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Before Notes/ readingY/N
After Notes/ ReadingY/N
A revolution always has a positive outcome
Someone loses power during a revolution
Every revolution is a war
A revolution may result in the birth of a new nation
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8.11 B Describe the positive and negative 8.11 B Describe the positive and negative consequences of human modification of consequences of human modification of physical environment of the United Statesphysical environment of the United States
8.27A Explain the effects of technological and 8.27A Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, scientific innovations such as the steamboat, cotton gin and interchangeable partscotton gin and interchangeable parts
8.27B Analyze the impact of transportation and 8.27B Analyze the impact of transportation and communication systems on the growth, communication systems on the growth, development, and urbanization of the United development, and urbanization of the United StatesStates
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RevolutionRevolution
an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed
a sudden, complete or marked change in something
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The The Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution
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What was it?What was it? the change from an agricultural society to industrial because new factories in the
northeast states
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When did it happen?When did it happen?
the Industrial Revolution began in the United States around 1800 in the New England states
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Why did it begin the Northeast?Why did it begin the Northeast? New England had poor soil for
farming Northeast has many rivers =
waterpower for factories NE had port cities for shipping to
other states and across the Atlantic Subsistence farmers were willing
to move to the cities
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The Industrial Revolution occurred because of…
FREE ENTERPRISE – people are free to buy, sell, own, and produce products as well as work wherever they choose
Which founding father supported an economy based on free enterprise?
The government had few regulations to control the economy
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The Industrial Revolution required the invention of new machines and technology – which is scientific discoveries that simplify work.
Congress created patents to protect inventors’ new inventions from being copied.
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Ultimately, the Industrial Revolution Ultimately, the Industrial Revolution occurred as a combination of the occurred as a combination of the following events:following events:
Rise of the factory system
Use of steam power
Mass production of goods
IndustrialRevolution
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The Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which was a simple machine that quickly and efficiently removed seeds from cotton. Farm production increased dramatically.
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Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Cotton became more profitable = an increase in the need for slave labor
Removed seeds from cotton
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Factories Factory System –
a system bringing manufacturing steps together under one roof or in one place. Most employees were women and children working LONG hours.
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Francis Lowell- opened the Lowell factory in Massachusetts. Employed mostly young girls to work in difficult conditions for long hours and low wages.
These conditions had an impact on the child labor laws theU.S. has today.
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Lowell, Massachusetts in 1850
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Lowell Mill
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Lowell Girls
Francis Lowell opened the factory
What was their typical “profile”? – young girls, bad conditions, long hours
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Lowell Boarding Houses
What was boarding house life like?What was boarding house life like?
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Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
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New Development – Interchangeable Parts
Interchangeable parts – identical machine parts that could be quickly put together to make a complete product
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Importance of Interchangeable parts
Allowed for mass production of a variety of goods
so…prices were reduced
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Eli Whitney & Interchangeable PartsEli Whitney & Interchangeable Parts
Could build Could build 10 different rifles 10 different rifles from from these piecesthese pieces
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textile industries -factories that produced clothing and cloth items from cotton; located in North
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Early Textile Loom
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New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
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The Cotton Gin’s Impact on Slavery
The demand for southern cotton grew dramatically because of the cotton gin and the increased number of textile mills in the north that needed cotton
more northern textile mills =
more southern slaves!
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Brief Summary of the Plantation System
Large plantations were comprised of several thousand acres. Plantation owners had slaves to do all the work. Some worked in the house, some were trained as blacksmiths, carpenters, shoe makers, or weavers, and others worked with animals in pastures. However, most worked long hours in the fields.
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The Cotton Gin Continued…
The cotton gin made it possible to clean cotton faster and less expensively than by hand. This encouraged the planters to raise larger cotton crops which required more slaves.
Therefore. . .
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cotton gincotton gin
==
higher demand for cottonhigher demand for cotton
==
more textile mills in northmore textile mills in north
==
more slaves in south to work more slaves in south to work
plantationsplantations
Which leads to…Which leads to…
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Regional Specialization
North – industrialization
South – agriculture (cotton and slavery)
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Farming During the Industrial Revolution
New England farms were small, usually subsistence farms
Western farmers raised pork and cash crops such as corn and wheat.
