'Beacons in the Dark': Painted Murals of Amitābha’s Western Pure Land at Dunhuang.

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  "  Dmlj`os co tkm Nlrh6 Wlcotmn Eurlas `i Lect !  dkl–s Rmstmro W urm Alon lt Nu okulob.   Irmnncm Elttkmws

description

The Sukahavati-vyuha (Sutra of the Land of Bliss) was one of the first sutras ever translated into Chinese in the year 147 CE. Since its inception into China, the Western Pure Land of Amitābha(‘Sukhavati’) has captivated the Chinese imagination far more profoundly than any other sutra. This is evident by the fact that more than one fifth of all Mahãyãna sutras of Indian origin in the Chinese Buddhist Canon mention Amitābha and his Pure Land. Furthermore, The Pure Land of Sukhavati is by far the most popular ‘jingbian’ (illustration of a sutra) in the entire Dunhuang cave precinct, appearing a total of eighty four times in mural form. This essay sets out to trace, discuss and diachronically examine the development of Dunhuang murals of Sukhavati through a condensed analysis of specific depictions.

Transcript of 'Beacons in the Dark': Painted Murals of Amitābha’s Western Pure Land at Dunhuang.

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 Fijnml~ ol rhi Bjve1 [jolrib Gyvjd~ mc JgorĊ fhj‟~ Pi~rivl [yvi Djlb jr Bylhyjl`, 

 Cvibboi Gjrrhip~

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—Rhi gjl vifmvl ol Hijsil

 Cvmg j dmry~ hi igiv`ib 

 Jl`id~ hmsiv jvmylb hog

 [irjd~ vmrjri firpiil ~{jni~$

 Jlb `ilrdi gy~on ilnhjlr~ rhi ~e,

 Hivi O ilam rhi nidi~rojd fdo~~

 Firriv rhjl O ~rj ol {jvjbo~i,‗ 

 Jlmlgmy~ Bylhyjl` Gmle mc rhi 8rh nilryv,

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gilroml mc Jgorjy~ ~og{d viciv~ rm Jgor Ċfhj rhiov ljgi~ fiol` rhi ~jgi ol ijvd Nholi~i

 Fybbho~g, ooo Jl vicivilni rm rhi Jgorîfhj ^yrvj viciv~ rm rhi ‘^hmvriv ^yehĊsjr  ĥ sťhj ^ ťrvj‟,

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jfmsi jdd pmvrh mc j~{ovjroml,

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rhi Dml`iv  ^yehĊsjr  ĥ sťhj ^ ťrvj$ rhi ^hmvriv  ^yehĊsjr  ĥ sťhj ^ ťrvjs (^yrvj~ ml rhi Djlb mc Fdo~~/ jlb

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^yehĊ sjr

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(‘rhi Phori Dmry~ ^mnoir mc Gr, Dy‟/ ol 2;6$ ox jdrhmy`h rhi cov~r mcconojd {jrvojvnh mc rhi [yvi Djlb ~inr j~ j

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ho~ ~obi ol isiv vi{vi~ilrjroml mc rhi ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  [yvi Djlb jr Bylhyjl` cvmg rho~ {molr mlpjvb, (^ii

 CO@, :/, 

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gmbid~,‗:: 

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 Pi~rivl Pio jlb Lmvrhivl Qhmy ol j ~ogodjv siol, F rhi rogi rhjr rhi @jl~y vi`oml finjgi {jvr mc j

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viylorib Nholj ylbiv rhi fvoic$ ir ho`hd olcdyilrojd `msivljlni mc rhi ^yo Blj~r (98?3:8 NI/

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 sorjdor jlb dosidoli~~,

 J~ pi {j~~ rhvmy`h rhi `vjlb$ gydro~rmvi ilrvjlni mc Njsi 90 (Ijvd Rjl`1 3:80;9/$ pi colb j gyvjd mc 

 JgorĊ fhj (cdjleib f Jsjdmeoriŕ sjvj jlb GjhĊ~rhĊgj{vĊ{rj/$ {vijnhol` ol ho~ [yvi Djlb, Hi o~

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jlb olcolori ljryvi mc rhi Fybbhj vijdg~, (^ii CO@, >/, 

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nilryv/, Bylhyjl` Jnjbig Mldoli,

CO@ > (jfmsi vo`hr jlb fidmp vo`hr/1 Jgor Ċfhj ol ho~ Pi~rivl [yvi Djlb , ^myrh pjdd mc njsi 90$

Bylhyjl`, (Ijvd Rjl` [ivomb$ ijvd0rh nilryv/, Bylhyjl` Jnjbig Mldoli,

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Rhi rhvii nilrvjd co`yvi~ jvi jdd ol {ivcinr {vm{mvroml jlb vjbojri rhi irhivijd sorjdor rhjr pmydb finmgi

nhjvjnrivo~ron mc {jolrol`~ jr Bylhyjl` y{ ylrod rhi djri 8rh nilryv, Cyvrhivgmvi$ ~ynh ijvd Rjl` gyvjd~

~hmpnj~ib$ —rhi vo~ol` {mpiv jlb {vm~{ivor mc rhi vydol` Do cjgod$‗:6 bigml~rvjrol` rho~ porh djso~h

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 Jd~m mc lmri ol rho~ gyvjd$ o~ rhi bo~rolnrd iccigoljri vi{vi~ilrjroml mc Jsjdmeoriŕ sjvj phm~i bidonjri

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rhi gyvjd~ mc Bylhyjl`$ fyr jdd jnvm~~ Nholj byvol` rhi Rjl` Blj~r, (^ii CO@, 6/, 

Bi~{ori rhiov —rjb{mdi~hj{ib gy~rjnhi~$‗ Rjl` Fmbho~jrrsj~ ~ynh j~ Jsjdmeoriŕ sjvj jvi ndijvd 

vi{vi~ilrib jr Bylhyjl` j~ idi`jlr djboi~ mc rhi nmyvr$ rhy~ jfjlbmlol` rhi vmfy~r jlb —hivmon

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cvmg @jlbhjvj,xooo (^ii CO@, 2/,

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Gmsol` olrm Njsi 66; (Ijvd Rjl`$ 326 NI/$ pi colb —rhi ndogjx mc rvjl~cmvgjroml‗ :2 phivi —rhi

olbi{ilbilni mc Nholi~i Fybbho~g‗:9 o~ jr dj~r {vmybd ~rjrib, xos Rhi gyvjd mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  o~ gmlygilrjd

ol ~oqi jlb ixybi~ j `vjlbiyv rhjr nmlrvj~r~ porh rhi ~gjddiv$ gmvi gmbi~r bi{onroml~ rhjr hjb {vinibib

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vijd$ jlb pidd ficmvi rhiov ii~,‗:0xs Iy`ili Pjl` hj~ nmolib rho~ cmvg mc yrodorjvojl Fybbho~r {jolrol`$ j

‘rvjl~cmvgjroml rjfdijyx,‟:8 Njsi 66; jd~m j{{ijv~ rm fi rhi mdbi~r ixrjlr bi{onroml mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  jr

