Beach Investigation
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Transcript of Beach Investigation
Beach Investigation
Name: __________________________
Introduction The coastline is a place of continuous modification and change by wave action. Waves
can quickly build or erode beaches and thus change the shoreline profile. The profile of
the shoreline at any given time is an expression of the available energy; it changes as the
energy varies. When wave action is at a minimum, new beach deposits may form,
building the beach seaward and producing a long, gentle profile. Larger, more
energetic waves, on the other hand, tend to erode beaches producing short, steep
profiles. A typical undisturbed beach profile is shown in Figure 1. Moving towards the
ocean it consists of sand dunes (formed by wind action), that berm (the nearly
horizontal section of beach usually preferred to as “the beach”), and the foreshore (the
section between the low tide mark in the beginning of the berm).
Figure 1. Generalized beach profile
Beach Profiles An important method of analyzing a shoreline is to construct a cross-section or profile
of the beach. In order to do this, two sets of data must be gathered: distances and
elevations. We began with a point of known elevation near where the beach begins and
at set distances (example, 10 feet apart) move directly toward the shore while recording
the change in elevation at each station.
Figure 2. Beach drift and longshore drift of sand on the beach
Erosion and Restoration at John U. Lloyd Beach
Because of wave action sand is constantly being moved along the coastline. This
process, known as longshore drift (Figure 2), moves sand mainly from the north to the
south along both coasts of Florida. It is estimated that each year 35,000 cubic yards of
sand enters Broward Country along the coast from Palm Beach County to the north.
Likewise, the same amount leaves the county to the south annually.
In 1926, the Port Everglades Inlet to the intercoastal waterways was completed (Figure
3). The inlet effectively acted as a barrier for sand moving immediately to the beach
south of the inlet. The beach, now part of John U. Lloyd Park, deprived of its supply of
sand, was severely eroded landward, almost ¼ mile from 1926 to 1989. To restore the
beach, 500,000 cubic yards of sand was dredged and added to a 1.5 mile stretch at John
U. Lloyd Park in July 1989.
Figure 3. Mercator map of Port Everglades Inlet (Source: NOAA)
Exercise 1
Construct profiles for John U. Lloyd State Park for, (1) eroded beach just prior to
restoration, (2) immediately after restoration in July 1989, and (3) two years after the
restoration in July 1991. Be sure to use different colors for each profile and label them.
Materials:
Beach profile data for John U. Lloyd Park
Colored pencils
Beach grid graph paper
Directions:
From the knowledge you have acquired and with their profile data for John U. Lloyd Park,
accurately draw the three profiles on the graph paper provided using data from Table 1. Be
sure to use a different colored pencil for each profile, clearly label each profile, and connect the
points with a smooth line.
Distance from
base (ft)
Eroded Beach
May 1989
Restored Beach
July 1989
Post-restoration
July 1991
0 8.8 8.8 8.8
25 8.2 8.2 8.2
50 7.8 7.8 7.9
75 6.0 9.7 9.7
100 3.8 10.0 9.8
125 0.6 9.7 9.8
150 -1.0 9.9 9.8
175 -1.5 9.8 9.8
200 -2.0 9.8 9.8
225 -2.7 9.8 9.0
250 -3.4 9.8 3.7
275 -4.0 9.7 1.5
300 -5.4 9.1 -2.5
325 -7.7 6.7 -2.5
350 -8.4 4.4 -2.5
375 -9.0 0.8 -2.6
400 -9.7 -1.8 -2.6
425 -10.2 -3.8 -3.4
450 -10.7 -7.5 -4.0
475 -10.3 -9.8 -4.7
500 -10.2 -10.5 -5.2
Table 1. Beach profile data for John U. Lloyd Park pre- and post-restoration
Questions:
1. How many feet was the shoreline extended outward immediately after beach restoration
in July 1989?