Southern farmers planted cash crops such as cotton, rice, and tobacco
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Urbanization Prompted by Industrial Revolution
Growth of factories and trade caused the growth of towns and cities
Locations of factories depended on the geography of the area
Urban = Cities Rural = Country
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Five Common Problems of Early Cities
1.Streets and sidewalks unpaved & animals roaming freely
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2.Pollution fromfactories
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3. No sewers
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4. Diseases easily spread due to poor sanitation
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5. Fires spread easily due to close quarters and few fire companies
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The Census and Population Census – officially counts the
population of the U.S. every 10 years
The first census occurred in 1790 and the population of the United States was nearly 4 million
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The 1790 Census
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First Census
Most of the population lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and within a few hundred miles of the Atlantic coast
By 1820, the population reached 10 million with 2 million living west of the Appalachian Mountains
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U.S. Population Centers in 1820
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U.S. Population Centers in 1860
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Thought SpotThought Spot
Look at the population maps Look at the population maps from 1820 and 1860.from 1820 and 1860.•What were the U.S. largest What were the U.S. largest cities in 1820?cities in 1820?
•What were the U.S. largest What were the U.S. largest cities in 1860?cities in 1860?
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Transportation
Because the nation needed good inland roads for travel and for the shipment of goods, private companies built turnpikes or toll roads
Fees paid to use these roads were used for construction and upkeep of the roads
“Pay to use the road!”
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The National Road was approved by Congress in 1806 that connected the east with the west. The first section opened in 1818, connecting Maryland to western Virginia. Years later, it ended in Illinois. The National Road made the migration of people easier.
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National Road, 1818-1838National Road, 1818-1838
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Pros & Cons to River Travel
More comfortable than horse & buggy
Get ALL goods on barges & float direction of current
Most rivers ran north & south BUT…most people traveling to the west!
Upstream against current slow
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Clipper Ships
Moved quickly through waters – “clipped” time off the trip across the Atlantic
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The Steamboat
Robert Fulton developed the first steamboat in 1807; named “Clermont”
Early steamboats easily blew up because there were no regulations on who could run steamboats and the boilers that created steam had no safety valve to stop overheating and slow pressure
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Robert Fulton and the Steamboat
Steamboat Effects: improved transport
goods & people on inland rivers
economic productivity (ship goods – faster, easier, cheaper)
helped river cities grow – St. Louis
The Clermont – 1807
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Canals Canal – an artificial (man-made) waterway The first canal was the 363 mile Erie Canal
connecting Albany, New York on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York on Lake Erie. It was completed on October 26, 1825.
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Erie Canal – 1825
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Canals Continued…
Three results of the increase in canals in the U.S. between 1825 and 1850:
1. Canals lowered the cost of shipping goods
2. Brought prosperity (money) to towns along their routes
3. Helped unite the growing country
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TheThe
RailroadsRailroads
ConnectConnect
America!America!
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1830 1830 13 miles of track 13 miles of track
1850 1850 9000 mi. of RR track 9000 mi. of RR track 18601860 31,000 mi. 31,000 mi.
The “Iron Horse” 1830
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The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Immigrants built the northern railroads
Slaves built the southern railroads
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Issues Caused by Industrial Issues Caused by Industrial RevolutionRevolution
The Industrial Revolution led to The Industrial Revolution led to some issues regarding the some issues regarding the powers of the powers of the federalfederal government versus those of the government versus those of the statesstates. The Supreme Court . The Supreme Court stepped in to help settle these stepped in to help settle these issues.issues.