Bylhyjl` rhjr jrrig{r~ rm jnnyvjrid vinml~rvynr rhi cijryvi~ cmylb ol rhi JgorĊ fhj ~yrvj~$ sosobd 

vinml~rvynrol`$ —j Djlb mc Ydrogjri Fdo~~ (phivi/ isivrhol` o~ ~yvvmylbib f ~isil roiv~ mc 

vjodol`~$ ~isil djiv~ mc lirrol`$ jlb ~isil vmp~ mc rvii~$ jdd cmvgib cvmg rhi cmyv rvij~yvi~$ (y{ml j/

`vmylb rhjr o~ iddmp `mdb,‗:? (^ii CO@, 9 /, 

:2 Fjeiv$ Ajlir, :??:, Rhi Jvr mc rhi ^yo Blj~r njsi~ jr Bylhyjl` , Ylosiv~or mc Ejl~j~$ Jll Jvfmv$ GO$ {, 698,:9 Rjljej$ Eillirh E, :??;, Rhi bjpl mc Nholi~i [yvi Djlb Fybbho~r Bmnrvoli1 Nhol`ol` Hyoôjl'~ Nmggilrjv ml rhiSo~yjdoqjroml ~yrvj, ^rjri Ylosiv~or mc Lip _mve [vi~~$ Jdfjl$ {, :;>,:3 Qpjdc$ P, Ib, :?89, Fybbho~g1 Jvr jlb Cjorh , Fvoro~h Gy~iyg [yfdonjroml~ Drb$ Dmlbml$ {, :3,:0 Nhyl`$ Rjl, :??2, M{ nor,$ { >0,:8 Pjl`$ Iy`ili$ _, 6;;9, ^hj{ol` rhi Dmry~ ^yrvj1 Fybbho~r So~yjd Nydryvi ol Giboisjd Nholj, Ylosiv~or mc Pj~hol`rml [vi~~$^ijrrdi$ {, xooo,:? ‘^yehjsjrosyhj‟ (Rhi Jgorjfhj ^yrvj/$ Dm{iq$ Bmljdb, M{ nor,$ {, 39,

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CO@ 91 Rhi [jvjbo~i mc JgorĊ fhj ( ^yejhjsjrosyhj/, ^myrh pjdd mc Njsi 66;$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ijvd Rjl`$326 NI/, Phorcoidb$ (:??9/, [djri 39,

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Byvol` rho~ ivj mc olnvij~ib nvijrosor jlb ollmsjroml (lmr mld ol Fybbho~r jvr$ fyr ol Nholi~i Fybbho~r

nydryvi j~ j phmdi/$ pi colb —rhi {jvjddid mvrhm`mljd {iv~{inrosi‗ 6; olhivorib cvmg Hjl vi{djnib f j

—nmlsiv`ilr$ gydro{disoip{molr {iv~{inrosi‗6: phonh djv`id cmvgib rhi fj~on nmg{m~oroml mc rhi

bi{onroml~ mc [yvi Djlb~ rhjr pmydb cmddmp$ isil rm rhi {vi~ilr bj, J~ Ajlir Fjeiv lmri~ mc rho~

nhjvjnrivo~ronjdd Rjl` cijryvi1 —or o~ j ylocoib$ ~ggirvonjd jlb onmlon ~nhigi phonh o~ ~rjron jlb cdjr

bi~{ori or~ yrodoqjroml mc doli~ mc {iv~{inrosi ol rhi jvnhorinryvjd idigilr~,‗66 Rho~ ‘fovb‟~ii {iv~{inrosi‟

~eoddcydd ~mdsib rhi {vmfdig mc so~yjdd vi{vi~ilrol` rhi bi{rh mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  ol j nmlcolib ~{jni jddmpol`$

—rhi og{vi~~oml mc j rhmy~jlb godi~ (rm fi/ nmlbil~ib olrm j bo~rjlni mc j ~rmli‟~ rhvmp‗6>xso 

Hmpisiv$ rhi ig{dmgilr mc rho~ fovb‟~ ii {iv~{inrosi ~hmydb lmr ~mdid fi nviborib rm rhi Rjl` Blj~r,

 J~ Bmvmrh Pml` lmrib ol :???$ j Fybbho~r ~ridi vinilrd cmylb ol ^onhyjl bjrol` cvmg firpiil rhi djri

9rh jlb ijvd 3rh nilryv NI jd~m yrodoqi~ jl ixrvigid ~ogodjv {iv~{inrosi ol or~ bi{onroml~ mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ ,

(^ii CO@, 3j'n/, 

CO@ 3j (dicr/1 [yvi Djlb bi{onroml porh ~inydjv djlb~nj{i, Vyffol` mc Pjlcm~o ^ridi : cvmg Pjlcm~o ~ori$Nhil`by$ ^onhyjl$ 9rhijvd 3rh nilryv, Vyffol` ol ^onhyjl [vmsolnojd Gy~iyg, Ol Bmvmrh Pml`$ {9?

6; Pml`$ Bmvmrh, M{ nor,$ {, 936: Ofob,$ {, 9366 Fjeiv$ Ajlir, M{ nor,$ {, 69?,6> Nhyl`$ Rjl, M{ nor,$ {, 89,

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CO@ 3f (nilrvi/1 [yvi Djlb bi{onroml porh ~inydjv djlb~nj{i, Visiv~i mc Pjlcm~o ^ridi : cvmg Pjlcm~o~ori$ Nhil`by$ ^onhyjl$ 9rhijvd 3rh nilryv, Vyffol` ol ^onhyjl [vmsolnojd Gy~iyg, Ol Bmvmrh Pml`${9? Ol Bmvmrh Pml`$ {9?

CO@ 3n (vo`hr/1 Vinml~rvynroml mc ~ridi : cvmg Pjlcm~o ~ori$ Nhil`by$ ^onhyjl$ 9rhijvd 3rh nilryv,Vyffol` ol ^onhyjl [vmsolnojd Gy~iyg, Ol Bmvmrh Pml`$ {9?

