science-and-scientific-romances?comment=45485189#comments)
(/posts/93999694/reply)
romances." All these pass an ancient
test of science fiction: remove the
scientific and the story is no longer
logical
.12/24/11 12:23pm (http://io9.com/5870883/before-science-fiction-romances-of-scienc
James Haviland (http://jame
1869 Edward Allan Hale (Man Without
A Country} published The Brick Moon.
The 1st depiction of a space station,
very Verne
like...
.12/23/11 3:54pm (http://io9.com/5870883/before-science-fiction-romances-of-science
(/posts/93999653/reply)
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