Becoming Monsters in Iraq

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Becoming Monsters in IraqAuthor(s): Matthew Gutmann and Catherine Lutz

Source: Anthropology Now, Vol. 1, No. 1 (April 2009), pp. 12-20Published by: ;Paradigm Publishers Taylor & Francis, Ltd.Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41203523Accessed: 08-02-2016 19:42 UTC

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feature

I

Becoming

Monsters

n

Iraq

i

Matthew utmann

Catherineutz

'

The

following

iece

s drawn rom forth-

coming

ookwritten

y

Matthew utmann

and Catherine

utzwith he

assistance

f

:

Betsy rinsonndJoseVasquez ntitled ar '

Epiphanies.

his

group

f

researchersnter-

:

viewed ozens

f eteransf he

raq

nd

Af-

ghanistan

arswhohavebecome ocal

op-

j

ponents

f hosewars.The book races he

:

livesoffivemenand one

womanwho

en-

'

listed

ikemillionsf ther

oung

eople

to

'

getmoney

or

ollege,

o seek

dventure,

o

:

serve heir

ountry,

nd

hoping

ofind

way

to

do

good

n

theworld- ndthe onclusions

they ave drawn rom heirmilitaryork :

and heir eturnocivilian

ife.

j

U.S. soldiers who returnhome

:

from

raq

have

or will

develop crip-

'

plingpsychological

problems

by

one esti-

:

mate,

fully

0

percent

f combat veterans.

I

Among

the most common

diagnoses

given

j

them

is

post-traumatic

stress disorder

:

(PTSD),

an affliction

esulting

rom

xposure

to

traumatic

vents

that,

ccording

to the

'

American

Psychiatric

ssociation,

have

"in-

:

volved actual or threatened eath

or serious

:

injury,

r a threat o the

physical

ntegrity

f

'

selfor

others/'

he

cause

here,

of

course,

s

:

exposure

to combat

itself,

more

universal

j

among

the

troops

n

this

than

any previous

U.S.

war. Factors hat

exacerbate PTSD

in-

clude frustrationnd angerbecause of in-

sufficient

preparations,

equipment,

and

training;

he

feeling

hat

here s no end

in

sight;

discomfort

nd

deprivations

f life

n

a

war

zone;

worries bout

careers nd fami-

lies back

home;

racism and sexual harass-

ment within the

military;

nd extended

tours f

duty.

Over

the

years,

the

military

as

called

soldiers' traumaticresponse to war shell

shock,

combat

neurosis,

battle

fatigue,

r

war-zone stressreaction.

In

addition,

offi-

cers have often efused he

diagnosis

claim-

ing

it is an

excuse

for

malingering,

r

in

more

contemporary

anguage, "anger

dys-

regulation."

Nonetheless,

and

despite

the

continuing tigma

of mental

illness,

many

accept

and

even welcome a

diagnosis

of

PTSD as

part

fthe

process

of

recovery

rom

the mental wounds of the Iraq war.Why

thenwould a

group

of veterans eclare that

in

fact

PTSD

is

normal

nd,

in

some

sense,

good?

For

a

growing

number f anti-war eter-

ans of

Iraq

and

Afghanistan,

TSD is not

an

Many

U.S.

soldiers

who

return

homefrom

raq

have

or

will

develop

rippling sychological

problems.

.. Thecause

here,

of

ourse,

s

exposure

o

combattself.

..

12 anthropology now Volume1 Number1 April 009

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3/10

unhealthy

r abnormalconditionbut a rea-

sonable and normal human reaction to

whatthey aw and did while servingnthe

United

States

military.

While

many

return-

ing

vets

reject

treatmentbecause of the

stigma

ttached o it

or find

t

naccessible,

some anti-warvets

accept

treatment nd

medications ut

reject

how theVeteransAd-

ministration

VA)

understands

heir

diagno-

sis. Some refuse

tandard reatmentnd

ar-

gue

that ther

methods

will

help

themmove

beyond

their

uffering.

hese anti-war

ets

all

agree

with

VA

doctors

hat

hey

have re-

ceived a

traumatic

njury

o the

self,

but

they

ee the

injury

s an assault

not

simply

on

theirmind but

on theirwhole

person.

What the medical

establishmentalls

a dis-

order,

hey

all

a

form

f dehumanization.

