Bearden - Fact Sheet - Leyton Hierarchies of Symmetry - Updated 04-07-2004

7/31/2019 Bearden - Fact Sheet - Leyton Hierarchies of Symmetry - Updated 04-07-2004

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Fact Sheet 2003-03

LEYTONS H IERARCHIESOF SYMMETRY:SOLUTIONTOTHE MA JOR ASYMMETRY

PROBLEMOF THERMODYNAMICS 1

T. E. BeardenAugust 22, 2003; updated July 4, 2004.

THE PROBLEM: THERMODYNAMICS HASA TEMPORAL ASYMMETRYPROBLEM, RECOGNIZEDFORA CENTURY, BECAUSETHE SECONDLAW EXCLUDES NEGATIVE ENTROPYPROCESSESAND NATUREDOESNOT.

Assuming some controlled available system energy to startwith, the second law provides that, in subsequent interactions,the entropy S of a system can only remain the same or increase.

Or, S 0, once the subsequent interactions start.

This says nothing at all about how the initial available excesssystem energy got there.

The recognized major problem in thermodynamics arises fromthe present Second Law. As Price states {1}:

"A century or so ago, Ludwig Boltzmann and other physicistsattempted to explain the temporal asymmetry of the second lawof thermodynamics. the hard-won lesson of that endeavoralesson still commonly misunderstoodwas that the real puzzleof thermodynamics is not why entropy increases with time, butwhy it was ever so low in the first place."

The real problem is: Given the Second Laws prohibition ofnegative entropy operations, how did the initial order (energy)get there in the first place, in any system? This is simply thesame Problem with the Second Law. As far as the presentform of the Second Law is concerned, acquisition of the originalenergy could only have been created from nothing. Of coursethat violates the First Law, which states that energy can neitherbe created nor destroyed.

This means that thermodynamics is presently self-inconsistentwhich causes the greatest problem in thermodynamics itself.

The problem particularly arises in prevailing notions of theorigin of the universe, whether big bang or steadywhimper. A great deal of organization and energy came fromsomewhere or somehow, in a relatively short timecosmologically, to initially generate enormous negative entropy{2} shortly after the beginning.

1 An earlier version of this Fact Sheet is published in Explore, 12(6), 2003, p. 59-61.

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If the energy of our observable universe somehow came fromoutside (thus saving energy conservation), then itrepresented loss of available energy (positive entropy) tothat outside source, and gain of available energy (negativeentropy) to our universe.

This suggests a possible clue to the solution: Look for a lower oroutside broken symmetry generating a higher negativeentropy (higher symmetry) across an interface between theoutside source and our observable universe.

We find precisely this required characteristic in a combinationof (i) Leytons object-oriented geometry with advanced newgroup theoretic methods, (ii) his resulting hierarchies ofsymmetry {3}, and (iii) the broken symmetries of particlephysics.

Further, our observable state physical universe is energeticallyseparated from its associated virtual state vacuum by a

quantum threshold interface. The vacuum has extraordinaryvirtual energy density {4} and continuously exchanges energywith observable state matter and charges. This exchangegenerates all observable forces of nature, in the modernparticle physics view.

We are thus focused directly upon the disordered virtual energyof the vacuum, and some required process to coherentlyintegrate disordered virtual vacuum energy into orderedobservable energy, crossing the quantum threshold boundaryand providing a universal negative entropy process. As we shallsee, Leyton already provides this.

In recognition of the major problem of thermodynamics, Pricealso states {5}:

"the major task of an account of thermodynamic asymmetry isto explain why the universe as we find it is so far fromthermodynamic equilibrium, and was even more so in the past."

A universal theoretical process for producing continuousnegative entropy will of course solve the problem, if a physicalsystem producing it can also be exhibited experimentally.Leytons hierarchies of symmetry provides the theoreticalprocess {3}, and every charge in the universe is already justsuch a requiredphysicalsystem obeying Leytons principle, aspointed out by the present author {6}.

Experimentallyany charge can be shown to continuously emitobservable photons in all directions as real EM energy, withoutany observable EM energy input. Hence the associated EM fieldsand potentials are established and maintained by thecontinuous energy outpouring of their source charges.

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The question of how a charge continuously radiates real EMenergy with no detectable energy input was unsolved for morethan a century. E.g., Sen {7} stated:

"The connection between the field and its source has alwaysbeen and still is the most difficult problem in classical and

quantum electrodynamics."Kosyakov {8} states the problem bluntly:

"A generally acceptable, rigorous definition of radiation has notas yet been formulated. "The recurring question has been:Why is it that an electric charge radiates but does not absorblight waves despite the fact that the Maxwell equations areinvariant under time reversal?

With no observable energy input, either the source chargecontinuously creates observable energy from nothing anddestroys the conservation of energy law, or else the inputenergy does exist but is in disorderedvirtual stateform. In thelatter case, there must then exist a coherent integrationprocess to integrate disordered virtual energy into orderedobservable energy.

These source charge difficulties were not solved prior to thepresent authors solution {6} in 2000. We have also now giventhe exact physical mechanism for the required coherentintegration process.

