Beam Reach Marine Science and Sustainability School
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Transcript of Beam Reach Marine Science and Sustainability School
Beam ReachMarine Science and Sustainability School
Marine Bioacoustics course, FHLJuly 31 - August 1, 2007
Scott Veirs | [email protected] | (206) 251-5554
• My background– Stanford Earth Systems, 1992– MS, UW Oceanography, 1997– SFSU (web) and SEA (boat), 1999– PhD, UW Oceanography, 2003
• Beam Reach history– Founded 2003; Fall 2005 & 2006 terms– Environmental, Northwest, boat-based
school
Outline
• Lecture 1: Fixed and towed hydrophone arrays• Lecture 2: Killer whales and the ESA• Lecture 3: Orca bioacoustics and soundscape
Talk with me if you’re interested in studying or teaching with Beam Reach!
Fixed and towed arrays
• 1 fixed hydrophone (directional)• 2 fixed hydrophones (“ears”)• 3+ fixed hydrophones
– Orcasound– Au+
• Towed arrays– Flow noise– Cable noise– Signal processing
Outline
• Lecture 1: Fixed and towed hydrophone arrays• Lecture 2: Killer whales and the ESA• Lecture 3: Orca bioacoustics and soundscape
Talk with me if you’re interested in studying or teaching with Beam Reach!
• Friday, October 21, 2005• SE of Victoria, headed ENE
• 1 ITC hydrophone towed at 4.8 kt under sail
• Filmed/edited by Brett• Science with integrity?
Whale sail video
• Distributed world-wide• Matriarchal pods• Specialized group foraging• Fe/males live >50y, 30y• Sexual dimorphism
– males larger– 2m tall dorsal fin
• Sexual maturity at 10-15y, menopause at ~40y• 17mo gestation;18mo nursing• ~5 calves/reproductive female, but infant
mortality ~50%
Killer whales: Orcinus orca
North Pacific ecotypes• Offshores
– Squid, sharks, ??
• Transients– Marine mammals
• Residents (2000?)– Western AK– Prince Williams– Southeast AK– Northern– Southern Courtesy Lynne Barre,
NOAA
Distinct phenotypes and scars
Killer Whales, Bigg et al.
Distinct dialects (acoustic clans)
• semi-stable through time• SR’s have 1 clan, NR 3 and SAR 2
Time
Fre
quen
cy (
Hz)
– 70-125+ whales– Photo-identification enabled census since ~1970 – 3 or 4 pods (J, K, L, and maybe L10)– Inter-pod breeding, superpods, ceremonies– Chinook salmon, bottom fish
• What evidence? • Scales, stomach, DNA, POPs, cams, TDR
– ~32 calls in unique dialect– Salish Sea in Apr-Oct; winter distribution
unknown
Southern residents
• Pre-census history:– ‘Hunted’ by military and
fishers, 1945-1967– Aquarium trade capture
1965-1972– Then K~125; Now N=86.
• Risk factors:– Catastrophe (oil, disease)– Vessel interactions– Prey availability– Persistant pollutants
SRKW population dynamics
Southern Resident killer whale population trends 1974-2004
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005
Year
Population size
71
97
7974
83 848
• May 2001: Population decline inspires CBD petition
• A distinct population segment (DPS)?– Genetically distinct (beyond taxonomy)– Unique niche (fish, not mammals)– Culturally unique (range, behaviors, & dialect)
• Dec 2005 listed; critical habitat being defined…
• A novel test of the ESA?– Primary prey is also an endangered icon (Chinook+)– Cultural facet of DPS (irreplacable complexity)
Listing as endangered “species”
Outline
• Lecture 1: Fixed and towed hydrophone arrays• Lecture 2: Killer whales and the ESA• Lecture 3: Orca bioacoustics and soundscape
Talk with me if you’re interested in studying or teaching with Beam Reach!
Laura Madden, 2005
Ceremony video: sonic culture?
• October 4, 2005, ~ 5pm• West side of San Juan Island• 2 ITC hydrophones, 3 m depth• Parts of J and L pod
• Calls (S1, S16, S19)
• Echolocation• Whistles
• Harbor seals• SCUBA divers• Transients• Humpbacks
Southern resident sound gallery
• Ships• Boats• Sonar
• Rain• Pile driving• Seismic…• Masking?