In

coming

to this

conclusion,

these dis-

senting

oldiers

focus

on the fate of

Iraqi

civilians

t the hands

of the

U.S.

military.

n

fact,what makes the lives of these troops

distinctfrom he

rest of the

armed forces

sent

to

Iraq

and

Afghanistan

s not

so much

their

experiences

of such civilian

harm,

which is

ubiquitous,

but

rather he conclu-

sions

they

have drawn.

tturns ut that

how

soldiers react

to civilian

war

injuries

and

death

is decisive

for heir

merging

ritique

of the

war and

to

understanding

he

injuries

of war to

themselves nd

others.

Ultimately

veteranswho

reject

the

diagnosis

of PTSD

as

being

a disorder

re

making

a

political

statement

more than

a medical or

personal

psychologicaldiagnosis.

The

point

for

both

anti-war

eteranswho seek

counseling

and

medication

or

post-traumatic

tress,

s

well

as those who

prefer

o

avoid such treatment

:

even

though heymay

suffer rom he same

:

symptoms,

s

that,

egardless

f medicalized

; analysis, he fundamental ause of their f-

:

fliction s that

hey

have witnessed nd

par-

:

ticipated

in

dehumanizing

crimes

against

I

people

in

Iraq

and

Afghanistan.

;

Charlie

Anderson

:

Navy

medic Charlie

Anderson,

originally

'

from

Rossford,Ohio,

crossed

into

Iraq

in

:

March 2003

with the Marines.

Like most

:

everyone

round

him

n

uniform,

e was full

;

of fear nd

curiosity,nger

and

resignation,

:

excitement

nd ambivalence

about the

mis-

:

sion.

Trained s a

medic,

he

especially

rel-

1

shed

the idea of

helping

his buddies

if

hey

:

got

hit.

Looking

back

later,

hough,

he

said,

:

"I

didn't

ven know

what didn't

know/'

I

The

learning

curve

would soon

rise

: steeply nfrontfhim.

:

On an

early convoy

operation

n

2003,

'

his unit

began

taking

asualties on

the out-

:

skirts f Sadr

City.

Someone radioed

that

:

they

were

looking

for a

young

Arab male

I

wearing

black

pants,

white

shirt,

nd san-

:

dais,

and

carrying

an

AK-47

in

other

:

words,

almost

anybody.

Fromthe back

of

;

the column

came machine

gun

fire.One

of

:

Anderson's

sergeants

had been

telling

the

Trained

s

a

medic,

he

especially

elished he

dea

of

helping

his

buddies.

..

GutmannndLutz BecomingMonsters n Iraq 13



4/10

younger

men a

story. uddenly

he

opened

firewith

his

weapon, apparently

iming

at

nothing nd no one in particular. hen he

went

back

to

telling

his

story

ight

here he

left t

mid-sentence

only

seconds

before,

pausing

now and then to

sip

his

coffee.

A

lot of

people

would think hat was

cool/'

says

Anderson.

I

thought

twas

scary/'

This

was the first f a

set of

political

nd

moral

epiphanies

Charlie

Anderson

under-

went

n

combat and after.

Later hat

ameday,Anderson elates, r-

derscame

through

o

load

up

and drive

nto

Sadr

City. hey

had

high

hopes

for

whatwas

to come.

Given the standard

Americandiet

of

World War

II

movies,

he and his

com-

rades

expected

to find a kind

f air of

iber-

ation

parades

in

Holland

and France/'

hey

believed that

they

would be

rewarded for

protecting

the

population

from

further

depredations

by

Saddam

Hussein and his

"bad guys/'butthe civilianreceptionwas

quite

differentromwhat

hey xpected.

The

thousands

of

civilians

out

in

the

streets f

Sadr

City

didn't eem

excitedto

see them

except

the kids.

"There re kids

running p

and down

the sides of

streets

begging

for

food."The Marines

were still

ooking

or he

young

Arab male

carrying

n assault

rifle.

And there

were

people

everywhere.

You're

looking

t the

kids,

t the

doorways,

t

the

windows,

and the

rooftops.

ou're

trying

o

scan the

alleys,

looking

for a

guy

[who

wants o

kill

you]

in

this rowd of

5,000."

Anderson was

riding

on the

passenger

side of a

Humvee with his

weapon

in

his

left

hand,

safety

ff,

inger

n the

trigger,

pointed

t the

vehicle's door.