The integration process is as follows: Each virtual photonabsorbed by the source charge is changed to a differential dmof the charges mass m. Mass-energy is unitary, so the direction

from which the photon energy absorption occurs is immaterial.Each successive absorption of a virtual photon produces anadditional dm. As a function of time, the total mass differentialDm(t) is given by the additive series Dm(t) = (dm1 + dm2 + ... +dmi+ ) and the mass-energy is given by m + Dm(t) = m + (dm1+ dm2 + ... + dmi+ ). When the steadily integrating Dm(t)reaches the energy excitation level required for an observablephoton, it has reached the quantum level that separates virtualstate from observable state. At that point the constant

zitterbewegung of the vacuum simply knocks out theexcitation photon energy Dm(t) as an emitted observablephoton, resulting in the sharp decay of the excitation energy

level (m + Dm) back to m. The process iterates, providingcontinual emission of real, observable photons from the sourcechargewithout any observable energy inputwhile obeyingthe conservation of energy law.

By this process, the charge continuously consumes positiveentropy of the disordered virtual state vacuum, and producesnegative entropyin the form of its ordered fields andpotentialsat the next higher level, the observable state. The

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intensities of the associated fields and potentials of the charge,of course, are ordered as a function of radial distance. This is inaccord with Leytons hierarchies of symmetry principle.

As a physical EM system continuously producing negativeentropy, the source charge completely falsifies the present

highly restricted Second Law of thermodynamics, and requiresits updating and correction.

FACTS BEARINGONTHE PROBLEM: CHARACTERISTICSOFTHE SECOND LAWAND ITS EXPERIMENTAL FALSIFICATION.

The present form of the Second Law rigorously applies only atnear-equilibrium and equilibrium conditions {9}, and one-way inbetween (from an initially excited system state to its laterequilibrium state). In fact, the Second Law is merely adisguised statement that a slightly excited (and slightly out ofequilibrium) system willin subsequent interactionsmostlydecay to the equilibrium condition (the condition of maximumentropy). It does not address the negative entropy operationnecessary to excite the systems departure from equilibrium inthe first place, thereby reducing its entropy. In short, it is aspecial situation law only.

The present Second Law was never a general law of nature as ithas been mistakenly interpreted for more than a century.Indeed, it has always been an oxymoron assuming its owncontradiction has first occurred, before the entropy accountingbegins.

The Second Law is statistical, so it need not apply to just a few

involved entities where statistical analysis is inapplicable. Thisis the accepted small number violation of the Second Law,which is well-known.

The Second Law is also violated in transient statisticalfluctuations {10}, where usual entropic reactions may runbackwards and produce negative entropy for a time. Anespecially important fluctuation theorem involving this effecthas been given by Evans and Searles {11}. It was furthergeneralized by Crooks {12}.

Wang et al. {13} have experimentally shown such actualfluctuation violations in chemical solutions at cubic micron level

and for up to two seconds. In water, e.g., a cubic microncontains some 30 billion ions and molecules. In an ensemble ofup to that size, under conditions shown by Wang et al., negativeentropy reactions can occur for up to two seconds andsometimes longer {14}.

Evans and Rondoni {15} then showed that systems continuouslyproducing negative entropy are possible in theory. Startled,

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they felt that real physical systems could not exhibit suchbehavior, but admitted that

the problem persists for situations arbitrarily close toequilibrium, and for all deterministic dissipative dynamics."

However, every charge in the universe already exhibits

precisely such continuous negative entropy production {6}, aswe have pointed out. Further, the source charges dissipationemission of observable photons is deterministic since theresulting intensities of the fields and potentials aredeterministic as a function of radial distance from the charge.Hence the source charge and its fields and potentials constitutea physical example of a real EM system fulfilling the statementby Evans and Rondoni {15} of the persistence of thecontinuous negative entropy system problem for alldeterministic dissipative dynamics.

The source charge problem was unsolved for a century. It was

so embarrassing that it was scrubbed out of the classicalelectromagnetics (CEM) and electrical engineering (EE) texts.Hence the current conventional CEM/EE model implicitlyassumes that the source charge does produce its associatedfields and potentials and their energy, but that it freelycreatesall that energy right out of nothing at all, in total violation ofthe conservation of energy law.

The reason that CEM and EE have not solved the problem issimple: It cannot be solved by classical Maxwell-Heavisideelectrodynamics methods. The CEM and EE model does notmodel the virtual state vacuum and its known and proven

energetic interaction with the source charge. Hence the modeldoes not contain the solutionor even thepossibilityfor thesolutionof the source charge problem.

To evoke the proven asymmetry of opposite charges, oursolution to the source charge problem {6} is also based on theaccepted quantum field theory view of the charge and itsvacuum polarization as a special dipolar ensemble {16}. Thebare charge in the middle is surrounded by virtual charges ofopposite sign in the polarized vacuum. Both charges are infinite,but their difference is finite and is the textbook value of theclassical chargewhat the external observer sees ormeasures of the internal infinite bare charge through itsexternal screening vacuum infinite charge of opposite sign.

o The ensemble exhibits the known broken symmetry of

opposite charges.

o The charge ensemble thus continuously absorbs virtual

photons from the seething vacuum, coherently integratesthe absorbed energy, and re-emits observable photons.Thus the source charge pours out real photons in all

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directions, establishing and continuously replenishing itsso-called static fields and potentials, spreading outwardat light speed.

o The coherent integration process of the excitation anddecay pumping of the charged mass continually

consumes positive entropy of the disordered virtualparticle flux of the vacuum, and continually converts it tonegative entropy output in the observable state.

o The resulting fields and potentials that are establishedand continually replenished, are deterministically orderedas a function of radial distance.