• Student projects– Laura Madden, 2005: Diurnal vocal activity– Brett Becker, 2005: Puget Soundscape– Peggy Foreman, 2006: Localized calls
• Development of hydrophone networks– Calibrated levels of sources– Ambient noise monitoring– Automated sound detection (winter
distribution)
Beam Reach research
diurnal pattern of vocal activity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
hour of day
average percent vocal
Standard Deviation = 7.4Mean Value = 11.9
Vocal patterns I (Laura M.)
Six o'clock on October 11, 21, 22
02468
10121416
11-Oct 21-Oct 22-Oct
Surface Active SlowTravel/Foraging
Resting
date and behavior
% time vocally active
Mean Value = 5.8 - Standard Deviation = 7.0
Vocal patterns II (Laura M.)
Vocal Activity: 1 min samples, 12:00 to 1:00 p.m. on 10/21/05
0
10
20
30
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60
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100
12:2412:2712:3012:3312:3612:3912:4212:4512:4812:5112:5412:5713:0013:0313:0613:09
Time of day
% time vocal
Mean Value = 23.0Standard Deviation = 24.4
Vocal activity over 1 hr (Laura M.)
Explore via link at http://beamreach.org/051/
Puget Soundscape (Brett)
Call localization (Peggy F.)
Results from a regional hydrophone network
Proven monitoring system
Hydrophones: ITC-4066
Bandwidth: 100Hz – 15kHz
Digitizing rate: 44,100 sec-1
Averaging time: 2 seconds
Reporting interval: 30 minutes
• Monitors continuously
• Detects and records automatically
• Computes statistical summaries
• Localizes sound sources
Collaboration with Val Veirs
(Colorado College/TWM)4+ phones, ~30m
offshore, ~10m depthCalibrated to measure
sound pressure levels5+ year lifetimes18+ months (4/04-
11/05)results
Orcasound
HaroStrait
SanJuanIsland
Victoria
Lime Kiln
Extant and proposed nodes in Haro Strait
445 orca calls within 400 m of OrcaSound hydrophones
Source level bandwidth: 100Hz – 10kHz
How loud are the calls of southern residents?
24 hrs
24 hours of ambient sound in Haro Strait
Winter ambient sound Jan 11 – Jan 13, 2005
~ 20 Large Commercial Ships Pass Each Day
dB
1/11
1/12
1/13
8 am 8 pm 8 am
Day Night
100
120
100
120
100
120
date
8 am 8 pm 8 am
Day Night
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
Commercial ships dominate at nightRecreational boats dominate during day
Jul 03 – Jul 06, 2004
Summer ambient sound
100
120dB
100
120
100
120
100
120
date
114
114.5
115
115.5
116
116.5
117
117.5
118
June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov
dB re 1
μ (0.1-15 ) Pa kHz
Monthly pattern of ambient noiseJune 2004 – November 2005
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour in Day
dB re 1
μ (0.1-20 )Pa kHz
Not Summer
Summer
Non-summer is October-April | Summer is July-August
Diurnal pattern of ambient noise
• Overall SPL: minimum ~95dB; average ~115dB.
• Typical maximum SPL~130dB; maximum~144.
• Ships are dominant source during winters and during summer nights (raising average ~20dB above minimum).
• Boats make significant contribution during summer days (raise average by ~2dB during summer afternoons)
Conclusions about ambient noise in Haro
Strait
EXTRA SLIDES
USGS
Testing node at Port Townsend Marine Science Center [link]
Deploying node at Seattle Aquarium in Elliot Bay
Future research: expand the hydrophone
network
Call duration (Celia B.)
Perhaps SRKWs don’t modify their calls significantly
in response to vessel noise?
S1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
With WithoutVessels Vessels
Mean S1 Call Duration (s)
Echolocation rate (Wilfredo S.)
1.Foraging10 min sample (Oct. 6)Avg: 416.2 clicks/minMax: 582 clicks/min
2.Traveling10 min sample (Oct. 21)Avg: 15.5 clicks/minMax: 28 clicks/min
3.Rare pattern of clicks observed during foraging, not traveling