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![Page 1: BEC REVIEW 1.Explain relationship between scarcity and choices 2.Differentiate between positive & normative 3.Differentiate between price and cost 4.Explain.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/551b54df550346d41a8b61d1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BEC REVIEW 1. Explain relationship between scarcity and choices
2. Differentiate between positive & normative3. Differentiate between price and cost 4. Explain the “Invisible Hand” of Capitalism5. Differentiate between consumer and capital goods6. Give examples of each of the 4 Factors of
Production7. Define tradeoffs 8. Define opportunity cost
1
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Aim: What purpose does PPG serve in the study of macroeconomics?
Do Now:
Go over HW
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The Production Possibilities Curve
(PPC)Using Economic Models…
Step 1: Explain concept in wordsStep 2: Use numbers as examplesStep 3: Generate graphs from numbersStep 4: Make generalizations using graph
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What is the Production Possibilities Curve?• A production possibilities graph (PPG) is a
model that shows alternative ways that an economy can use its scarce resources
• This model graphically demonstrates scarcity, trade-offs, opportunity costs, and efficiency.
4 Key Assumptions• Only two goods can be produced • Full employment of resources• Fixed Resources (Ceteris Paribus)• Fixed Technology
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a b c d e f14 12 9 5 0 00 2 4 6 8 10
Bikes
Computers
NOW GRAPH IT: Put bikes on y-axis and computers on x-axis
Production “Possibilities” Table
Each point represents a specific combination of goods that can be
produced given full employment of resources.
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Bik
es
Computers
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
A
B
C
D
E
G
Inefficient/ Unemployment
Impossible/Unattainable (given current resources)
Efficient
Production PossibilitiesHow does the PPG graphically demonstrates scarcity,
trade-offs, opportunity costs, and efficiency?
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2 Bikes
2.The opportunity cost of moving from b to d is…
4.The opportunity cost of moving from f to c is…
3.The opportunity cost of moving from d to b is…
7 Bikes
4 Computer
0 Computers
5.What can you say about point G?
Unattainable
1. The opportunity cost of moving from a to b is…
Example:
Opportunity Cost
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The Production Possibilities Curve (or Frontier)
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PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4CALZONES 4 3 2 1 0
• List the Opportunity Cost of moving from a-b, b-c, c-d, and d-e.
• Constant Opportunity Cost- Resources are easily adaptable for producing either good.
• Result is a straight line PPC (not common)
Production PossibilitiesA B C D E
9
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PIZZA 20 19 16 10 0ROBOTS 0 1 2 3 4
• List the Opportunity Cost of moving from a-b, b-c, c-d, and d-e.
• Law of Increasing Opportunity Cost-• As you produce more of any good, the
opportunity cost (forgone production of another good) will increase.
• Why? Resources are NOT easily adaptable to producing both goods.
• Result is a bowed out (Concave) PPC
A B C D EProduction Possibilities
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1 Bike2.The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from b to c is…
4.The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from d to e is…
3.The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from c to d is…
1.5 (3/2) Bikes
2 Bikes
2.5 (5/2) Bikes
= Opportunity CostUnits Gained
1. The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from a to b is…
Example:
PER UNIT Opportunity CostHow much each marginal
unit costs
NOTICE: Increasing Opportunity Costs
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The Production Possibilities Curve and Efficiency
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Productive Efficiency- • Products are being produced in the
least costly way. • This is any point ON the Production
Possibilities CurveAllocative Efficiency-
• The products being produced are the ones most desired by society.
• This optimal point on the PPC depends on the desires of society.
Two Types of Efficiency
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Productive and Allocative EfficiencyB
ikes
Computers
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
A
B
C
D
F
E
Which points are productively efficient?Which are allocatively efficient?
G
Productively Efficient combinations are A through D
Allocative Efficient combinations depend on
the wants of society (What if this represents a
country with no electricity?)
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Shifting the Production Possibilities Curve
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4 Key Assumptions Revisited• Only two goods can be produced • Full employment of resources• Fixed Resources (4 Factors)• Fixed Technology
What if there is a change?
What shifts the PPC?1. Change in resource quantity or quality
2. Change in Technology3. Change in Trade 16
Production Possibilities
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Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
What happens if there is an increase
in population?
17
Production Possibilities
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Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
What happens if there is an increase
in population?
18
Production Possibilities
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Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
What if there is a technology improvement
in pizza ovens
19
Production Possibilities
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Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
What if there is a technology improvement
in pizza ovens
20
Production Possibilities
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Panama – Favors Consumer Goods
Mexico – Favors Capital Goods
Consumer goods
Cap
ital
Goo
ds
Current PPC
Future PPC
Consumer goods
Cap
ital
Goo
ds
Future PPC
Current PPC
Capital Goods and Future Growth
MexicoPanama21
Countries that produce more capital goods will have more growth in the future.
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PPC PracticeDraw a PPC showing changes for each of the
following:Pizza and Robots (3)
1. New robot making technology2. Decrease in the demand for pizza
3. Mad cow disease kills 85% of cows
Consumer goods and Capital Goods (4) 4. BP Oil Spill in the Gulf 5. Faster computer hardware 6. Many workers unemployed 7. Significant increases in education
22
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New robot making technologyQ
Q
Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
Question #1
23
A shift only for Robots
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Decrease in the demand for pizzaQ
Q
Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
Question #2
24
The curve doesn’t shift!A change in demand
doesn’t shift the curve
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Mad cow disease kills 85% of cowsQ
Q
Ro
bo
ts
Pizzas
Question #3
25
A shift inward only for Pizza
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BP Oil Spill in the GulfQ
Q
Cap
ital
Go
od
s (G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #4
26
Decrease in resources decrease production
possibilities for both
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Faster computer hardwareQ
Q
Cap
ital
Go
od
s (G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #5
27
Quality of a resource improves shifting the
curve outward
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Many workers unemployedQ
Q
Cap
ital
Go
od
s (G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #6
28
The curve doesn’t shift!Unemployment is just a point inside the curve
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Significant increases in educationQ
Q
Cap
ital
Go
od
s (G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #7
29
The quality of labor is improved. Curve shifts
outward.