This process produces ordered, observable macroscopic EMenergy from the vacuums disordered virtual energy flux.

o Thermodynamically the charge is a nonequilibrium steady

state (NESS) system, continuously fed by vacuum energy,and continuously performing work to transduce the formof the absorbed virtual energy into emitted observableenergy.

o It is also a deterministic process, since the emitted photon

energy intensity is ordered with respect to radial distancefrom the source charge.

Thus every charge continuously produces negative entropy asshown theoretically possible by Evans and Rondoni {15} fordeterministic NESS systems. The charge continuously consumespositive entropy in the virtual state and produces negativeentropy in the observable stateincluding macroscopically to

any size desired, as its ordered fields and potentials spreadoutward at light speed.

Simply regauging a system to increase its potential energyubiquitously permitted and used in gauge field theory and byevery electrodynamicisttotally violates the Second Law at anysize level and for any period of time, so long as the regaugedenergy is usable by the system. The potentialand thereforethe ordered, availablepotential energyof an EM system can befreely changed in magnitude at will, by the well-known gaugefreedom principle {17}.

But to be a negative entropy operation for the system, excess

energy must be freely receivedby the system and must beusable by the system. This means that the regauging must beasymmetricalrather than symmetrical. It also would seem thatthe free net new force created by asymmetrical regauging mustnot act (translate spatially) during the regauging process.Nonetheless, asymmetrical regauging to increase the potentialenergy of the system directly falsifies the present Second Law,since it is a negative entropy operation. It also falsifies thatassumption in the First Law which holds that any change in the

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magnitude of an external system parameter (such as its scalarpotential V) constitutes worka priori. Hence a slight revision ofthe First Law is indicated, and a wholesale revision of theSecond Law is indicated.

Oddly, electrodynamicists universally use free regauging, but

by convention they arbitrarily utilize two asymmetricalregaugings specifically chosen to make the netregaugingsymmetrical{18}. In that case, the freely regauged systemcannot then use its excess free regauging energy to do work inthe load! Instead, the symmetricallyregauged system merelylocks up its excess free regauging energy as excess stress inthe system, by specifically creating two new forces that areequal and opposite and thus can only stress the system!Arbitrarily, regauging is only done by our electrodynamicistsand electrical engineers so there can be no allowed netforcefield resultant to dissipate the free excess regauging energy byusing it to push electron current through the load and provide

free work in the load.

Our own theoreticians have unwittingly and deliberately excisedthat entire class of vacuum-powered COP > 1.0 Maxwell-Heaviside systems from the theory, in order to achievesimpler equations more readily having closed analyticalsolutions! In the blind devotion to symmetry and beauty,generations of theorists and engineers have set up andimplemented the huge and terribly destructive symmetricallyregauging electrical power system we use today, and for whichwe so monstrously ravage the earth and its biosphere.

o As a demonstrable example, voltage amplification or

transfer in a system, without allowing system currentflow, is work-free and involves only energy transfer in thesame form. We strongly stress that work is the changingof the form of some energy, not the changing of itsmagnitude if it remains in the same form. Mere change ofmagnitude of a single potential by input of energy in thesame form is asymmetricalregauging.

o For asymmetrical regauging, the present second law is

falsified by the gauge freedom axiom of gauge fieldtheory. Asymmetrical regauging involves a negativeentropy operation for the system, where the magnitude of

the sysems available and usable potential energy is freelyincreased at will.

o Again, to be scientifically consistent, either the present

Second Law statement must be substantially correctedand the First Law statement must be slightly corrected, orelse gauge freedom must be surrendered.

The Second Law is already an approximate and very leaky lawat best, and in some casessuch as for the source charge and

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its associated fields and potentials, and in asymmetricalregaugingit is demonstrably wrong {19}. In the case ofregauging, the freely altered potential of the system mayextend outward in space to infinity. Hence asymmetricregauging can apply to any macroscopic size and time durationdesiredresulting in falsifying the Second Law statement to any

macroscopic size and time duration desired.

The present Second Law excludes negative entropy processes,yet negative entropy processes and systems do experimentallyexist. We conclude that the present form of the Second Law isexperimentally and theoretically falsified. Otherwise, the gaugefreedom axiom would be falsified and would have to besurrendered. Further, the present First Law would also have tobe given up, because creation of energy by every charge wouldexist, totally falsifying the First Law.

Asymmetrical regauging is an example ofprecursor engineering

{

20

}beyond the scope of this fact sheetwhich will be coveredin a separate fact sheet of its own. Asymmetrical regauging isan easily-demonstrated example ofnegative entropyengineering. But since our theoreticians and engineers havepursued only symmetrical regauging, they have also unwittinglyexcluded negative entropy engineering, giving us the entropicengineering we have all been falsely told is inevitable. It isinevitable only so long as we insist on using symetricallyregauged models and then using closed current loop circuitswith the external source of free potential energy flow beingwired into the circuit as a load whose dipolarity (and thusability to freely furnish potential energy flow) is thereby

destroyed, deliberately self-enforcing the theorists insistenceon symmetrical regauging only.

The task, then, is to correct the Second Law to permit theproduction of either positive or negative entropy, therebybringing it into compliance (i) with the requirement for gaugefreedom, and (ii) with experiment. For this generalcorrection,we require Leytons object-oriented geometry and his hierarchyof symmetries {3}.

