Bed and Bath Linen

Fabric Product and Styling

Presented by

Himanshu MauryaAradhana Kapoor

Bath linen

Introduction

Fabric stylists and end product designers havecreated many decorative variations of textile bathproducts as

• Towel

• Rugs,

• Mats

• Shower curtains,

These items are often as ornamental asthey are functional.

Bath linen

• Todays, bath products are produced and marketed for bothhousehold and institutional use.

• Non textile shower curtains, these products are subject to theprovision of the textile fibre products.

• Small rugs and bath mats are also subject to a federalflammability standard.

Towel And Towelling

• Various fabrication techniques, including weaving, stitching, knitting and bonding webs of fibers, are used to produce towelling.

• Towels and towelling are composed primarily of cotton. Manufacturers often produce cotton and polyester blended towelling to save on cost, however, this decreases the softness of the hand, the comfort, and the absorbency.

Construction Of Towel

• Towel comes in a variety of sizes and with a variety of edge and end finishes. Trims and embellish their surface.

• TYPE AND SIZES- several type of towel are included in today’s market assortment.

Type Inches (width *length)

Dish towel 12*24 to 16*30

Fingertip/guest 9*14 to 11 *20

Washcloth 12*12 to 14*14

Face/hand towel 15*25 to 20*36

Bath towel 20*40 to 27*50

Bath sheet 35*66 to 45 *75

Physical Performance Properties of towel

• Breaking Force (load)

• Dimensional Change

• Bow and Skew

• Appearance

• Microbe Resistance

Evaluating colourfastness

• Colourfastness to laundering

• Colourfastness to crocking

• Colourfastness to light

Evaluating Absorbency

Evaluating Flammability

Caring for towel

• All towels carry instructions for machine washing using warm water and machine drying.

• Towel with fancy borders and highly decorative trims may using hand wash in cool water and line dry.

• White items should be bleached with chlorine compounds only when necessary.

• Deep toned colours should be laundered separately.

Bath Rugs AND MATS

• Bath rugs are larger and normally heavier than bath mats.

• Used continuously for decoration, softness underfoot, or insulation.

• Bath mats are used temporarily to protect the floor from moisture and to prevent bather from slipping.

• Both floor covering product are subject to a federal flammability mandate.

Construction and finishing bath rugs and mats

• Bath rugs are generally cut from tufted or knitted carpet that has a lower pile construction density.

• No secondary backing is applied but an adhesive is used to secure the tufts.

• For skid resistance, the adhesive compound is normally embossed.

• End product producers cut various sizes of round , square, oval, and rectangular shapes.

• Bath mats may be woven in narrow widths, with the selvages as the side edges and small hems finishing the ends, or they may be cut from wide fabric and hemmed on all edges.

• Two different colours of warp pile yarns may be used to produce mats with different colour of loop on each side, or several colour of pile yarn may be used to produce richly patterned.

Shower curtain

• Shower curtains may be constructed of textile fabric or polymer film sheeting. Both type are often produced as part of a coordinated bath ensemble.

• Polymer film shower curtain- various type of polymer film sheeting are used to produce non textile shower curtains.

• Textile shower curtain- heavy and stiff in structure. For protect the fabric from water and shop coat the interior surface with a waterproofing compound.

Evaluating colourfastness

• Colourfastness to laundering

• Colourfastness to crocking

• Colourfastness to light

Evaluating water resistance

EVALUATING FLAMMABILITY

BED LINEN

MattressPillowsBlanketsSheetsBedspreadsquiltscomforters

Bedding

• Bedding products –

Mattress and CoversSheets and PillowcasesQuiltsThrowsComfortersBlanketsBedspreads

• 40% of total fiber usage for home textiles goes into production of beddings.

• Primary function of bed coverings is to provide warmth and comfort for sleeping, bedding products like towelings have high visual impact as well.

Mattresses, Mattress Foundations, Mattress Protectors

InnerspringA common innerspring mattress consists of three components: the spring core, the foundation, and the upholstery layers.

Mattress

• A mattress is a large pad for supporting the reclining body, used as or on a bed• Mattresses may consist of a quilted or similarly fastened case, usually of heavy cloth, that contains hair, straw, cotton, foam rubber, etc.; a framework of metal springs; or they may be inflatable. • Mattresses are usually placed on top of a bed base which may be solid, as in the case of a platform bed, or elastic, e.g. with an upholstered wood and wire box spring or a slatted foundation

Foundtion

• A traditional box spring consists of a rigid frame containing extra heavy dutysprings. This foundation is often paired with an innerspring mattress, as it extendsthe life of the spring unit at the mattress's core. All-foam mattresses are oftenpaired with platform-style bases.