With

his

right

:

hand he was

throwing

ood out and

waving

:

at the kids. After

ounding

a

corner,

the

I crowd seemed to thin.Then all hell broke

:

loose and Marines

began shooting

n

all

di-

:

rections. "We're

trying

o

figure

ut what

I

one

guy

s

firing

t,

and he

yells,

Don't ask

:

me

what

'm

shooting.

'm

shooting

t fuck-

:

ing

people '"

Anderson

ulled

the

trigger

n

I

his

gun

until

omeone said he could

stop.

:

There's

ll this

pandemonium.

Women.

; Children.Mostlywomen and children.

:

And t

seems so clich.

But has

really

:

whatwas

happening.

ostly

omen nd

:

children.

nd few ld men

unning

very

:

which irection

creaming

nd

yelling....

:

My

thoughts

ere

the black

and white

photograph

fthe

ittle

irl unning

own

:

the

street

n

Viet Nam.

She'd been na-

:

palmed.

ll

her kin's

alling

ff.

: Fiveyearslater, nJanuary 008, as we

:

sat

in

his

home

in

the

mountains f

Boone,

;

North

Carolina,

Charlie Anderson

still

:

looked

shell-shocked

in

recounting

hose

:

operations

around Sadr

City.

Whether

he

;

shiveredfrom

he cold

outside that

winter

:

day,

or

from he

still

painfulmemory

f hav-

:

ing

been a

part

of the

military

orce that

j

caused

terrifiedivilians o

flee

through

he

:

streets f an

Iraqicity,

e

didn't

ay.

n

either

:

case,

even in

2008,

Andersonwas continu-

'

ally

trying

o come

to

grips

with

his

early

:

tour

of

duty

n

Iraq.

Regardless

f what

the

:

ground troops

were

ordered to

do

in

the

;

war,

he

remained

convinced their

motiva-

:

tions were

noble. "Most

of us

thought

hat

:

we

were there

o do

something ood.

I

don't

14 anthropologynow Volume Number #April009



5/10

think

nybody oins

an

army

r

goes

off o

war

thinking

hey

re

going

to do evil/'

Like thousandsof otherveterans,Ander-

son

sought ounseling

from imeto time

f-

ter he returned.

I did

go through

ne

sup-

portgroup

meeting

t the

VA,

and

I didn't

find

ny support. spent

most of the

night

talking

bout

why

twas

okay

for

me to be a

veteran

against

the

war,

and

listening

o

some of

the other members

of this

group

talk bout

how we should

ust

have

a

policy

of

genocide

because

if

we don't

kill

every-

body

in

Iraq,

then

they'regoing

to

come

over

here and

kill

our kids.

It didn't

even

make

sense."

Beyondfeeling

ike

n alien

in

this

group

of

vets,

he nonetheless

shared

much

in

common

with them.

Like the oth-

ers, Anderson,

too,

had to

cope

with the

traumas of

war

including

what

he called

"survivor's

uilt,"

nd

the

feeling

hat

he was

personally

esponsible

or

helping

other

re-

turningetswith heir wn cyclesofdepres-

sion.

Eventually,

fter return

o the United

States,

Charlie

Anderson

was

given

an

hon-

orable

discharge

from

he

Navy

after

eing

diagnosed

with

PTSD.

Garett

Reppenhagen

Like

housands

fother

oldiers,

Garett

Rep-

penhagen

put

in time

at

checkpoints.

Trained

s a

sniper

nd born

o

a

military

a-

ther

in Fort

Hood,

Texas,

Reppenhagen

found

himself

one

day flagging

down a

quickly approaching

vehicle,

and

trying

o

get

its

Iraqi

driver o

leave his

vehicle. As

:

Garett

Reppenhagen

(Photo

by

Matthew

Gutmann)

'

this

car,

like

many

before

it,

had

ap-

l

proached, Reppenhagen

ecalled,

:

You're

hinking

here ould

be a car bomb.

'

And

you

got

your

heart

pumping

nd

your

:

adrenaline

flowing

because

you

think

:

you're ust going

to

get

bombed.

And the

;

car screeches

to a

stop.

And

you

go

over

:

and

you're

yelling

at the

guy

in

the

car.

:

Only

he doesn't

speak

English,

o he's not

'

getting

ut of

his

car,

you

know?

:

You're

trying

o

open

the

door,

but the

:

door's

ammed

because

his car

sucks. It's

'

junk.

