Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
description
Transcript of Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
![Page 1: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Investigating the influence of the Investigating the influence of the marine biosphere on climate: marine biosphere on climate:
Oxygen isotope measurements and Oxygen isotope measurements and model simulationsmodel simulations
Becky Alexander
Harvard University
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
USC May 4, 2004
![Page 2: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Sulfate aerosols: Importance and uncertainties 17O sulfate: Resolve uncertainties
• GEOS-CHEM: Global 3D model• INDOEX: INDian Ocean EXperiment
• Sulfate formation in the marine boundary layer (MBL): Seasalt, biogenic DMS, Climate
• Future Plans
OverviewOverview
![Page 3: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Importance of Atmospheric SulfateImportance of Atmospheric Sulfate
Cooling effect on climate
Contributes to the formation of acid rain
Anthropogenic emissions are 2 to 3 times that of natural sources
Transcontinental transportPark et al., 2004
![Page 4: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Surface
DMSCS2
H2SSO2 SO4
2- OH
O3, H2O2
OH, NO3
MSA
OH
Atmospheric Sulfur BudgetAtmospheric Sulfur Budget
![Page 5: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Radiative Forcing: Greenhouse Radiative Forcing: Greenhouse Gases and AerosolsGases and Aerosols
IPCC report, 2001
![Page 6: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Effects of Aerosols on ClimateEffects of Aerosols on ClimateDirect Effect
Reflection
RefractionAbsorption
Indirect Effect
Ramanathan et al., 2001
Aerosol number density (cm-3)
Clo
ud
dro
ple
t n
um
be
r d
en
sity
(cm
-3)
![Page 7: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Atmospheric Aerosol Formation Atmospheric Aerosol Formation and Photosynthetic Rateand Photosynthetic Rate
Mt. Pinatubo volcano
Gu et al., 2003
h
![Page 8: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Biology and Aerosol Climate EffectsBiology and Aerosol Climate Effects
SO2 H2SO4
OH New particle formation
CCN
Light scattering
DMS
OH NO3
Phytoplankton
O 3, H 2
O 2
SO42-
Biological regulation of the climate?
![Page 9: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mass-Dependent FractionationMass-Dependent Fractionation(‰) = [(Rsample/Rstandard) – 1] 1000
18O: R = 18O/16O; 17O: R = 17O/16O
17O/18O 0.5
![Page 10: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mass-Independent FractionationMass-Independent Fractionation
17O/18O 1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 8018O
17O
Product Ozone
Residual Oxygen
Starting Oxygen
Thiemens and Heidenreich, 1983
17O
17O
17O = 17O – 0.5*18O 0
O + O2 O3*
Mass-dependent fractionation line: 17O/18O 0.5
![Page 11: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Symmetry C2v Symmetry Cs
17 or 18
16 16
16
16 17 or 18E Vibrational
StatesRotational
States
De
v = i
v=i+1
RotationalStates
VibrationalStates
De
v = i
v=i+1
O2 + O(3P) O3
*
Explanation of Mass-independent EffectExplanation of Mass-independent Effect
Non-RRKM (Rice-Rampsberger-Kassell-Marcus) transition state
theory:
(asymm) /(symm) = 1.18
Gao and Marcus, 2001
![Page 12: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Alt
i tu
de
(km
)
17OSMOW (‰)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
10
20
30
40
50
60
Measured O3
HO2
OH
O3
Rainwater H2O2
HO2+HO2H2O2+O2
Tropopause
1717O of oxidantsO of oxidantsPhotochemical Box Model
Lyons, GRL, 2001
Tropospheric 17O values
O3: 35‰
H2O2: 1.7‰
OH: 0‰
![Page 13: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Source ofSource of 1717OO SulfateSulfate
SO2 in isotopic equilibrium with H2O :
17O of SO2 = 0 ‰
1) SO32- + O3 (17O=35‰) SO4
2- 17O = 8.75 ‰
17O of SO42- a function relative amounts of OH, H2O2, and O3 oxidation
Savarino et al., 2000
3) SO2 + OH (17O=0‰) SO42- 17O = 0 ‰
2) HSO3-+ H2O2 (17O=1.7‰) SO4
2- 17O = 0.85 ‰ Aqueous
Gas
![Page 14: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
GEOS-CHEMGEOS-CHEM
• Global 3-D model of atmospheric chemistry
• 4ºx5º horizontal resolution, 26-30 layers in vertical
• Driven by assimilated meteorology (1987 –present).