 Porhol fmrh rhi~i ~ridi~ jlb njsi 66;$ pi colb j vinibol` fvob`i rhjr vijnhi~ msiv j dmry~ {mlb$ dijbol`

rmpjvb~ JgorĊ fhj‟~ rhvmli, Rho~ fvob`i pmydb finmgi —j ei onmlm`vj{hon idigilr mc [yvi Djlb

ogj`iv‗62 cvmg rho~ {molr mlpjvb~ j~ j ~gfmd mc ‘rvjl~oroml‟ firpiil rhi gylbjli pmvdb jlb rhi

Fybbhj vijdg rhi djlb mc ‘~jhj‟ (‘rvjl~cmvgjroml‟$ N1 hyjry/,69 (^ii CO@, 0 /, 

CO@ 01  Birjod~ mc  Rhi [jvjbo~i mc Jgor Ċfhj ( ^yejhjsjrosyhj/, ^myrh pjdd mc Njsi 66;$ Bylhyjl`$(Ijvd Rjl`$ 326 NI/, Phorcoidb$ (:??9/, [djri 39,

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nmg{m~ib mc phjr ~iig doei ‘{djri~‟ mc ~hoggivol` {vinomy~ girjd~, Porh rho~ ol golb or o~ {ivrolilr rm

62 Pml`$ Bmvmrh N,$ m{ nor,$ {, 9869 Ofob,$ {, 30

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ryvl rm rhi bi~nvo{roml~ mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  ol rhi ~yrvj~ phonh bi~nvofi rhi jvnhorinryvi mc rho~ {jvjbo~i j~ fiol`

nmg{m~ib mc$ —`mdb$ ~odsiv$ dj{o~ djqydo$ jlb nv~rjd5‗63 gjrivojd~ phonh nmydb gjrnh y{ porh rhi~i {djri~,

Cyvrhivgmvi$ rhi (jdgm~r rvjlniolbynol`/ jvvjl`igilr mc rhi~i ~zyjvi {jlid~ gj jd~m fi vicivilnol`

govvmvhjdd~ (jlb rhi ‘govvmvdoei‟ zyjdoroi~ mc rhi Bhjvgj or~idc/5 j nmggml so~yjd girj{hmv mc rhi

Gjhîîlj$ mcril jbm{rib porhol rhi _m`ĊnĊvj mv ‘Nml~nomy~li~~Mld‟ ~nhmmd (Pïo~hç Q Ňl`5唭識宐/,

(^ii CO@, 8'?/, 

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CO@ ?1  Gmbivl vinml~rvynroml mc Cjqjl`‟~ govvmv ol~rjddjroml f Sonrmvoj O$ j Fm~rml jvro~r$ fj~ib mlgiboisjd Nholi~i bi~nvo{roml, Ol Pjl`$ (6;;9/$ {, 69?

Iorhiv ~obi mc rho~ fvob`i$ pi colb ~hoggivol` ‘vjrlj{mlb~‟5 —{mmd~ mc rhi ~isil aipid~$ coddib porh rhi

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cvj`vjlr jlb {yvi,‗60 Y{ml mli mc rhi~i dmry~ {djrcmvg~$ jgml`~r aipid~ jlb dyxyvojlr si`irjroml rhivi o~

j co`yvi {vm~rvjrol` ficmvi JgorĊ fhj, (^ii CO@, :;/, Or o~ olrivi~rol` rm {jvjddid rho~ {vm~rvjrol` co`yvi

63  ^yehjsjrosyhj‟ (Rhi Jgorjfhj ^yrvj/$ Dm{iq$ Bmljdb, M{ nor,$ {, 39,60 Ofob,

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 porh rhjr mc ^ygibhj$ phm {vm~rvjri~ hog~idc ficmvi Bo{jlejvj Fybbhj ol rhi cjgmy~ Bo{jlejvj gmroc 

(^ii CO@, ::/5 jl ogj`i ~nhigi rhjr hjb fiil {m{ydjv ol ijvdoiv @jlbhjvjl Fybbho~r jvr,

CO@ :;1 [vm~rvjrol` bismrii mc Jgor Ċfhj, ^myrh pjdd mc Njsi 66;$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ijvd Rjl`$ 326 NI/,

 Phorcoidb$ (:??9/, [djri 39,

CO@ ::1  Bo{jlejvj Fybbhj‟~ {vm{hin, Nj, djri :~r6lb nilryv, Mli mc :> vidoic {jlid~ ml novnydjv fj~i mc ^oevo ^ry{j$ @jlbhjvj, @vi ~nho~r1 h, >>ng$ p, >9ng$ Djhmvi Gy~iyg,

Ol jlmrhiv {mmd pi colb rhi lj~nilr cmvg~ mc lipd fmvl bismrii~ (‘Jy{j{jbjej Eygjvj~‟ 68

 / phm igiv`i

cvmg `vijr dmry~ fyb~ rm nidifvjri rhiov coljd ixo~rilni, xsoo (^ii CO@, :>/, Jfmsi rho~ ~nili o~ j fmylbdi~~

 fdyi ~e olhjforib f cdol` `jlbhjvsj~ (‘xojl`ol ~hil‟5 dorivjdd$ ‘`mb~ mc cvj`vjlr gy~on‟/ jlb j{~jvj~ 

(‘yvil‟/, (^ii CO@, :6/, Lmrjfd$ rhi~i cdol` co`yvi~ jvi jl ollmsjrosi bi{jvryvi cvmg rhi Olbojl

nmylriv{jvr~$ ol rhjr rhi cdmjr y{ml pho~{$ nmdmyvib ndmyb~,

68 Nhyl`$ Rjl, M{ nor,$ {, :2:,

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:2

 

CO@ :6 (dicr jlb jfmsi vo`hr/1 Cdol` J{~jvj~ vobol` nmdmyvib ndmyb~, ^myrh pjdd mc Njsi 66;$ Bylhyjl`$(Ijvd Rjl`$ 326 NI/, Phorcoidb$ (:??9/, [djri :9>,

CO@ :> (fidmp vo`hr/1 ^myd~ vifmvlcvmgdmry~i~, ^myrh pjdd mc Njsi 66;$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ijvd Rjl`$ 326NI/, Bylhyjl` Jnjbig Mldoli,

 Porh ~ynh birjod~ rhi Bylhyjl` jvro~r pj~ j~~ivrol` ho~ jfodor rm nmlsi —rhi gj`onjd {mpiv mc rhi

~rmvoi~$‗6? jlb bi{onr j nidi~rojd ixrvjsj`jlqj mc ~rj`i {ivcmvgjlni rhjr nmydb —ilrivrjol jlb ixnori rhi

 soipiv‗>; phod~r nmlsiol` —rhi gj`onjd pmvdb mc Fybbho~g,‗>: Rho~ olnvij~ol`d ‘{ivcmvgjrosi‟ zyjdor mc 

mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  o~ jd~m igfmboib f rhi rpm nilrvjd bjlniv~ phm iliv`ironjdd {ivcmvg rhi ‘Rhi Hy ^povdol`

 Bjlni$‟ j cmvio`l vmyroli ixrvigid {m{ydjv byvol` rhi nm~gm{mdorjl Rjl` Blj~r, (^ii  CO@, :2/, 

6? Nhyl`$ Rjl,$ {, 02,>; Cvj~iv$ m{ nor,$ {{, :08:0?>: Ofob,$ {663

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:9

 

CO@ :21  Birjod mc   Bjlniv~ {ivcmvgol` rhi Hy ^povdol` Bjlni, ^myrh pjdd mc Njsi 66;$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ijvd Rjl`$ 326 NI/, Phorcoidb$ (:??9/, [djri :0:,