MORE FACTS: LEYTONS NEW OBJECT-ORIENTED GEOMETRYANDHIERARCHIESOF SYMMETRYVS. THEOLDER KLEIN GEOMETRY.

Since 1872, much of physics and most of thermodynamics arebased on Felix Kleins geometry {21,22} and his group theoreticmethods. Leytons object-oriented geometry, his new class ofgroups, and his advanced group theoretic methods {3}dramatically exceed Klein geometry and methods. Leytonsprofound work heralds future profound advances in science.

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In Kleins geometry and more limited group methods, a brokensymmetry at a given level loses the symmetry information andreduces the overall group symmetry.

In Leytons geometry and with his more advanced groupmethods, a broken symmetry at a given level generates a new

symmetry at the next higher level. The information of the lowerlevel is also retained and not lost. Hence in Leytons approach, abroken symmetry at one level retains the symmetry informationof that level, creates an additional higher symmetry, andincreases the overall group symmetry.

This automatic generation of a higher symmetry by a lower levelbroken symmetry is the Leyton effect. At the new higher level,symmetry can then be broken to again generate a yet higherlevel symmetry. And so on. Hence the Leyton effect generates ahierarchy of symmetries, increased and knit together by brokensymmetries.

The Leyton effect is a general negative entropy process. It alsoallows for converting disordered energy at one level intoordered energy at the next level, given the necessary coherentintegrating process such as we present for the source charge.

The Leyton effect and its resulting hierarchies of symmetry areknit together by negative entropy processes. Thus theyspecifically falsify the present statement of the Second Law ofthermodynamics. Hence the Second Law must be revised toinclude the Leyton effect (negative entropy, negative entropyprocesses, and negative entropy-producing systems).

THE RESULTING SOLUTION: ADOPT LEYTONS MORE ADVANCED OBJECT-ORIENTED GEOMETRY, APPLYLEYTONS HIERARCHIESOFSYMMETRY, AND REWRITETHE SECOND LAWOFTHERMODYNAMICS.

The present Second Law of thermodynamics can be stated as:

Given some available controlled order (available controlledenergy) in a system, this initial controlled order will eitherremain the same or be progressively disordered anddecontrolled over time by subsequent entropic interactions.

Or, simply put, dS/dt 0. The system is assumed close to

equilibrium but still out of it, and is merely decaying back toequilibrium, thus increasing its entropy. If the system is farfrom equilibrium and is not decaying back to equilibrium, itsentropy can even be increasing. Hence this Second Lawstatement does not apply to that system. An example is anynonequilibrium steady-state (NESS) system. Another example isany system while departingstatistically or deterministicallyfrom equilibrium, thereby reducing its entropy by suchdeparture.

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Total violation of the present Second Law is easy: Simplypotentialize an EM system or circuit, while freezing thesystem current to zero. The moment the system departs fromequilibrium because of its excess excitation and asymmetricalregauging, it has just violated the present Second Law byapplying asymmetrical regauging. So the Second Law as written

does not describe nature generally, but only describes a veryspecial situation.

In accord with Leytons geometry and methods, the revisedSecond Law can be stated as:

"First a negative entropy interaction occurs in the system toproduce some controlled order (available controlled energy).Then that initial available controlled order will either remain thesame (not be dissipated) or be progressively disordered anddecontrolled (dissipated) by subsequent entropic interactionsover time, unless additional negative entropy interactions alsooccur and intervene."

Or, simply put, < dS/dt < + if negative entropyinteractions also occur as well as positive entropy interactions.

The revised Second Law is now consistent with experiment{11,13,19}, with the source charge solution {6}, withtheoretical proof that negative entropy producing systems canexist {15}, with the gauge freedom axiom, and with Leytonsgeometry and hierarchies of symmetry {3}. It is inconsistentwith Klein geometry {21,22} and Klein group methods, butthese are only a shadow of the Leyton geometry and thuscannot limit the Leyton effect and Leytons hierarchies ofsymmetry.

In addition, the new second law statement resolves theasymmetry problem of thermodynamics {1,5}, given thatnegative entropy processes occurred at or during the formationof the present universe. And present astronomical evidencesupports it.

IMPLICATIONS: WEARGUETHAT:

The adoption of Leytons geometry and his group theoreticmethods {3} will herald a new revolution in physics,electrodynamics, thermodynamics, and chemistry.

The coming revolution will be as profound as was the predictionof broken symmetry by Lee and Yang {23}, followed by its quickexperimental proof by Wu et al. {24}.

Leytons geometry and methods have already been verysuccessfully applied to robotics and pattern recognition. Theyalready work in many cases where the Klein geometry and Kleingroup theoretic methods fail.

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The Leyton change now thermodynamically prescribes EM powersystems such as the source charge, which freely extract usefuland observable EM energy from the virtual energy of thevacuum.

The new approach thus leads directly to a great new re-

examination of the present theory of electrical power systems.EM systems that violate the present incompletethermodynamics are quite possible and several areas where theprocesses violate the Second Law are already known{11,13,19,25}. The Bohren-type experiment {25,26} involvingnegative resonance absorption of the medium also provides awell-known and experimentally proven, replicable process, inthe UV or IR domain, in which 18 times as much energy is re-emitted by the absorbing medium as is directly input to it byPoynting energy flow calculations. The excess input energy, ofcourse, comes from the local active vacuum environment.