• Includes aqueous and gas phase chemistry:
S(IV) + OH (gas-phase)
S(IV) + O3/H2O2 (in-cloud, pH=4.5)
• Off-line sulfur chemistry (uses monthly mean OH and O3 fields from a full chemistry, coupled aerosol simulation)
http://www-as.harvard.edu/chemistry/trop/geos/index.html
![Page 15: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
GEOS-CHEM GEOS-CHEM 1717O Sulfate SimulationO Sulfate Simulation
SO2 + OH (gas phase) 17O=0‰
S(IV) + H2O2 (in cloud, pH=4.5) 17O=0.85‰
S(IV) + O3 (in cloud, pH=4.5) 17O=8.75‰
Use constant, global 17O value for oxidants
17O ‰ method reference
O3 35 Photochemical model
Lyons 2001
H2O2 1.7 Rainwater measurements
Savarino and Thiemens 1999
OH 0 Experimental Dubey et al., 1997
![Page 16: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1717O sulfate: GEOS-CHEM and measurementsO sulfate: GEOS-CHEM and measurements
January 2001 July 2001
0.0‰ 2.3‰ 4.6‰
Davis, CA fogwater
4.3 ‰
Whiteface Mtn, NY
fogwater 0.3 ‰
White Mtn, CA aerosol
1-1.7‰
La Jolla rainwater
1.1 ‰
La Jolla aerosol 0.2-1.4‰
South Pole aerosol
0.8-2‰
Site A, Greenland ice core 0.5-3‰
Vostok & Dome C ice
cores 1.3-4.8‰
Desert dust traps 0.3-3.5‰
INDOEX aerosol
0.5-3‰
Missing O3 oxidation source
![Page 17: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
pH dependency of OpH dependency of O33 oxidation and oxidation and
its effect on its effect on 1717O of SOO of SO442-2-
1.0E-15
1.0E-14
1.0E-13
1.0E-12
1.0E-11
1.0E-10
1.0E-09
1.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
pH
Oxi
dat
ion
rat
e (M
/sec
)
H2O2
O3
1.0E-151.0E-141.0E-13
1.0E-121.0E-111.0E-101.0E-091.0E-08
1.0E-071.0E-061.0E-051.0E-041.0E-03
1.0E-021.0E-011.0E+00
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
pH
Oxi
dat
ion
rat
e (M
/sec
)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
17
O (
‰)
H2O2
O3
Lee et al., 2001 Sea-spray
![Page 18: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
OO33 oxidation on sea-salt aerosols oxidation on sea-salt aerosols
Sea-salt emissions are a function of wind speed
pH = 8, O3 oxidation dominant1
4
iit D
rAk i
Sea salt flux to atmosphere (Gong et al., 2002):
1.01 x 104 Tg/year 11.1 Tg(S)/year
Global DMS emissions (Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998): 15-25 Tg(S)/year
44 -74% of SO2 (from DMS) oxidized to sulfate by O3 on sea-salt aerosols
![Page 19: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
GEOS-CHEM sea-salt emissionsGEOS-CHEM sea-salt emissions
0.0 Tg 0.59 Tg 1.17 Tg
January 1997 July 1997
INDOEX
![Page 20: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pre-INDOEX Jan. 1997 INDOEX March 1998
INDOEX cruises – INDOEX cruises – 1717O sulfateO sulfate
![Page 21: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Analytical MethodAnalytical Method
High volume air sampler
H2SO4
Ion Chromatograph Ionic separation
O2 loop 5A mol.sieve
vent
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer
Ag2SO4 O2 + SO2
Removable quartz tube
1050°C
magnet
To vacuum
To vacuumGC
SO2 trap
He flow
Sample loop 5A mol.sieve
ventSO2 port
O2 port
![Page 22: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pre-INDOEX CruisePre-INDOEX CruiseJanuary 1997
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Latitude (degrees)
SO
42-
nss
17
O (
‰)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Latitude (degrees)
SO
42-
nss
17
O (
‰)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Latitude (degrees)
SO
42-
nss
17
O (
‰)
ITCZ
![Page 23: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Enhanced pH of sea-salt aerosols Enhanced pH of sea-salt aerosols over sea water?over sea water?