An all-wood foundation usually hasseven or eight support slats disposedbelow paperboard or beaverboard. Thisfoundation, variously called a "no-flex," "low-flex" or zero-deflection unit, as well as an "orthobox," provides support similar to aplatform foundation. All-woodfoundations have become increasinglyprevalent as U.S. mattress makersshifted to super-thick, one-sidedmattresses.

A grid-top foundation is a combination of steel and wood.

Upholstry

Upholstery layers cover the mattress and provide cushioning and comfort. Somemanufacturers call the mattress core the "support layer" and the upholstery layerthe "comfort layer." The upholstery layer consists of three parts:* The insulator - The insulator separates the mattress core from the middleupholstery. It is usually made of fibre or mesh and is intended to keep the middleupholstery in place.

* The middle upholstery -is usually made from materials which are intended toprovide comfort to the sleeper, including flexible polyurethane foam, visco-elasticfoam, latex foam, felt, polyester fiber, cotton fiber, wool fiber and nonwoven fiberpads

* The quilt - Made of light foam or fibers stitched to the underside of the ticking, itprovides a soft surface texture to the mattress and can be found in varying degreesof firmness.

Flammability Standards

• The Standards for Flammability of Mattresses, 16 CFR 1632, is followed to protect the public against unreasonable risk of mattress fibers leading to death.

• In 2007, Consumer Product Safety Commission established another test method: 16 CFR Part 1633, Standard Test Method for the Flammability of Mattress Sets.

Pillows

Two categories:• Bed pillows• Decorative pillows

Size and form

Bed pillows

• Basically rectangular in shape – 20*21 inches.

• Length varies according to width of the mattress.• Standard pillows for twin or double mattress are 26 – 27 inches long.• Queen size pillows – 30 to 31 inches.• King size pillows – 37 to 38 inches.

Decorative pillows

• Neck roll pillows (cylindrical) 6*14 or 7*17 inches.• Boudoir / Breakfast pillows – 12*16 inches.• Bolster (cylindrical) – 40 to 50 inches in length.• Turkish pillows (gathered corners) – 16 inches square.• European pillows – 26 inches square.• Round pillows – 26 inches diameter.

Fillings and Tickings

Pillows may be filled with

• Fiberfill• Down• Feathers• Foam

Mostly the filling material are enclosed in a non removable casing. Commonly used fabrics for interior casings are:

•Muslin• Percale• Twill-woven ticking• cotton damask

Decorative Covering for Pillows

• For nighttime, plain or hem decorated pillowcases are used.• For daytime display decorative pillow shams may be used, shams are generally styled to match decorative pillows placed on bed.

• Decorations (trimmings/embellishments) include –

MonogramsContrasting piping/fabric bindingEmbroideryAppliquéRibbonsRuffles

Sheets and Pillowcases

• Most sheeting fabrics use plain-woven interlacing.

• Finer yarns and higher fabric counts define high quality sheets.

• Sateen weave sheets are growing popular.

• Weft knitting is also used to produce knitted sheets in a jersey fabric(usedbecause of its stretchability and smooth fitting)

• Mainly rotary screen printing is used.

Types and sizes

There are three styles of sheets:

• Flat sheets: these are hemmed at both ends and may

be used as top or bottom sheets.

• Semi fitted: these are top sheets that are fitted at the

foot of the bed with elastic corners for extraneatness and greater comfort. They don't untuckand stay in place better.

• Fitted or Contour sheets: These have four contour

corners and can be used only as bottom sheets. Thesheeting selvedges provide a finished edge on thesides of all sheets.

TYPE AND NAME Inches (width * length)

Flat sheets

Crib 45*68

Twin 66*104

Double or Full 81*104

Queen 90*110

King 108*110

FITTED SHEETS

Crib 29*54

Twin 39*75

Double or full 54*75

Queen 60*80

King 78*80

Pillowcases

Standard 21*35

Queen 21*39

King 21*44

Hems and border embellishments

• The hems may be simple or highlydecorative.

• Decorative hems have such borderembellishments as delicate lace, scalopedeyelet trim, and contrasting piping.

Blankets

• Blankets are primarily used for warmth.• Can be manufactured in two ways –

*Using yarns through weaving, knitting andtufting.

*Using fibers through felting, flocking orneedlepunching.

• Plain weaving and lenoweaving are mostly used toproduce blanketing.• The leno-woven thermalblanket is often lightweightand lofty for thermalinsulation.• Weaving one set of warpyarns and two set of fillingyarns together producesdouble-faced blanketing, orreversible blanketing.

Weaving Blanketing

• Generally constructed on raschel knittingmachine, using interlooping patterns.

• Thermal efficiency can be adjusted byvarying the size of the yarns and theknitting gauge used.