The new approach leads toward the rapid development ofnegentropic engineering {20,27}, contrasted to the presenthighly wasteful and polluting positive entropy engineering.

Presently, positive entropy engineering is universally used inelectrical power systems because of

o the present limited and usually erroneous Second Law of

thermodynamics,

o the use of the overly limited Klein geometry and Klein

group theoretic methods,

o the false assumption by CEM and EE of force fields in

mass-free space,o the failure of CEM and EE to model the curved spacetime

and active vacuum (active environment) interactions backupon every dynamic EM system,

o the failure to realize that any EM field or potential in

space is a set of free and continuous EM energy flows, asshown by Whittaker a century ago {28,29},

o the failure to engineer theprecursor force-free fields of

energy flows that exist as force-free fields and potentialsand thus as sets of free EM energy flowsin space andthen interact with matter to form force fields in thatinteracting matter, and

o the failure to correct several major errors in

thermodynamicssuch as the present falsifiable SecondLaw and a false assumption in the present formulations ofthe first law where scientists assumed that change ofmagnitude of potential energy (an external parameter ofthe system) is worka priori. Mere change of magnitude of

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the potential energy may be achieved by simple energytransfer and asymmetrical regauging, without change ofform of the energy. In that case, no work occurs, sincework is rigorously the change of form of energy, not itschange of magnitude in the same form.

Several inventors presently have useful COP > 1.0 laboratorybench top working models clearly proving the principle ofextracting EM energy from the vacuum.

o The critical phenomenology of these units is not covered

in electrical engineering and cannot be described by theclassical Maxwell-Heaviside electrodynamics.

o To master and use the critical new phenomena, new test

means and instruments must be developed or adaptedfrom areas of physics other than electrical engineering.

o Nonlinear oscillation (including chaotic oscillation) and

control techniques must be applied and stabilized.

o Supersystem interactions between the active vacuum,physical system, and curved spacetime must be modeledand verified experimentally.

o The scientific community should also set up fundedprograms for doctoral candidates and young post doctoralscientists to research and work in the area. If this weredone, explosive development and initiation of EM energyfrom the vacuum technology would quickly occur,permanently solving the increasingly critical energy crisis.

Given funding to seriously model and control the critical

phenomenology, so that proper technical models can bedeveloped for engineering and scale-up, several knownprototype inventions can be further developed into a set ofrobust prototypes that are both well-controlled and properlyunderstood and modeled. In that way, the technology fordirectly extracting and using copious EM energy from thevacuum can be developed.

In his new geometry and advanced new group theoreticmethods, Leyton has already laid down the grand principlesnecessary. The hierarchies of symmetry (Leyton Effect) {3}assures that nature has indeed provided for real systems

continuously producing negative entropy as theoreticallypredicted by Evans and Rondoni {15}. The discovery thattogether with its polarization of its surrounding vacuumeverycharge in the universe already physically demonstrates theLeyton Effect and is an energy from the vacuum system,settles the long festering issues with the Second Law ofthermodynamics and forces that laws revision. Gauge freedomalso corrects or extends the First Law to allow work-freeasymmetric regauging of selected systems external

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parameters, and corresponding free increase of the potentialenergy of electrical power systems, at will.

That such energy from the vacuum technology has beenpowerfully resisted and suppressed, and has not been alreadydeveloped, is a sad commentary on the responsiveness and

alacrityor lack of sameof the orthodox scientific community.All the principles referred to are already in the physics journalsand scientific literature. Inexplicably, the very serious flaws inthe electrical engineering model have not been corrected inmore than a century. As Max Planck stated {30}:

"An important scientific innovation rarely makes its way bygradually winning over and converting its opponents: it rarelyhappens that Saul becomes Paul. What does happen is that itsopponents gradually die out, and that the growing generation isfamiliarized with the ideas from the beginning."

Meanwhile, the rate of new oil discovery per drilling foot {31}

has declined from 200 barrels of oil per drilling foot to 8 barrelsof oil per drilling foota decline of 96%. The measure is stillshrinking in value. This dramatic decline in new oil discoveryefficiency clearly shows the peaking amount of oil in the world,in the face of a surging and continually escalating energydemand. This very dramatically points out the end of cheap oilas we have known it. The coming world energy crunchandpotentially a catastrophic economic crunchis also easily seen,unless oil can be successfully replaced fairly quickly {32}.

The potential for a catastrophic coming U.S. economic collapseis readilyseen when terrorist assets and capabilities already

inserted into the United States are factored into (i) the deadlyvulnerability of our present centralized power system {33}, and(ii) the coming crisis in oil and in natural gas. With a relativelypowerful terrorist threat already inserted, then our refineries,the central power grid, power plants, pipelines, and thedistribution power lines are also deadly vulnerable and literallyindefensible.

With serious damage to those installations and facilities, theterrorists indeed have the ability to generate the economiccollapse of the U.S. The recent terrorist attacks on the oilfacilities in Saudi Arabia show that (i) the internationalterrorists are fully aware of our extreme vulnerability todamage of our oil supply and energy infrastructure, and (ii) theyintend to capitalize on this extreme vulnerability to cripple thenation.

Hence we argue that, to solve the coming oil crisis (and asimultaneous natural gas crisis) and prevent a potential greateconomic collapse, rapid development and deployment ofenergy from the vacuum electrical power systems is required.For that, a dramatic update and revision of the archaic old

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classical thermodynamics and the hoary old classicalelectrodynamics and electrical engineering are urgentlyrequired.