Laskin et al. Science (2003):
OH(g) + Cl-(interface) (HO…Cl-)interface
(HO…Cl-)interface + (HO…Cl-)interface Cl2 + 2OH-
k(OH-) k(SO42-)
![Page 24: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Latitude (degrees)
SO
42-
nss
17
O (
‰)
Pre-INDOEX CruisePre-INDOEX CruiseJanuary 1997
![Page 25: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15Latitude (degrees)
SO
42
- ns
s 1
7 O (
‰)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15Latitude (degrees)
SO
42
- ns
s 1
7 O (
‰)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15Latitude (degrees)
SO
42
- ns
s 1
7 O (
‰)
INDOEX Cruise INDOEX Cruise
March 1998
ITCZ
![Page 26: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
0% 50% 100%
Percent (%) change in concentrations (yearly average)
Case A: SO2/SO42- concentration without sea-salt chemistry
Case B: With sea-salt chemistry
SO2 (decrease) SO42- (small increase)
|100|
CaseA
CaseBCaseA
Chemical effect of sea-salt on SOChemical effect of sea-salt on SO22 and and
SOSO442-2- concentrations concentrations
![Page 27: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
50%0% 100%
Effect of sea-salt chemistry on gas-phase Effect of sea-salt chemistry on gas-phase sulfate production ratessulfate production rates
|100|
CaseA
CaseBCaseA
Mar/Apr/May Jun/Jul/Aug
Sep/Oct/Nov Dec/Jan/Feb
Percent (%) decrease (seasonal average):
![Page 28: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sulfate Formation in the Marine Sulfate Formation in the Marine Boundary LayerBoundary Layer
DMS OHNO3 SO2 H2SO4OH
New particle formation
CCN
H2O2
Light scattering
Gas-phaseAqueous-phase
Aqueous-phase
O3
Phytoplankton
![Page 29: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lessons from INDOEX and GEOS-CHEMLessons from INDOEX and GEOS-CHEM•The evolution of alkalinity depends on atmospheric acidity and has a
short (< 1hour) atmospheric lifetime.
•The acidification of the atmosphere, particularly in the
Northern Hemisphere, may have increased the effectiveness of the
marine biological control on climate.
•Sulfate formation on sea-salt chemistry should be included in models estimating the radiative
effects of sulfate from DMS emissions.
Ship SO2 in North Atlantic
0 3.3 6.6 106 kg S
![Page 30: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
1717O sulfate: GEOS-CHEM and measurementsO sulfate: GEOS-CHEM and measurements
La Jolla rainwater 1.1 ‰ pH=5.1
Davis, CA fogwater 4.3 ‰ pH=6.2
INDOEX aerosol 0.5-3‰
La Jolla aerosol 0.2-1.4‰
White Mtn, CA aerosol 1-1.7‰
South Pole aerosol 0.8-2‰
Vostok & Dome C ice cores 1.3-4.8‰
Whiteface Mtn, NY fogwater 0.3 ‰ pH=2.9
Site A, Greenland ice core 2‰January 1997 July 1997
Desert dust traps 0.3-3.5‰
![Page 31: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Future Plans – DustFuture Plans – Dust
![Page 32: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mwskhidze et al., 2003
SOSO22 Oxidation, Iron Mobilization, Oxidation, Iron Mobilization,
and Oceanic Productivityand Oceanic Productivity
![Page 33: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Future Plans – Organic AerosolsFuture Plans – Organic Aerosols
Current understanding is very limited!
13C is the only isotope system measured.
-pinene -pinene
OH, O3
NO3
Formic acid Acetic acid…
~100 ppt in remote MBL!
![Page 34: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship
Daly Postdoctoral Fellowship (Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University)
Daniel Jacob
Dan Schrag
Ann Pearson
Rokjin Park
Qinbin Li
Bob Yantosca
Mark H. Thiemens
Charles Lee
Joël Savarino
V. Ramanathan
![Page 35: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Atmospheric Aerosol Formation Atmospheric Aerosol Formation and Photosynthetic Rateand Photosynthetic Rate
Gu et al., 2003
Mt. Pinatubo volcano Aerosol Optical Depth
![Page 36: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Explanation of Mass-Independent EffectExplanation of Mass-Independent Effect
(asymm) /(symm) = 1.18
O + O2 O3* + M O3
Assymetric: 18O16O16O* Symmetric: 16O18O16O*
Gao and Marcus, 2001
Non-RRKM (Rice-Rampsberger-Kassell-
Marcus) transition state theory:
XY+X X+YX
XY+Z X+YZ
XYX
XYZ
![Page 37: Becky Alexander Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813e79550346895da89c8e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)