Fidmp$ ml iorhiv ~obi mc rhi bjlniv~ o~ jl mvnhi~rvj mc io`hr gy~onojl~ (gjl mc phmg jvi ndijvd cmvio`l$

vicdinrol` rhi Rjl` Blj~r‟~ nm~gm{mdorjl nmg{m~oroml/$ phm ~or ml j nmdmyvib vy` {djol` gy~onjd

ol~rvygilr~ ~ynh j~ rhi Jl`ydjv Hjv{ (箔範/$ Vyjlxojl (阬咸/$ NvmmeibLine [o{j (囕絎曶頉琹琳/$

^rvjo`hrLine [o{j (互絎盲頉琹琳/,>6 (^ii CO@, :9/,

 

>6 ‘Rjl` Blj~r Gy~onjd Ol~rvygilr~‟ $ Ylosiv~or mc Hml` Eml` Gy~on Bi{jvrgilr1hrr{1--ppp,nyhe,iby,he-gy~-ol~rvygilr~-rjl`,hrgd

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:3

 

CO@ :91  ^yehĊsjr  ĥ  Mvnhi~rvj, ^myrh pjdd mc Njsi 66;$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ijvd Rjl`$ 326 NI/,  Phorcoidb$ (:??9/,[djri~ :06:0>

 J~ j {jvr mc ~ynh j `vjlb ~{inrjndi$ rhi ~{inrjrmv o~ jbgorrib ilrvjlni olrm rhi ilrivrjolgilr jlb

jbmvlgilr~ mc rhi nmlrig{mvjv Rjl` nmyvr, Ol j —hj{{ gjvvoj`i firpiil Rig{di Nydryvi jlb [jdjni

Nydryvi‗>>Nholi~i Fybbho~g pj~ nml~rvynrol` rhi [jvjbo~i mc JgorĊ fhj j~ j vi`ogilrib$ vonhd jbmvlib

og{ivojd djlb~nj{i vydib msiv f j pmvrh Njevjsjvrol (&eol` phm ryvl~ rhi Phiid mc rhi Djp,& J~ ^y~jl

>> Nhyl`$ Rjl, M{ nor,$ {, 2:,

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:0

 Phorcoidb lmri~$ rhi cylnroml mc ~ynh j ~nili pmydb —~hmpnj~i Nholi~i og{ivojd {mpiv,‗ >2 Rho~ o~ isobilr

jd~m ol njsi ::6 (n, 3?;0>; NI/$ phonh jbsivro~ib jl olnvij~ol`d  ^olonoqib so~oml mc {jvjbo~i jdd jdml` rhi

lmvrh pjdd$ j bi{onroml mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  rhjr ol jl mrhiv nmlrixr go`hr fi go~rjeil cmv j Nholi~i nmyvr ~nili,

(^ii CO@, :3/,

>2 Phorcoidb$ Vmbivone5 Phorcoidb$ ^y~jl5 J`lip$ Lisoddi, 6;;;, Njsi rig{di~ mc Gm`jm1 Jvr jlb Ho~rmv ml rhi ^ode Vmjb , @irr Nml~ivsjroml Ol~roryri jlb rhi A, @irr Gy~iyg$ Dm~ Jl`idi~$ {, 3?,

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:8

 

CO@ :31 So~yjdoqol` Jgorjy~ ^yrvj, Njsi ::6$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ho`h Rjl`$ n, 3?;0>; NI/, Phorcoidb$ (:??9/,[djri 09,

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Ol rho~ gyvjd$ lmr mld bmi~ rhi jvnhorinryvi jlb dolijv ~rdi ixybi ^olono~g$ fyr ~m jd~m bm rhi ndmrhi~$

nmg{dixoml~ jlb {h~onjd cijryvi~ mc jdd rhi co`yvi~ {vi~ilr olndybol` rhm~i jgml`~r rhi mvnhi~rvj, (^ii

 CO@, :0 /, Phod~r JgorĊ fhj‟~ ilrovi fmb hj~ fiil {iidib cvmg rhi ~yvcjni mc rhi gyvjd (or pj~ doeid 

nmsivib ol rhone `odr/$ rhi cigololi cjni~ mc rhi olbosobyjd~ rhjr ~yvvmylb hog jdd hjsi —cjni~ mc ajbi ~eol‗

jlb —dml` iifvmp~ ixrilbol` rm rhi rig{di~,‗>9 Cyvrhivgmvi$ rhi jdd j{{ijv ~mgiphjr nhyff$ porh

{vmlmylnib bmyfdi nhol~ —rhi siv ~gfmd mc {vm~{ivor‗>3 ol Nholj, Rho~ pj~ i~{inojdd rvyi jr j rogi

byvol` rhi Rjl` Blj~r phil rhi ‘{dyg{iv‟ {h~onjd cijryvi~ mc _êl` @yäc Ğo (楁貲妎/ hjb og{volrib

rhig~idsi~ ol rhi Nholi~i {~nhi j~ rhi siv {onryvi mc cigololi fijyr, Lmrjfd$ rho~ bmyfdi nhol finjgi

covgd igfibbib ol jdd mc rhi ogj`i~ mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  rhjr cmddmpib jr Bylhyjl`$ gm~r {vmgolilrd jgml`

rhi {jolrol`~ mc bmlmv~,

>9 Nhyl`$ Rjl, M{ nor,$ {, 0>,>3 Ofob,$ {, 2;,

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6;

 

CO@ :01  ^yehĊsjr  ĥ  Mvnhi~rvj, Njsi ::6$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ho`h Rjl`$ n, 3?;0>; NI/, Phorcoidb$ (:??9/, [djri~

:0>:09,

^ri{{ol` olrm njsi :06 (nj, 026099 NI/$ pi colb rhi (lmp i~rjfdo~hib/ nmlsilroml~ jdvijb bo~ny~~ib

 fiol` nmlrolyib, Hmpisiv cmv rhi cov~r rogi$ rpm ljvvjrosi {jlid~ sivronjdd cvjgi rhi ~nili, (^II

CO@YVI/ Rho~ ‘rvo{rnh‟ nmg{m~oroml gj ol djv`i {jvr fi ~iil j~ j vi~{ml~i rm rhi bogolo~hol`

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rhigi~ jlb obij~, xsooo Porhol rhi~i m~ril~ofdi ‘gjv`ol~‟ j{{ijv ~rmvoi~ cvmg rhi Dmry~ ^yrvj ~ynh j~ rhi 

‘[jvjfdi mc rhi Nmlayvib Nor$‟  >0  mv rijnhol`~ ~ynh j~ rhi ‘:3 girhmb~ mc So~yjdoqol` Jgorjy~,‟  Ol rhi

nj~i mc njsi :06$ rhi ~rmvoi~ jvi mc  Jajrj~jrvy jlb ^mbj~j So{j~jlj vi~{inrosid$ fmrh i~~ilrojdd 