These revisions are already heralded by Leytons developmentof a new and far better geometry, and his development of a new

kind of group together with new group theoretic methods. Quitesimply, Leyton has already blazed the way toward the necessaryrevisions in physics, electrodynamics, and thermodynamics.Rapid implementation of these new revisionsand rapiddevelopment of electrical power systems powered by theseething vacuumare required to meet the coming energy crisisand prevent a potentially catastrophic effect upon our nationaleconomy.

The pressing requirement to rapidly develop and deployelectrical power systems that freely or nearly freely take theirinput energy directly from the vacuum may determine whetherof not this nation survives.

Future historians of science may well evaluate the worth of ourpresent scientific communitys leadership as to whether or notit meets this deadly challenge.

References:

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1. Huy Price, Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point , Oxford University Press, 199 6 ,paperback 1997, p. 78.

2. Boltzmanns suggestion was that the world is simply a product of a chancefluctuation into a state of very low entropy. Little or no real progress has been made on theproblem since then.

3. Michael Leyton, A Generative Theory of Shape, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001.

4. Energy density estimates vary, but an acceptable estimate is given by R. Podolny,Something Called Nothing: Physical Vacuum: What Is It?, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1986, p.181. In mass units, the energy density of the virtual particle flux of vacuum is on the orderof 1080 grams per cubic centimeter.

5. Price, ibid., p. 36.

6. See (a) T. E. Bearden, "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole," Proc. Congr.2000, St. Petersburg, Russia, Vol. 1, July 2000 , p. 86-98; also published in J. New Energy,5(1), Summer 2000, p. 11-23. (b) Fact Sheet, The Source Charge Problem: Its Solutionand Implications, Aug. 18, 2003. In this fact sheet, we give the exact physical mechanismthat coherently integrates absorbed totally disordered virtual photon energy into realobservable photons. The energy of each absorbed virtual photon is changed to adifferential change of the mass m of the absorbing charge(s). Iterative changes thus

algebraically sum since mass is unitary. When the mass differential reaches sufficientmagnitude to constitute the energy for an observable photon, thezitterbewegung of thevacuum causes expulsion of an observable photon, decaying the mass back down to baselevel to start the process again. We have nominated the source charge (using thismechanism) as the first known physical system that continuously produces negativeentropy, along the lines theoretically predicted by Evans and Rondoni {15}. We have alsonominated the coherent summation by the mass of the charge as the first known physicalmechanism continuously producing negative entropy and thus falsifying the present formof the Second Law. See also (c) M. W. Evans, T. E. Bearden, and A. Labounsky, "The MostGeneral Form of the Vector Potential in Electrodynamics," Found. Phys. Lett., 15(3), June2002, p. 245-261.

7. D. K. Sen, Fields and/or Particles, Academic Press, London and New York, 1968, p.viii.

8. B. P. Kosyakov, "Radiation in electrodynamics and in Yang-Mills theory," Sov. Phys.Usp. 35(2), Feb. 1992, p. 135, 141.

9. See Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau, Foundations of Physics, Dover, NY,1963, p. 213. Quoting: "Equilibrium states are the only ones that are capable of explicitanalysis in thermodynamics" Quoting, p. 217. "Non-equilibrium conditions cannot bespecified by variables of state, and their entropy cannot be computed. the condition ofequilibrium is the condition of maximum entropy."

10. For a statistical fluctuation to occur, the system initially in equilibrium must departfrom equilibrium, thereby reducing system entropy since equilibrium is the maximumentropy condition. The departure thus constitutes a negative entropy operation,contradicting the Second Law. By fluctuation one also implies that the initial departurefrom equilibrium is accompanied by a return back to equilibrium, and the return portionof the excursion is a positive entropy-producing operation.

11. A most useful and rigorous transient fluctuation theorem is given by D. J. Evans andD. J. Searles, "Equilibrium microstates which generate second law violating steady states,"Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 50, 1994, p. 1645-1648.

12. Gavin E. Crooks, "Entropy production fluctuation theorem and the nonequilibriumwork relation for free energy differences," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 60, 1999, p. 2721-2726


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13. G. M. Wang, E. M. Sevick, Emil Mittag, Debra J. Searles, and Denis J. Evans,"Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for SmallSystems and Short Time Scales," Phys. Rev. Lett., 89(5), 29 July 2002, 050601.

14. Under proper conditions, the normally entropic reactions in a significant region of asolution can therefore run in reverse negentropically because of the departure phase of atransient fluctuation, lasting up to two seconds. In such a reversed reactions situation, itis possible for two like charges to attractrather than repel. Hence two H+ ions (two

protons) can sometimes attract together sufficiently for each to enter the strong forceregion of the other, thereby forming a quasi-nucleus. As the driving fluctuation excursionpeaks and then reverses, this quasi-nucleus can remain bound by the strong force as thelaw of attraction and repulsion of charges reverts back to normal. In the increasinglyexcited state of the quasi-nucleus, the quasi-nucleus tightens due to its more rapidchange in strong force than in the Coulomb force. Hence one of the protons decays to alower state by flipping the orientation of one of its quarks, thereby turning into a neutron.