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McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819) The state of The state of MarylandMaryland imposed a imposed a taxtax on on
the Second National Bank, hoping the the Second National Bank, hoping the taxes would shut down the federal banktaxes would shut down the federal bank• Why? Federal banks competed with Why? Federal banks competed with
state banksstate banks
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McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819) James McCulloch was the James McCulloch was the
cashier of the federal bank cashier of the federal bank and and refusedrefused to pay the taxto pay the tax• Why? Said state Why? Said state
legislatures could legislatures could notnot tax tax federal banksfederal banks
The state of Maryland The state of Maryland suedsued for paymentfor payment• McCulloch, after losing in McCulloch, after losing in
state courts, took his state courts, took his argument to the U.S. argument to the U.S. Supreme CourtSupreme Court
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McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819) John John MarshallMarshall was the Chief was the Chief
JusticeJustice Tested the relationship Tested the relationship
between federal and state between federal and state lawlaw• Does Does CongressCongress have the have the
power to create a bankpower to create a bank• Does Does MarylandMaryland have the have the
right to tax a federal right to tax a federal institutioninstitution
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McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819) The Court’s RulingThe Court’s Ruling
• YesYes – Congress has the right – Congress has the right charter (create) a national bankcharter (create) a national bank
Why? The elastic clause (also Why? The elastic clause (also called “necessary and proper” called “necessary and proper” clause) of the Constitution gave clause) of the Constitution gave Congress the right to do Congress the right to do whatever is “necessary and whatever is “necessary and proper” to carry out its powersproper” to carry out its powers
• NoNo – Maryland did not have the – Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bankright to tax the federal bank
Why? Federal law trumps state Why? Federal law trumps state lawlaw
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Gibbons v. Ogden Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)(1824) Ogden had been granted a Ogden had been granted a
monopoly by the state of New York monopoly by the state of New York to run a to run a steamboat ferry steamboat ferry between New York and New Jerseybetween New York and New Jersey• MonopolyMonopoly – the only one – the only one
licensed to do somethinglicensed to do something Gibbons had been granted a Gibbons had been granted a
similar monopoly by the similar monopoly by the federalfederal governmentgovernment
Two monopolies granted…who has Two monopolies granted…who has the real right to run the ferry?the real right to run the ferry?
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Gibbons v. Ogden Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)(1824) Ogden Ogden suedsued in New York and won; Gibbons in New York and won; Gibbons
appealed to the U.S. Supreme Courtappealed to the U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall made the Chief Justice John Marshall made the
following rulingfollowing ruling• CongressCongress had the power to regulate ferry boats had the power to regulate ferry boats
crossing the Hudson River between New York crossing the Hudson River between New York and New Jerseyand New Jersey
Why? Congress controlled “interstate commerce” Why? Congress controlled “interstate commerce” (trade between states)(trade between states)
• Basically…Basically…statesstates controlled business within controlled business within their state, but once it crossed state lines into their state, but once it crossed state lines into another, another, CongressCongress had the powerhad the power
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Thought SpotThought Spot Make a comparison of the following Supreme Court Decisions,
under the direction of Chief Justice John Marshall, using the information previously discussed and prior knowledge.
Court CaseMarbury v.
MadisonMcCulloch v.
MarylandGibbons v.
Ogden
Year
1803
1819 1824
Description
How much influence does the Supreme Court have on our nation’s laws?
Can Congress create a national bank and can the state tax the federal government?
Who controls business when two or more states are involved?
Impact
Judicial review
Yes, Congress can create a bank
No, the state cannot tax the federal govt
Congress controls “interstate commerce” (trade between two or more states)
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Era of Good Feelings
Era of Good Feelings started with James Monroe’s presidency, after the War of 1812. Little to no political conflicts were taking place.
Nationalism is the allegiance or loyalty to your whole nation. This started during the Era of Good Feelings.
This Era did not last long, however!
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Americans had strong allegiance to the region of the US they lived in – Westerners, Southerners, or Northerners
Leads to problems known asSectionalism
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Sectionalism Disagreements Among North And South
1.Slavery2. Need for tariffs3. States’ rights4. Internal improvements
(paying for the improvements in U.S. transportation systems)
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Southern SpokesmanJohn C. Calhoun – represented South Carolina
said NO to tariffs –it would raise prices of manufactured goods that South had to buy
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Northern SpokesmanDaniel Webster – represented New Hampshire
said YES to tariffs – protect American industries from foreign competition because foreign goods would cost more $ (buy American!)
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Western Spokesman
Henry Clay – represented Kentucky
Tried to compromise with both
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Create a bridge map relating the spokesmen to the area they represent
Thought SpotThought Spot
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Monroe Doctrine
While the U.S. would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas, it would oppose any new ones. This set the U.S. up as the “protector of the Western Hemisphere.”
The Monroe Doctrine also enforces what Washington stated in his farewell address – that the U.S. will only be involved in European conflicts if the U.S.’s rights were disrupted.