>0 Phorcoidb$ ^y~jl, M{ nor,$ {, 0?,

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6:

oddy~rvjrol` rhi li`jrosi ejvgon nml~izyilni~ mc rhm~i phm nmggor pvml` bmol`~$ j~ pidd j~ rhi fdo~~ rm fi

jrrjolib f dosol` j doci mc sovryi, Rho~ —rhviiolmli‗ {jrrivl pmydb ~mml fi`ol —rm nv~rjddoqi olrm j ~ir

cijryvi‗>8 mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  bi{onroml~ jr Bylhyjl` dml` jcriv rhi nmddj{~i mc rhi Rjl`, (^ii CO@, :8$ :?/, 

CO@ :81 So~yjdoqol` Jgorjy~ ^yrvj (Jgor ĊyvbhĊlj/, Njsi :06$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ho`h Rjl`5 026099 NI/,

 Phorcoidb$ (:??9/,

>8 Nhyl`$ Rjl, M{ nor,$ {, :2:,

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66

 

CO@ :?j (nilrvi/1 ^rjlbjvboqib nmg{m~oroml cmv oddy~rvjroml~ mc rhi Jgor ĊyvbhĊlj ^yrvj, Ol Nhyl`$Rjl$ {, :9>,

CO@ :?f (cjv dicr jlb vo`hr/1 Jajrj~jrvy jlb ^mbj~j So{j~jlj$ Birjod cvmg So~yjdoqol` Jgorjy~ ^yrvj, Njsi :06$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ho`h Rjl`5 026099 NI/, Phorcoidb$ (:??9/,

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nmdmyvol`‗>? phonh ilvonhib or~ co`yvi~ porh dosidoli~~ jlb bi{rh, Hivi$ jl olnvij~ol` bogil~omljdor pj~

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rinhlozyi rhjr ~rvi~~ib ‘ylvjl‟ (nmdmyv ~hjbol`/ phivisiv {m~~ofdi, Rhi olcdyilni mc @y{rj Olboj ol rho~

njsi hmpisiv$ bmi~ lmr ilb porh or~ y~i mc ~hjbol`, Or~ bi{onroml mc Jsjdmeoriŕ sjvj (@yjlol/ jbm{r~ j

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CO@ 6;1  Birjod mc Fmbho~jrrsj Jsjdmeoriŕsjvj (@yjlol/, Njsi :06$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ho`h Rjl`5 026099 NI/,

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~rjrigilr mc rhi Blj~r‟~ ~o`loconjlr rinhlmdm`onjd nj{jfodoroi~, (^ii  CO@, 66/,

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62

 

CO@ 661  Birjod~ cvmg So~yjdoqol` Jgorjy~ ^yrvj, Njsi :06$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ho`h Rjl`5 026099 NI/, Phorcoidb$ (:??9/, [djri 0>,

 J siv~oml mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  y{ml rhi lmvrh pjdd mc njsi 6:0 (0;908: NI/ nmlsi~ rhi olnvij~ol` {mdoronjd

ol~rjfodor mc rhi pmvdb fimlb rhi njsi~ jr rhi rogi mc or~ nvijroml, Jr rho~ rogi rhi Bylhyjl` jvij pj~

 porli~~ol` olnvij~ib olrivljromljd rvjbi jlb fmvbiv ril~oml gm~r lmrjfd cvmg Ryayi (Ryve/ jlb Ryfm

(Rofir/$ phonh pivi igiv`ol` j~ —rpm {mpivcyd jlb jgforomy~ lio`hfmyv~ vijb rm olrvybi rhi Nholi~i

rivvormv jr jl rogi,‗2: Phod~r rhi Rjl` `msivlgilr pj~ `jdsjloqol` or~ `jvvo~ml cmvni~ ol rhi jvij rm

giir rhi lip nhjddil`i~$ porhol rhi njsi~ or ~iig~ rhjr rhi Bylhyjl` jvro~r~ pivi ~rvosol` rm bi{onr j

bo~rolnrd$ jdgm~r {mdoronjdd ^olonoqib vi{vi~ilrjroml mc rhi Pi~rivl [jvjbo~i$ phonh ol ryvl pmydb ~rvi~~

Nholj‟~ pmvrh `yjvbojl~ho{ mc rhi Bhjvgj, J~ Rjl Nhyl` hj~ lmrib mc rho~ njsi$ —isivrhol` o~ siv 

2: Ofob,$ {, >:,

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69

Nholi~i$ porh rhi Fybbhj~$ Fmbho~jrrsj~ jlb cdol` jl`id~ hjsol` Nholi~i cijryvi~ cmv rhi gm~r {jvr$ ol

jbboroml rm rhi Nholi~i djlb~nj{i jlb dosol` birjod~ mc Nholi~i rvjboroml~ jlb ny~rmg~,‗26 Lmrjfdi jd~m$ o~

rho~ njsi‟~ nmlrolyjroml mc rhi ‘rvo{rnh‟ rvjboroml {visomy~d i~rjfdo~hib ol njsi :06$ ol rho~ nj~i

{mvrvjol` ‘Zyiil Sjobiho‟~ Giborjroml‟, (^ii CO@, 6>$ 62 # 69 /,

CO@ 6>1  [jvjbo~i mc Jgor Ċfhj, Njsi 6:0$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ho`h Rjl`1 0;908: NI/, Phorcoidb$ (:??9/, [djri 0>,

26 Ofob,$ {, >3,

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63

 

CO@ 62 (dicr/1 Birjod mc [jvjbo~i mc Jgor Ċfhj, Njsi 6:0$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ho`h Rjl`1 0;908: NI/, Phorcoidb$(:??9/, [djri 3,

CO@ 69 (vo`hr/1  Fmbho~jrrsj~ porhol [jvjbo~i mc Jgor Ċfhj, Njsi 6:0$ Bylhyjl`$ (Ho`h Rjl`1 0;908:NI/, Ol Nhyl`$ Rjl$ {, 63;,

Or pj~ jr rho~ nvoronjd {molr rhjr rhi Jl Dy~hjl vifiddoml fvmei myr (099 NI/ ol Nholj$ dijsol` jl

ovvisiv~ofdi iccinr ml rhi ilrovi jvro~ron rvjainrmv mc Bylhyjl`, Ol 003 NI$ njsi :28 pj~ fyodr rm hmdb j

`ojlr vindolol` Fybbhj ol Gjhj{jvjlovsjlj, Jbajnilr rm rho~ rvj`on ~nili$ ml rhi ij~r ~obi mc rhi

ilrvjlni pi colb mli coljd bi{onroml mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  cvmg rhi Ho`h Rjl` {ivomb ficmvi rhi Rofirjl~ `jolib

nmlrvmd mc rhi njsi~ cvmg 08:826 NI$ y~hivol` ol j lip {ivomb ol rhi jvr mc Bylhyjl`,

Byvol` rhi Rofirjl mnny{jroml$ {mvrvjjd~ mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  (jvro~ronjdd ~{ijeol`/ ~iig rm bindoli ol zyjdor,

Rho~ pj~ djv`id byi rm rhi cjnr rhjr f rho~ rogi lmr mld rhi ‘[yvidjlb ~inr‟ fyr jd~m rhi ‘Soljj ~inr‟$ rhi

