Bees pollination and the environment Summary of CyberSTEM presentation
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Transcript of Bees pollination and the environment Summary of CyberSTEM presentation
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Bees pollination and the environment Summary of CyberSTEM presentation
We will be looking at the European honey bee and an Australian native bee as examples of pollinators
We will talk about:1) Scanning electron microscopy2) Sample preparation3) Bee form and function4) Pollination issues
Text and images by the Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Australia, August 2007
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Bees feed at flowers, gathering nectar and pollen. How does this affect pollination?
European honey beeApis mellifera
Australian native beeTrigona carbonaria
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Some plants are wind-pollinated (e.g. grasses including grains) or self-pollinate, but others require pollen transfer by organisms: beetles; butterflies; birds; and of course bees.
Almonds and blueberries rely entirely on pollinators. Other crops set little fruit without: pumpkin; cherry; kiwi; apple; plum; apricot; peach…
Mango, cashew, Macadamia, papya also rely on pollination, as do many native plants.
Reference: Cunningham, S.A., FitzGibbon, F., Heard, T.A. (2002) The future of pollinators for Australian agriculture. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53: 893-900.
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How do bees pollinate plants?
Do they have specialised adaptations or structures to assist?
How do they find flowers?
If we look at bees under the microscope we can answer these questions
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Bees are dried when dead then mounted and coated with platinum
Native bee
Sample mounts
European honey bee
Sample preparation
5 mm
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The following images are of bees imaged using using a scanning electron microscope – electrons provide monochrome images.
Please refer to the separate background PowerPoint presentation for theory and background related directly to how scanning electron microscopes work
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Head of a honey bee
Note hairs occur even on the eye.
Why so may hairs?
What is special about the hairs on bees?
Eye
Antenna
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Branched hairs catch pollen
Hairs on the head of a honey bee
Pollen
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Pollen
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A honey bee antenna.What is the role of the antenna?Note the stubby spines and round plaques – what is their purpose?
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Pollen basket with some pollen: honey bee Hind leg
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Head of a native bee: Trigona carbonaria
Antenna
Eye
What is different about this bee?
Compare it with the honey bee head
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Hairs on the head of a native bee
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Native bee antenna = the nose
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Empty pollen basket on leg of native bee
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Full pollen basket: native bee
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Pollen comb on front leg of native bee
Leg
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Pollen
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Wing of native bee
Note hairs and pollen
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Abdomen of native bee
Note hairs
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Pollen clusters from legs of European honey bees: each contains millions of pollen grains. Light-based image
What do the different colours tell us?