And

you're

frustrated

ecause

you

:

can't

open

the

door. You're embarrassed

:

that

you're trying

o

open

a

door that

;

doesn't

open.

So

you ust grab

the

guy

and

:

pull

him out the

window and

you

throw

:

him on the

ground

and

you zip-strip

im

Gutmannnd Lutz BecomingMonsters n Iraq 15



6/10

[with

lastic

ies used

by

U.S.

forces].

And

then

you

realize,

out of the corner f

your

eye, that hiswife and kidsare staring t

you

with this ntense hatred

n

their

ye.

You

just

realize

you

are

part

of the

prob-

lem. And

you

don't mean to

be,

and

you

don't

want

to

be,

but

you're

there,

you

know? And that's he crime. The crime is

that

you're

here.

Many

soldiers,

says

Reppenhagen, started

to loathe themselves.

But instead of

chang-

ing

to make it

better,

some

changed

forthe

worse.

They

ust

dove

into it and became

monsters/'

Like those of other

dissidentU.S. veterans

who have come out

against

he

war,

Reppenhagen's

tories ocus

on the hubris f this

war,

how the war de-

'

stroyed

ome

part

of

him

and violated the

i

trust hat

he,

as a citizen

soldier,

nce had

in the

U.S.

military.

s Garett

Reppenhagen

;

says,

:

I

always

saw

myself

s

doing

the

right

'

thing, aking

he

proper

course of

action, ;

as

thinking

bout ethics nd

morality.

nd

:

here

was,

the one with

my

hands on this

;

dude,

feeling ustified

o

rip

him

out

of his

i

car and throw

him

on

the

ground

nd

put

:

him n

handcuffs.t made me feel

like an

;

asshole.

I'm

the

guy cting

ike

Nazi.

:

Although

ome

troops

nd veterans

have

sought

elief rom

heir

ost-traumaticight-

maresbypoppingwhat medics in Iraqsar-

castically

call

"happy pills/' Reppenhagen

is

staunchly pposed.

I'm

certainly

ot

going

to take

any

med-

ication.

I

am flat

gainst

that.

Personally,

don't want to

separate myself

rom

my

war

experience.

I

think

my

war

experience

is

part

of who

I

am

now,

and I've

got

to

learn

to

carry

hat.

My

heal-

ing comes through

helping

ther

veterans,

being

part

of the

movement.

VAW

Iraq

Veterans

Against

the

War]

is

redeeming

me.

Garett

Reppen-

hagen

was the first c-

tive-duty

oldier o

oin

IVAW

while

still

in

Iraq.

Men

experience

rauma,

e

knows,

when

their

buddy

is blown

up

in

front f

them,

when someone is shot and no

one can

get

to him.

Or,

as he

puts

it,

"When innocent

people

get

waxed."

But,

Reppenhagen

in-

sists,

for

he most

part,

he

average

Ameri-

can soldier s notthe

victim.

He's the victimizer. nd think e

feels

like

criminal,

onestly.

e feels ike

he

killer nd the

rapist

nd the

hief,

nd he

comes back

to America nd

it's,

Thank

you

for

our

ervice." ut

we're, ike,

You

haveno idea what

you're

hanking

efor.

Youdon'tknowwhat did."

Vou

ust

realize

you

are

part

of

the

problem.

And

you

don'tmean

to

be,

and

you

don'twantto

be,

but

you're

here,

you

know?

..

And

that's he crime.The crime

is

that

you're

here.

16 anthropologynow Volume Number April009



7/10

If

men did the ame

things

n

the treets f

:

the

United tates

hey

did withno

repercus-

sions in the cities and villagesof Iraq, they ;

would be

imprisoned

or even

executed,

:

Reppenhagen

believes.

But since

they

are

:

not

punished by

others,

hey punish

them-

;

selves.

"They

start

drinking

hemselves

to

:

death

and

doing

drugs

nd

being

abusive to

I

their

family

and

committing

uicide,

be-

j

cause

they

an't

find

edemption/'

:

So what's

medical

practitioneroing

to

:

do for

veteran

n

this

ituation?

'

If

you're

clinical

doctor,

you

cannot

fix

:

problem

that's social

and

political.

Let's

;

say you

sitdown with

counselor nd

say,

:

"I've been

betrayed y mygovernment

nd

:

I'm

fucking

issed

off,

nd this s dbilitt-

;

ing.

am unable to

fit nto

ociety.