The result is the anomalous formation of a normal deuterium ion. The formation of excessdeuterium is one of the direct indicators of cold fusion experimentally shown in hundredsof cold fusion experiments. We have nominated the fluctuation reversal of reactionseffect of transient fluctuations as a primary mechanism for legitimate cold fusion reactions.Other ion combinations would result in the emergence of other anomalous quasi-nucleidecaying into real cold transformation nuclei. We give some of these additional anomalouscold fusion reactions in T. E. Bearden, Energy from the Vacuum: Concepts and Principles,Cheniere Press, Santa Barbara, CA, 2002, Chapter 10. Cold Fusion: Low Spatial-EnergyNuclear Reactions at High Time-Energy.

15. D. J. Evans and Lamberto Rondoni, "Comments on the Entropy of NonequilibriumSteady States," J. Stat. Phys., 109(3-4), Nov. 2002, p. 895-920.

16. See Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory, Vintage Books, Random House,1993, p. 109-110 for a very clear statement of vacuum polarization by the isolatedcharge.

17. For definitions of gauge and gauge freedom, see the definitions guide andexplanations at http://explanation-guide.info/meaning/Gauge-theory.html.

18. E.g., for the symmetrical regauging of the classical electrodynamic equations, see J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Second Edition, Wiley, New York, 1975, p. 219-221;811-812. In symmetrically regauging the Heaviside-Maxwell equations, electrodynamicistsassume that the potential energy of a system can be freely changed at will (i.e., that thesystem can be asymmetrically regauged). This is also included under one of the majorprinciples of quantum field theory, known as gauge freedom. But electrodynamicistsarbitrarily do two asymmetrical regaugings of the Maxwell-Heaviside equations insuccession, thereby carefully and very specially selecting the regauging so that the twonew free force fields that emerge in the system are equal and opposite. This effectivelylocks up any received excess symmetrical regauging energy as physical stress in thesystem. There is thus no netresultantfree force field to dissipate the free excess systemenergy from regauging, and thereby to perform free work in a load.

19. Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines toDissipative Structures, Wiley, Chichester, 1998, reprinted 1999 with corrections, p. 459.Present thermodynamics is violated in rarefied media where local equilibrium fails, instrong gradients (about which little is known, either theoretically or experimentally), and inlong-lasting memory effects occurring in materials and in many nonequilibrium processes.Other violations due to fluctuations are shown by Wang et al. (cited above).

20. The precursor referred to is the force-free field (as a set of energy flows) as itactually exists in space and vacuum in the absence of mass. Once one pays to form asource of static potential or static field, one has actually formed a source of steady EM
http://explanation-guide.info/meaning/Gauge-theory.htmlhttp://explanation-guide.info/meaning/Gauge-theory.html


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energy flows extracted directly from the vacuum (particle physics view) or from thecurvature of spacetime (relativistic view). Indeed, the virtual particle flux of vacuumbecomes identically energy, as does spacetime itselfthereby resolving Feynmanslament that It is important to realize that in physics today, we have no knowledge of whatenergy is." [Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands, The FeynmanLectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, Vol. 1, 1964, p. 4-2]. We also resolvehis lament that "One of the most important characteristics of force is that it has a material

origin, and this is not just a definition. If you insist upon a precise definition of force, youwill never get it!" [Feynman et al., ibid., p. 12-2]. A preliminary draft paper has beenprepared as T. E. Bearden, Precursor Engineering: Directly Altering Physical Reality, draft,2004. In the future we hope to finish the paper and publish it in final form.

21. Felix Klein, "Vergleichende Betrachtungen ber neuere geometrische Forschungen,"1872. Klein's Erlanger program was initiated in 1872 to describe geometric structures interms of their automorphism groups. It has driven much of the physics development in thetwentieth century.

22. Also see I. M. Yaglom, Felix Klein and Sophus Lie: Evolution of the Idea of Symmetryin the Nineteenth Century, Birkhuser, Boston, MA, 1988.

23. (a) T. D. Lee, "Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions," Phys. Rev.,

104(1), Oct. 1, 1956, p. 254-259; (errata in Phys. Rev. 106(6), June 15, 1957, p. 1371); (b)T. D. Lee, Reinhard Oehme, and C. N. Yang, "Remarks on Possible Noninvariance underTime Reversal and Charge Conjugation," Phys. Rev., 106(2), 1957, p. 340-345.

24. C. S. Wu et al., "Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay," Phys. Rev.,Vol. 105, 1957, p. 1413.

25. (a) Craig F. Bohren, How can a particle absorb more than the light incident on it?Am. J. Phys., 51(4), Apr. 1983, p. 323-327. Metallic particles at ultraviolet frequencies areone class of such particles and insulating particles at infrared frequencies are another. Seealso (b) H. Paul and R. Fischer, {Comment on How can a particle absorb more than thelight incident on it?}, Am J. Phys., ibid. Scientists in the area just use a change of reactioncross section. EM field and potential intensities are defined in terms of a static unit pointcharges scattering. If the same charge is resonant, it scatters more energy, much as astrongly churning rock on the bottom of a river displaces more water than does the samerock fixed on the bottom. Thermodynamically, that givesCOP > 1.0in fact, it provides COP = 18.