‘I~mrivon (Rjlrvon/ ~inr‟$ rhi ‘Hyjjl (Jsjrjg~jej/ ~inr‟$ rhi ‘Nhjl (Bhjlj/ ~inr‟$ rhi ‘Pio~ho

(Bhjvgjdje~jlj/ ~inr‟ jlb isil rhi i{higivjd ‘^jlaoi ~inr‟ pivi jdd nmg{irol` cmv vi{vi~ilrjroml, 2> 

Bi~{ori rho~ olnvij~ol` hirivm`ilior$ Rofirjl siv~oml~ mc rhi ̂ yehĊ sjr ĥ  {jvjbo~i nmlrolyib byvol` rhi

mnny{jroml$ jdrhmy`h njgi rm fi rolrib porh j cjv gmvi i~mrivon (jlb rhy~ olisorjfd di~~ ‘vijdo~ron‟/

olriv{virjroml, xox Hmpisiv$ rm rhi Rofirjl ~ilrogilr$ —^yehĊ sjr ĥ   pj~ f lm gijl~ jl ixndy~osi `mjd mv mli

2> Ofob,$ {, :83,

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60

rhjr pj~ bino~osid {viigolilr ol vidjroml rm mrhiv og{mvrjlr Fybbho~r ilb~,‗22 Isobilrd$ rhi ~yrvj

oddy~rvjroml~ mc Nholi~i Gjhîîlo~g pivi —ml rhi vmjb rm bindoli cjnib porh ixril~osi bo~~igoljroml mc 

Rjlrvo~g,‗29 

 Jcriv rhi Rofirjl~ pivi isilryjdd ix{iddib cvmg rhi vi`oml ol rhi goblolrh nilryv$ gjl lip njsi~

jrrig{rib rm vij~~ivr —rhi {mdoronjd {mpiv mc rhi Bylhyjl` vydiv~,‗23Hmpisiv$ rho~ jnr mc vij~~ivroml

~iigib rm givid rjei rhi cmvg mc ~rjdi vi{iroroml mc phjr hjb nmgi ficmvi$ j~ njl fi ~iil ol rhi

{mvrvjjd~ mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  ol fmrh njsi :6 jlb njsi :93$ fmrh cvmg rhi Djri Rjl` 828?;0 NI, (^ii  CO@, 63

# 60 /,

22 [jli$ Vonhjvb Ejvd jlb Rjljej$ Eillirh Ejqym, Ib~, 6;;2, J{{vmjnhol` rhi Djlb mc Fdo~~1 Vido`omy~ [vjxo~ ol rhi Nydr mc  Jgor Ċfhj, Ylosiv~or mc Hjpjoo [vi~~$ Ylosiv~or mc Hjpjoo [vi~~$ Hmlydydy$ {, 6;,29 Nhyl`$ Rjl, M{ nor,$ {, :83,23 Phorcoidb$ ^y~jl, M{ nor,$ {, 8?,

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68

 

CO@ 63 (dicr/1 So~yjdoqol` Jgorjy~ ^yrvj,Njsi :6$ Bylhyjl`, (Djri Rjl` 828?;0NI/, Ol Nhyl`$ Rjl$ {, 603,

CO@ 60 (vo`hr/1 Ilrivrjolgilr ol

 ^yehĊsjr  ĥ $ Njsi :93$ Bylhyjl`, (DjriRjl` 828?;0 NI/, Bylhyjl` Jnjbig Mldoli,

Cmddmpol` rhi @vijr Fybbho~r [iv~inyroml f Ig{ivmv Pyqml` ol 829 NI$ Bylhyjl` fvmei mcc cvmg rhi

vi~r mc Nholj byvol` j {ivomb mc olbi{ilbilni (nj, 8?;?8; NI/$ phil or gjbi ndm~i nydryvjd nmllinroml~

 porh or~ lio`hfmyv~ rm rhi ~myrh jlb pi~r1 rhi Yo`hyv eol`bmg fj~ib ol Ryvcjl$ rhi Ehmrjli~i eol`bmg

rm or~ pi~r$ jlb rhi ~rjri mc ^hy ol {vi~ilrbj ^onhyjl [vmsolni,20 Byvol` rho~ {ivomb$ Bylhyjl` jvro~r~

gjbi {vmcmylb nhjl`i~ ol rhiov jvr$ rhi gm~r ~o`loconjlr fiol` —rhi igiv`ilni mc j ~rjlbjvboqib ~rdo~ron

jlb {vm`vjggjron vi{ivrmovi,‗28 [jolriv~ ~irrdib ml onmlm`vj{hon ~nhigi~$ bisidm{ib icconoilr {vmbynroml

girhmb~$ jlb olrvmbynib j sjvoir mc rinhlozyi~ rhjr hid{ib ~mdsi rhi olisorjfdi {vmfdig~ rhjr

jnnmg{jloib igfiddo~hol` ilmvgmy~ njsi rig{di~, Rho~ hmpisiv dib rm j bo~rolnrd cmvgydjon gmmb ol rhi

djriv Bylhyjl` ogj`i~ mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ $ phonh ol gjl pj~ inhmib rhi ylol~{ovol` vo`obor mc or~ ijvdoi~r

bi{onroml~,

20 Cvj~iv$ ^jvjh, I, M{ nor,$ {, ?,28 Ofob,

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6?

 

CO@ 681 So~yjdoqol` Jgorjy~ ^yrvj, _ydol Njsi >$ Bylhyjl`$ (Pi~rivl Xoj [ivomb5 :;>8 :660 NI/, _ol~ho$ Cjl$ {, 66;,

Y{ml rhi ij~r pjdd mc Njsi > jr _ydol pi colb j siv~oml mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  nvijrib byvol` rhi Pi~rivl Xoj

Blj~r (:;>8 :660 NI/, (^ii CO@, 68/, Rhi ~nili vicdinr~ rhi —byjd mvoilrjroml mc rhi Rjl`yr vydiv~ mc 

rhi rogi‗2? phm so~ofd jrrig{rib rm cy~i —`ilivjdoqib nydron Gjhîîlj rhigi~‗9; porh rhi —gmvi

jbsjlnib jlb ~{inojdoqib {vjnroni~ mc rhi Rjlrvon cmvg mc Fybbho~g,‗9: Olbiib$ phod~r `jqol` jr JgorĊ fhj$

mli ~rjlb~ filijrh j novnydjv Sjavjbhjry gjlbjdj ol rhi nilrvi mc rhi niodol`$ gjveol` rhjr pi jvi lmp 

 pidd jlb rvyd porhol ‘rhi vijdg mc rhi Sjavj‟5 rhi ‘i~mrivon‟ fvjlnh mc Fybbho~g rhjr pmydb hjsi

nml~obivjfdi olcdyilni ml Nholi~i Fybbho~r {vjnroni ol rhi nilryvoi~ rhjr cmddmpib,

2? ‘[ivo{hivjd So~oml~1 Ml Vinilr Colb~ mc Rjl`yr Fybbho~r Jvr‟, Dolvmrhi$ Vmf, Gmlygilrj ^ivonj$ Smd, 2> (:??9/$ {, 6>3,9; Ofob,$ {, 69?,9: ‘Ofob,$ {, 6>3,