And it's

:

directly

ecause

of the war."

Well,

they're

:

gonna

be

like,

"Here's

a

pill.

Don't

be so

;

pissedoff." heytry o make ityourprob- :

lem. And

it's not

your

problem.

It's soci-

:

ety'sproblem.

ou don't

have to

readjust

o

:

society;

ociety's

going

to

have to

readjust

:

to

you.

:

Ricky lousing

j

When

RickyClousing deployed

to

Iraq

in

:

December 2004

at

age

22,

he didn't

rely

n

:

the

media to understand

the

situation

in

;

Iraq:

"I

kind f

wantedto formulate

my

own

:

idea about

what was

going

on."

He had

j

high

expectations

that

his

military

ntelli-

j

gence

training

would

help

identify eople

:

who were threats o

Iraqi

freedom. earsbe-

fore,

Clousing

had become

a

born-again

Christiannd done missionary ork nLatin

America

nd Thailand. He was

eager

to find

a

way

to

help

the

Iraqis

as he had

helped

farmers

n

Mexico

on severalearlier

rips.

Soon

after rrival

n

Iraq, Clousing

saw

civilians killed and harassed

with

mpunity

by

U.S. soldiers.

He

began

to

mistrust he

mission

that used such

methods,

nd went

to

his

command

with serious

questions

about

whether o continue

to

participate

n

the war or even

in

the

Army

tself. t was

recommended

he

speak

with counselors

and

chaplains,

and

he did so.

He

told

them

"about

the

spiritual

asis for

my

conflict f

conscience

[but]

they

came

back with

all

these

clich

statements,

nd

even Bible

verses taken

out of

context,

ustifying

ar

and

saying

God

is

favoring

us,

and

that

I

should

just

trust

n

his

plan.

Just

urface-y,

watereddownstatementshatdidn't nswer

anything

hat was

really eeling."

His

com-

manders

sked

Clousing

if

he

was

trying

o

get

out

of the

Army.

There's

ways

to do

that,

uch as

saying

you'regay

or

sayingyou

have

mental

problems.

was

insulted,

o tell

you

the truth.

wasn't

trying

o

play

that

card to

get

a ticket ut

of the

military."

Clousing

tattooed he

word "Veritas"

n

his arm to

signify

his

quest,

and started

reading

books

about the

run-up

o

the war

in

Iraq

and on U.S.

foreign

olicy

in

gen-

eral.

In

addition,

he

read Confessions

f an

Economic

Hit

Man,

Zinn's

People's

History

of the United

tates,

nd Thoreau's

ssay

On

Civil

Disobedience.

After

eturning

o

the

CutmannndLutz BecomingMonstersnIraq 17



8/10

United

States,

Ricky

continued to be tor-

mented

by

his time

in

Iraq.

He talked to

more counselors and chaplains and com-

manders.

All

to no avail. He

went AWOL

and after

year

he

turnedhimself n. Fol-

lowing

his

military

rial,

he

served

three

months

n

the

Camp Lejeune

brig

n

North

Carolina.

During

the entire

period

after

his

tour

n

Iraq,Army

fficers

roposed

various

options

o

Clousing

uch as

filing

or

onsci-

entious

objector

status or a

diagnosis

of

PTSD, any one of which would have al-

lowed

him

to

serve out his

remaining

ime

in

non-combat

ssignments

and

the

mili-

tary

would

have avoided

further

mbarrass-

ment

Clousing's

ase had

become

interna-

tional

news).

He refused

conscientious

objector

tatus

because he does

not

oppose

all

wars. He

rejected

the PTSD

diagnosis

because he

considers

post-traumatic

tress

not

a disorder

ut,

s he called

it,

a

patch"

that onceals deeper problems: I mean,it's

a natural

eaction f

culture

hock,

of

being

in

a

combat

zone,

and

the

realities nd

the

expectations

f

fighting,

nd

being

expected

to kill

people,

and

then

coming

back

home

to

what we

have here." Farfrom

epresent-

ing

an abnormal

adaptation

o

civilian

ife,

he

adds,

traumatized

oldiers re the

norm:

"They're

ctually tapped

into their

human

and

spiritual

nd

emotional

ide

enough

to

feel the

effects f

[the

war].

They're

not

numb

enough

to

just

blow

it off

like it

doesn't matter."