Knitting blanketing

Tufted Blankets

• Used extensively for production of soft floor coverings and upholstery coverings, now used for blanketing.

• Pile yarns are punched into base fabric and the pile surface is napped thus increasing the diameter of pile yarns and fixing them in the fabric.

Needlepunched Blankets

• Use of needlepunching for commercial operation began in mid-1960’s.

• Made by cross layering a thick batt with webs of staple length fibers on eachside of a web of yarns.

• These fibers are entangled into a chain stitch.

• Subsequent napping raises some surface fibers, softening the appearance andimproving the thermal efficiency.

Flocked Blankets

• Lightweight, warm blankets can be produced byflocking nylon over the surfaces of a thin slab ofpolyurethane foam.

• Together the flocked fiber and the cellularfoam serve to minimize heat transfer byrestricting air flow.

Caring for Blankets

• Wool blankets must be stored with some type of moth repellent to protect thefibers from moth larvae.

• To avoid felting shrinkage, blankets composed of wool fiber should be drycleaned, unless wash care label directs otherwise.

• Electric blankets must always be laundered;dry cleaning solvents may damage theinsulating material covering the heating wires.

Bedspreads,Comforters and Quilts

• Bedspreads are defined as “a type of bed covering that is placed over the blanketsand sheets for appearance or warmth.”

• Comforters are defined as “a bedcovering assembly, consisting of an insulating fillersecured between two layers of fabric, used primarily to reduce heat loss.”

• Quilts are defined as “a bedcovering assembly used primarily for warmth, consistingof an insulating filler securedbetween two layers of fabric, but generally lighter in weight and thinner than a comforter.”

Quilting

• Commercially produced quilts usually have a printed, solid color or yarn dyed face fabric, a fibrous or polyurethane batting, and a coordinating solid-colored or printed back fabric.

• Patterned machine stitching is normally used to stabilize the layers.

Patchwork quilt - The patches are often square or rectangular.

• Finishing touches differ from quilt to quilt.• Quilting stitches should be uniformly placed to stabilize the structure.• The stitches create a three-dimensional effect and can be used to create surface patterns.

Types of quilts

Patterned quilts - several pieces are shaped to create a specific pattern repeat.

Crazy quilts - the pieces are irregularly shaped and they vary in color styling.

• Done by placing quilting stitching around a single motif in a pattern repeat.• The interior the quilted shape is then filled by inserting batting materialthrough tiny slits cut in the backing fabric.• Trapunto quilting is particularly effective when used for decorative pillowcoverings withlarge motif.

Trapunto quilting

• Done by covering an appliquéd fabric surface with a sheer fabric such asorgandy or voile.

• Quilting stitches are then placed around the outlines of the appliquésjoining the layers together.

• The color appliqués have a softened or shadowed appearance.

Shadow quilting

Bedspreads

• Most bedspreads arechosen primarily for theirstyling and decorativefabric.

• Others,especially quiltedones, are selected for theirinsulative value.

Styles

• Various styles of drops are seen withbedspreads, ranging from tailored toruffled.

• The qualities of fabric must always beappropriate for the styling features ofthe spreads.

• Eg. A heavy fabric would be suitablefor use in a throw style but would notdrape properly in a style with gatheredor shirred sides.

Fabrics

• Virtually any fabric can be used for bedspreads. •Pile bedspreads fabrics are produced by weaving , knitting or tufting.• Corduroy, is used for tailored spreads.• Velvet is used for throw spreads.• Pile knitting produces fur fabrics often used for throw style coverings.• In chenille spreads, the pile tufts are closely spaced and cut, producing the caterpillar-like appearance of chenille yarns.• In candlewick spreads, the pile tufts are individually spaced, but, viewed collectively form a design.

Comforters

• Comforters are usually filled with down, feathers or fiberfill; those filled with down arefrequently known as duvets.• Spunbonded fabric can also be used as an interior lining, allowing the use of decorative fabricon both sides of the comforters.• To minimize the need for cleaning, manufacturers often recommend that comforters beenclosed in a sheet casing.• Most comforters are channel quilted to minimize shifting and clumping of the filling.

Evaluating Bedspread fabrics, Quilts and comforters

• ASTM D 4037 Standard Performance Specifications for Woven, Knitted, or FlockedBedspreads fabrics.

• ASTM D 4721 Standard Practice for Evaluation of the Performance of MachineWashable and drycleanable bed coverings and Accessories.

• ASTM D 4769 Standard Specifications for woven and warp Knitted ComfortersFabrics.

Bibliography

Encarta encyclopedia

Encyclopedia Britanica

Textile Products for Bath, Household and Industrial Textile

http://web.nmsu.edu/~jocogdil/CMT130/zoo/box.html