26. Scientists in the area do not speak of the thermodynamic coefficient of performanceof their experiments. Instead, they speak of the change in reaction cross section. EM fieldand potential intensities are defined in terms of a static unit point charges reaction crosssection and resulting diverting of energy from the energy flows comprising the field orpotential. If the same charge is resonant at the input light energy frequencies, its reactioncross section appreciably increases and it collects or diverts or intercepts more energyfrom the field or potential as a set of energy flowsthan when the same charge is static.

The situation is roughly analogous to the diverting of a rivers flow around a rock that is

being churned violently back and forth at right angles to the flow, as compared to thediversion of water flow around the same rock when the rock is fixed stationary.Thermodynamically, the free 18-fold increase in reaction cross section gives COP > 1.0infact, in that case the thermodynamic COP = 18.

27. A close colleague and I have filed a rather formidable patent application for possiblythe first practical negative entropy engineering application of electromagnetic circuits. Thecircuitry is employed in an entirely different manner from that prescribed in the textbooks.

The invention converts seemingly ordinary impedance components and sections into truenegative resistors freely receiving excess EM energy from their active external vacuumenvironment. This results in the output of much more EM energy than the operator himself


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inputsby repeatedly evoking free asymmetrical regauging which increases the potentialenergy circulating in the circuit and then dissipated in the loads to power them.Conservation of energy is obeyed at all times, since the excess energy is freely input fromthe active environment, much like a common home heat pump process. Negative entropyprocesses are quite real in nature, and they can also be evoked and utilized in otherwisesomewhat ordinary electrical circuits. In short, Leytons epochal work has very practicalapplication, and we expect to see it vigorously applied to electrical power systems in the

future.28. E. T. Whittaker, On the Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics,Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355. In this paper, Whittaker demonstratedthat any scalar potential decomposes mathematically into a set of longitudinal EM waveenergy flows.

29. E. T. Whittaker, On an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to Electrons byMeans of Two Scalar Potential Functions, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p.367-372. The paper was published in 1904 and orally delivered in 1903. This paper initiatedwhat today is known as superpotential theory. Here Whittaker showed that any EM field(or wave, etc.) mathematically decomposes into a set of differential functions imposedupon two scalar potentials. By applying Whittakers 1903 paper to each of the two base

scalar potentials, it follows that further decomposition into interfering sets of longitudinalEM wavepairs occurs. Hence all EM potentials and fields decompose into bidirectional setsof longitudinal EM wave energy flows, with differential functions applied to those sets. Itfollows from these considerations that there exists a far more fundamental electrodynamicsthat is comprised of sets of longitudinal EM wave energy flows, with shaping and controllingdifferential functions applied. This leads directly to negentropic engineering, where onepays a little to shape, direct, and control large sets of such Whittaker energy flows, theninteracts the resulting large energy dynamics with matter to produce large force systemdynamics acting in the matter to change it as one wishes. This is a form of negentropicengineering, since one only pays a little work to shape and control a lot of energy thatthen interacts with matter to form force dynamics in the interacting mass system.

30. Max Planck, as quoted in G. Holton, Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought, Harvard

University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1973.31. Dr. M. King Hubbert, in response to remarks by Exxons David Nissen. See the webarticle http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/to_nissen.htm.

32. For excellent, professional briefings on the situation with oil, natural gas, and otheraspects of the energy crisis, not considering the terrorist threat scenarios added to it, thereader is encouraged to, see speeches and briefings by Matthew R. Simmons, President,Simmons & Company International, accessible on http://www.simmonsco-intl.com/research.aspx?Type=msspeeches.

33. To get a feel for the vulnerability of the power grid to terrorist use of cyber attack,see the PBS interview with Joseph Weiss, control systems engineer with KEMA Consultingand a leading expert in control system security, and technical manager for 15 years at the

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and its Enterprise Infrastructure Security Initiative(EIS). The interview is carried athttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cyberwar/interviews/weiss.html. Weissstated, My very, very, very strong feeling is, if and when we get hit, we will never knowwhy we were hit. All we will know is breakers are opening, valves are closing, certain thingsare happening. But we wont have a clue as to why.In answer to the question, What's theworst-case power scenario, power we're talking herepower lines, power grid? Weissreplied: Absolute worst? I won't even say absolute, but a very worst case could be loss of

power for six months or more.He also confirmed the loss of power could be over as big anarea in the U.S. as one wanted. If one then allows for the terrorist assets already inserted
http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/to_nissen.htmhttp://www.simmonsco-intl.com/research.aspx?Type=msspeecheshttp://www.simmonsco-intl.com/research.aspx?Type=msspeecheshttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cyberwar/interviews/weiss.htmlhttp://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/to_nissen.htmhttp://www.simmonsco-intl.com/research.aspx?Type=msspeecheshttp://www.simmonsco-intl.com/research.aspx?Type=msspeecheshttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cyberwar/interviews/weiss.html


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into the United States and simply waiting for the go signal, and factors in some additionalkey physical strikeson refineries, pipelines, and major power plants themselves includingmajor nuclear power plants to the cyber warfare strikes being confirmed by Weiss, onebegins to grasp the full economic implications of the critical vulnerability of our centralizedpower system. It can indeed be largely laid in the dirt or terribly crippled for long periods oftime. The nation is simply not prepared to withstand and survive economically in the faceof such determined attacks.

Bearden - Fact Sheet - Leyton Hierarchies of Symmetry - Updated 04-07-2004

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Transcript of Bearden - Fact Sheet - Leyton Hierarchies of Symmetry - Updated 04-07-2004