2. How many feet inland did the shoreline recede from July 1989 to July 1991?
3. Give a possible explanation for the change and beach profile from July 1989 to July 1991.
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4. Examine the completed profile of John U. Lloyd Park. What is the area of each
rectangular unit of the profile in square feet? Show your calculations for credit. Area
per unit square (ft2):
__________ ft (elevation) x __________ ft (beach distance) = __________ ft2
5. Count the number of rectangles which like completely within the area between the
eroded and reconstructed beaches above sea level, use Table 2).
6. Count the number of rectangles which are crossed by the eroded and reconstructed
beaches above sea level, use Table 2).
Interval (ft) Number of complete
rectangles (Question 5)
Number of crossed
rectangles (Question 6)
50-75
75-100
100-125
125-150
150-175
175-200
200-225
225-250
250-275
275-300
300-325
325-350
350-375
375-400
Total rectangles
Table 2. Worksheet calculation for number or eroded and reconstructed areas
7. Calculate the area, in square feet, of the sand added to the eroded beach in July 1989.
For those rectangles crossed by the profile lines assume an average area of ½ a full
rectangle. Show your calculations for credit.
Beach calculation Total complete rectangles *
25 ft2
(Total crossed rectangles *
25 ft2 ) / 2
Area of sand added (ft2)
8. From the information you just obtained, calculate the volume of sand headed for a 300 ft
length of beach and cubic feet. Show your calculations for credit.
Total area of sand added (ft2)
from Question 7
Total volume of sand(ft3) =
area (ft2) x length of beach (ft)
That Beach Face The sloping part of the beach is a result of wave action upon them billions of sediments which
comprise the shore. The active part of the beach is commonly called the foreshore or beach face.
The angle which the beach face makes with the horizontal is closely related to the size of
sediments making up the beach. The table below it displays this relationship.
One simple way to measure the angle of the beach face is to use some basic trigonometry. A
right triangle is one in which one angle equals 90°. Consider the example below where the
length of side (y) and (x) are known (Figure 3). For this exercise, angle is the angle of the
beach face. To derive angle , it is necessary to use the trigonometric function tangent. Where
tangent = (y/x). Once the value of (y/x) is known, it is then necessary to use the tangent table
(Table 1) to find angle . x is the length of the slope in feet, y is the height of the slope in feet.
Figure 3. A right triangle
Notice that the angle at the beach face is about the same for all three profiles at the park. This is
because the energy conditions have remained the same throughout the period studied.
Exercise 2
Questions:
1. Using your graphed profile, calculate the angle of each beach face at John U. Lloyd Park
using the tangent table below (Table 3). Show your calculations for credit.
Beach slope May-89 Jul-89 Jul-91 Average
Length of slope (x) ft
Height of slope (y) ft
Tan (y/x)
Angle (degree)
Table 3. Tangent table
2. Calculate the average particle size of sand that would be expected there using Table 4.
Note: You may have to estimate particle size. For example, if the slope is 21º then the
particle size would be cobble. If the slope was 19º then the particle size would be
pebble.
Particle size: _________________________
Wentworth particle size Millimeters Mean slope
Cobble 64 - 256 24º
Pebble 4 - 64 17º
Granule 2 - 4 11º
Very coarse sand 1 - 2 9º
Coarse sand 0.5 - 1 7º
Medium sand 0.25 - 0.5 5º
Fine sand 0.125 - 0.25 3º
Very fine sand 0.063 - 0.125 1º
Table 4. Wentworth particle sizes
Exercise 3 (Optional) Go to John U. Lloyd Beach in Dania Beach, FL. It costs $6.00 to get into the park. You
can do a search on the web for directions. To get the extra credit you must:
o Take a picture of yourself at the beach in front one of the signs by the pavilions
o Take at least two other pictures of the beach profile
Resize the pictures. If they are too big they can’t be submitted.
o Write a brief description of the beach, its profile, and your visit.
o Estimate the particle size of the sand; how did you come up with that particle
size? Describe what you could do to get a more precise particle size?