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>;

 

Rhi ryvzymo~i `viil `vmylb pj~ —bo~rolnrosi mc rho~ {ivomb$‗ 96 j~ pj~ rhi cmvnicyd dolibvjpol` jlb

vi~rvjolib nmdmyv ~nhigi, Hmpisiv$ rhi~i cijryvi~ jgj~~ib rm jl msivjdd jrgm~{hivi rhjr ciid~ nmdb$

gmlmrmlmy~ jlb ~mgiphjr ylpidnmgol` i~{inojdd rm rhi Nholi~i ji~rhiron, Cyvrhivgmvi$ rhi {h~onjd

cijryvi~ mc rhi co`yvi~ (~rvjo`hr lm~i~$ ~gjdd gmyrh~ jlb jdgm~r sivronjd ii~/ ~iig gmvi doei rhm~i mc rhi

 Pi~rivl vi`oml~$ ~ynh j~ pi colb jr Fj~odoe byvol` rhi Yo`hyv @jmnhjl` {ivomb,9> J~ Rjl Nhyl` jbb~$ f 

rho~ rogi$ —rhi gj`loconilni,,,mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  hj~ rmrjdd bo~j{{ijvib,‗92 

96 Aol~ho$ Cjl, 6;:;, Rhi Njsi~ mc Bylhyjl`, ^njdj [yfdo~hiv~$ Dmlbml$ {, 66:,9> Nhyl`$ Rjl, M{ nor,$ {, 09,92 Ofob,

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>:

 

CO@ 6?1  Birjod~ mc  So~yjdoqol` Jgorjy~ ^yrvj, _ydol Njsi >$ Bylhyjl`$ (Pi~rivl Xoj [ivomb5 :;>8 :660 NI/, _ol~ho$ Cjl$ {, 66;,

Og{mvrjlrd hmpisiv$ rho~ m~ril~ofdi dm~~ mc jvro~ron ‘zyjdor‟ pj~ vi{djnib f hio`hrilib onmlm`vj{hon jlb

~gfmdon bobjnrono~g, Cmv ixjg{di rhi cdjgol`$ gy~nydjv co`yvi phm ~or~ filijrh JgorĊ fhj$ gj fi

olriv{virib j~ mli mc rhi ‘bigml~‟ rhjr mli olisorjfd ilnmylriv~ jdml` rhi ~{ovoryjd {jrh jlb gy~r

~yfay`jri ficmvi {vmniibol` rm ^yehĊ sjr ĥ ,xx (^ii CO@, 6?/, Cyvrhivgmvi$ rhi y~i mc gjlbjdon cmvg~ jlb

nmdmyv ~nhigi~ rmme ml j hio`hrilib og{mvrjlni ol djriv bi{onroml~$ j~ rhi lmroml mc {vi~ilrol` ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  

j~ ~og{d jl jddyvol` {h~onjd {jvjbo~i$ ~iigib rm bogolo~h,

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>6

 J~ rho~ i~~j hj~ ixjgolib$ vi{vi~ilrjroml~ mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ   pivi j nilrvjd ~yfainr mc rhi gyvjd {jolrol`~ mc 

Bylhyjl`$ porh ~{inojd ~o`loconjlni {djnib ml rhig rhvmy`hmyr rhi Rjl` Blj~r phil ~ir cmvgydj~ jlb

nmg{m~oroml~ pivi cov~r cmvgjdoqib, Rhi ~ivsib j~ so~oml~ mc fijyr$ lmr ~og{d cmv rhi {yv{m~i mc 

~{ovoryjd j~{ovjroml fyr jd~m cmv rhiov mpl ~jei5 {vmsobol` j sosob `dog{~i olrm nmlrig{mvjv nmyvr doci j~

 pidd j~ oddy~rvjrol` rhi rj~ri~$ j~{ovjroml~ jlb gmrosjroml~ mc rhi jyboilni phmg rhi pivi nvijrib cmv,

Ix{vi~~osi mc rho~ ~ilrogilr pivi rhi pmvb~ mc jl jlmlgmy~ 8rh nilryv Bylhyjl` gmle$ phm pjxib

dvonjd ml hmp rhi —nidi~rojd fdo~~‗ jrrjolib f `jqol` jr j gyvjd mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ   porhol rhi nmlcoli~ mc 

Bylhyjl` pj~ ol gjl pj~ —firriv rhjl‗ vifovrh ol rhi {jvjbo~i or~idc1

—Rhi gjl vifmvl ol Hijsil

 Cvmg j dmry~ hi igiv`ib 

 Jl`id~ hmsiv jvmylb hog

 [irjd~ vmrjri firpiil ~{jni~$

 Jlb `ilrdi gy~on ilnhjlr~ rhi ~e,

 Hivi O ilam rhi nidi~rojd fdo~~

 Firriv rhjl O ~rj ol {jvjbo~i,‗  99  

Rhi~i pmvb~ nmggylonjri rhi lj~nilr (zyj~oRjlrvon/ {vjnroni mc y~ol` jvr j~ j yrodorjvojl gijl~ mc 

vijnhol` j ~{ovoryjd ilb jdml` rhi Fybbho~r {jrh5 phonh nmydb ol gjl pj~$ fi nviborib j~ jl olsilroml

mc rhi Bylhyjl` gyvjd~ rhig~idsi~, Olbiib$ phod~r rhivi o~ j gmbivl ~nhmdjvd nml~il~y~ rhjr rhi [yvi

Djlb gyvjd~ mc rhi Rjl` Blj~r pivi lmr vosjdib ficmvi mv jcriv rhiov j{{ijvjlni5 or gy~r jd~m fi

nml~obivib rhjr rhi ji~rhiron rvjainrmv mc so~oml~ mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  jr Bylhyjl` jd~m olbonjri jl ismdsol`

 cylnroml5 cvmg j djv`id ~mnojd jlb {mdoronjd mli byvol` rhi ijvd Rjl` Blj~r$ rm jl olnvij~ol`d 

rinhlonjd vido`omy~ mli jcriv rhi Rjlrvon cmvg mc Fybbho~g hjb rjeil hmdb mc rhi vi`oml f rhi ?rh nilryv 

NI,

99 Jlmlgmy~ 8rh nilryv Bylhyjl` gmle$ ol Nhyl`$ Rjl, M{ nor,$ {, 29,

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>>

Ol i~~ilni$ rhi bi{onroml~ mc ^yehĊ sjr ĥ  jr Bylhyjl` ridd y~ izyjd jgmylr~ mc ismdsol` Fybbho~r {vjnroni

ol Nholj j~ rhi bm rhi rinhlonjd jlb jvro~ron ~eodd~ mc rhi {ivomb~ cvmg phonh rhi igiv`ib, Cmv rho~$ rhi 

gy~r fi jnelmpdib`ib j~ mli mc rhi gm~r og{mvrjlr ~yvsosol` bmnygilr~ ol rhi ilrovi fvijbrh mc 