A

nti-war

ets ike

Ricky

lousing,

Garett

/VReppenhagen,

and

Charlie

Anderson

:

may

be no moreor less traumatized

y

what

they

aw and did than other ervice mem-

; bers.However, heir istinctive nderstand-

:

ing

of the

problem

and

of

the remedies

:

available to them

particularly olitical

c-

l

tionand

helping

thervets allows them

o

:

reshape

their

ense of self

n

crucial

ways.

:

Each has

been an active

member f

raq

Vet-

;

erans

Against

he

War,

nd has

worked

n

a

:

variety

of

ways,

including recruiting

or

:

IVAW

fromwithin

he active

duty

military

; and others,lobbying Congress, and long

:

public

marches and

talks to educate the

:

public.

They

are

working

to

advance the

;

goals

of the

organization,

which

includes

:

campaigning

for n

immediate

withdrawal

:

of all

troops

from

raq;

reparations

o the

;

Iraqi

people

that

hey,

ather

han

corporate

j

profiteers,

ould

administer;

nd

lobbying

:

for

ullbenefits

nd

adequate

healthcare

or

;

returning

ets.

They

have also

forged trong

: bonds of advice and help with dissident

:

Vietnam

War era

vets nd

organizations

nd

;

are

helping

with

counter-recruitmentfforts

:

in

high

chools aroundthe

country.

:

Each is also

trying

o

reestablish

imself

j

in

work

nd/or chool: in

winter

008,

Char-

:

lie

Anderson was

attendingAppalachian

:

State

University

n

Boone and

working

with

;

the

VA

nearby,

Garett

Reppenhagen

was

:

studying

t Pikes

Peak

Community ollege

:

in

Colorado

Springs

nd

working

s a

part-

;

time

organizer

nd

consultant or

Veterans

:

for

America,

nd

Ricky

Clousing

was

work-

:

ing

n

a

gift

hop

and

learning

o be a

dealer

I

in

Las

Vegas.

:

As

another

anti-warveteran

said

about

:

his

emerging

recovery-through-activism

18 anthropologynow Volume #Number April009



9/10

Brig

Art

Photo

by RickyClousing)

Gutmann nd Lutz Becoming Monsters in Iraq 19



10/10

from he

war,

I am

no

longer

he monster

once was." These vets

are

convinced

they

have found a kind of re-

demption

and balm

by

breaking

anks nd

speak-

ing

out

against

he

war,

by

forging

new kind fcom-

radeship

with their ellow

dissenters,

nd

by

begin-

ning

o make amends with

the

Iraqi

and

Afghani

eo-

ples.

Some

might ay

that hese veterans

were

dehumanizedfrom

he moment

hey

began

basic

training,

nd that

by

turning gainst

the war in

Iraq

and what

they

aw and

did

there,

hey

are

simply

reclaiming

heirhu-

manity.

But

that conclusion

would be too

easy.

Because

if

nything

hese

anti-war et-

erans

were

among

the most

dealistic f

sol-

diers,

committed o

the idea of

armed ser-

vice in defense of the nation and indeed

serving

humankind

hrough

heir

participa-

tion

n

militaryperations

n

Iraq.

As

contradictory

s it

might

eem,

and

despite

all

the

questions

they

had from

he

beginning

bout

military

ervice nd the

n-

vasion

and

occupation

of

Iraq,

these men at

the same time believed

that

they

would be

doing

good

for others

through

their

participation

n

the

war.

In

the

end, however,

they

do not

want their

post-traumatic

tress o

be

neatly

boxed off

by

a

medical

zed

diagnosis

hat

separatestheir onditionfrom he total ex-

perience

of the war in

Iraq

and from

moral

and

political

critique

of its

impact

on the

people

of that

ountry.

Matthew

Gutmann nd

Catherine

Lutz,

Depart-

ment of

Anthropology,

rown

University,

ox

1921,

Providence,

Rhode

Island 02912. E-mail:

[email protected];

[email protected]. Gut-

mann is professorn the Department fAnthro-

pology

at Brown

University

nd Lutz has a

joint

appointment

s

professor

n

the

Department

f

Anthropology

nd at

the Watson

Institute f

In-

ternational

tudies t Brown

University.

They

do not

wanttheir

post-traumatic

tress o be

neatly

oxed off

y

a

medicalized

diagnosis.

..

20 anthropology now Volume 1 Number1 April 009

Thi d l d d f 202 41 10 3 M 08 F b 2016 19 42 35 UTC

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