Fybbho~r jvr ho~rmv,

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>2

Fofdom`vj{h 

 Jvlmdb$ Ibpjvb J, 6;;?, J~ Dml` j~ ^{jni Ilbyvi~1 I~~j~ ml rhi Ejdjnhjevj Rjlrvj ol Hmlmv mc H,H,

rhi Bjdjo Djgj, ^lmp Doml [yfdonjroml~$ Orhjnj, 

Fjvlhjvr$ Vonhjvb G$ ir jd, :??0, Rhvii Rhmy~jlb _ijv~ mc Nholi~i [jolrol`, _jdi Ylosiv~or [vi~~,

Fjeiv$ Ajlir, :??:, Rhi Jvr mc rhi ^yo Blj~r njsi~ jr Bylhyjl` , Ylosiv~or mc Ejl~j~$ Jll Jvfmv$ GO,

Fjeiv$ Ajlir, 6;;6, Rhi Cdmpivol` mc j Cmvio`l Cjorh1 Lip ^ryboi~ ol Nholi~i Fybbho~r Jvr , Gjv`

[yfdonjroml~$ Gygfjo,

Fibyhl$ Aj~ml Bjsob, Ib~, 6;;9, Lip Do`hr ml Gjlonhjio~g, Fvodd$ Lirhivdjlb~,

Fi`yol$ @oddi~, 6;;?, Fybbho~r Jvr1 Jl Ho~rmvonjd jlb Nydryvjd Amyvli, Vosiv Fmme~ Nm$ Fjl`eme,

Fidd$ Jdixjlbiv [iriv, 6;;;, Bobjnron Ljvvjroml1 Ajrjej Onmlm`vj{h ol Bylhyjl` porh j Njrjdm`yi mc 

 Ajrjej Vi{vi~ilrjroml~ ol Nholj, DOR Sivdj` Gôl~riv,

Ifvi$ [jrvonoj Fynedi, :??3, Nholj1 Jl Oddy~rvjrib Ho~rmv, Njgfvob`i Ylosiv~or [vi~~, 

Nhyl`$ Rjl, :??2, Bylhyjl` Jvr1 Rhvmy`h rhi Ii~ mc Byjl Pilaoi, Jfholjs [yfdonjroml~$ Lip Bidho,

Ndyly~$ Nvjo`, 6;;?, Jvr ol Nholj1 ^inmlb Iboroml, Mxcmvb Ylosiv~or [vi~~$ Mxcmvb,

I{~riol$ Vmljdb, Rvjl~, :?02, Rhi Jgor Ċfhj ^yrvj, Fybbho~r Rixr Rvjl~djroml ^mnoir$ ^jl Cvjlno~nm,

Co~hiv$ Vmfivr I, :??>, Fybbho~r Jvr jlb Jvnhorinryvi, Rhjgi~ jlb Hyb~ml$ Dmlbml,

Cvj~iv$ ^jvjh, I, 6;;2, [ivcmvgol` rhi So~yjd1 Rhi [vjnroni mc Fybbho~r Pjdd [jolrol` ol Nholj jlb Nilrvjd J~oj$ 3:8?3;, ^rjlcmvb Ylosiv~or [vi~~,

@hm~i$ Vjai~hpjvo, :??8, Ol rhi Cmmr~ri{~ mc rhi Fybbhj1 Jl Onmlon Amyvli cvmg Olboj rm Nholj,

Ylosiv~or mc Hml` Eml`,

Aol~ho$ Cjl, 6;:;, Rhi Njsi~ mc Bylhyjl`, ^njdj [yfdo~hiv~$ Dmlbml,

Ej{~riol$ Gjrrhip R jlb ^nhjoe$ ^jg sjl, Ib~, 6;:;,  I~mrivon Fybbho~r jr Bylhyjl`, Fvodd [yfdo~hol`$

Fm~rml,

Evo~hjl$ _, :??3, Rhi Fybbhj Ogj`i1 Or~ Mvo`ol jlb Bisidm{gilr , Gyl~hovjg Gjlmhjvdjd [yfdo~hiv~

Drb$ Lip Bidho,

Dm{iq$ Bmljdb, Ib~, 6;;2, Fybbho~r ^nvo{ryvi~, [il`yol Fmme~$ Dmlbml,

Gjnhobj$ ^ŇhŇ, :?9;, Doci jlb Do`hr$ rhi Olcolori1 j ho~rmvonjd jlb {hodmdm`onjd jljd~o~ mc rhi Jgobj nydr ,

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>9

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(Ylelmpl Jyrhmv/, :??0, Bylhyjl` Jvr Vidon~ Nmddinrib ol rhi ^rjri Hivgorj`i Gy~iyg mc Vy~~oj,

^hjl`hjo Nholi~i Ndj~~on~ [yfdo~hol` Hmy~i$ ^hjl`hjo,

A^RMV Jvrondi~

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>3

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>0

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>8

Ilblmri~

o Jdrhmy`h rhi gm~r cjgmy~ rvjl~djroml~ jvi rhm~i f Eygjvjaosj (>222:>/ jlb Xyjlqml` (3;;33; NI/,(Nhyl`$ :??2$ {, >3,/

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ċldè (宏樆$ &[ijnicyd Fdo~~&/,

 s Elmpl ol Nholi~i j~ rhi ‘Pñdoêl`~höy A  ĥ l`‟ (何誡焪重壷綞/

 so Elmpl ol Nholi~i j~ rhi ‘ Cþ ^hyŇ @yĊl Pñdoël`~höycþ a  ĥ l`‟ ( 何誡觋焪重壷何綞/

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 phmdi,‗

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{omy~ olsmnjroml (jlb vi{iroroml/ mc Jgorjfhj‟~ ljgi5 y~yjdd rhi {hvj~i$ ‘LĊgþ Ėgçryþcþ‟ (卐焪阽彄陋

何/, Olbiib$ or pj~ djv`id cmv rho~ {vjnroni‟~ {ivniosib ~og{donor rhjr gjbi or$ —~m pidnmgib f rhi

nmggml {im{di‗ sooosooo byvol` rhi ijvd bj~ mc Nholi~i Fybbho~g$ jlb olbiib$ —~ynh j ~o`loconjlr

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xooo J ~{inydjrosi rhimv cmv rho~ {ivniosib `ilbiv nhjl`i ol rhi (m~ril~ofd  ‘`ilbivdi~~‟/ Fmbho~jrrsj~ mc Nholj$ gj doi ol {jvr$ porh rhi cjnr rhjr ol [yvi Djlb~ ~ynh j~ ^yehjsjro$ pmgil pivi bmnrvoljdd ylelmpl,xooo Olbiib$ j~ rhi ^yehjsjro ^yrvj ol~o~r~$ —lm mli o~ fmvl olrm rhi Pi~rivl {jvjbo~i ol j

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 Jgorjfhj gyvjd~ ol rhi njsi,

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