B.Ed.

BLOCK 1

UNIT 3

Disciplinary Knowledge:Characteristics

Mrs. Rashmi Trivedi

M.Sc(Geology), M.Ed.,M.Phill(Education)

Victoria College of Education,Bhopal

Mobile no. 9424414100

E-mail the_rashmi@yahoo.com

bdkbZ 3 vuq’kklukRed Kku & fo’ks"krk,W

lajpuk

3-1 izLrkouk

3-2 mn~ns’;

3-3 vuq’kklukRed Kku & fo’ks"krk,W

3-4- lkoZHkkSfedrk

3-4-1 lkoZHkkSfedrk dh fo'ks"krk,¡

3-4-2 y?kq ls o`gr ijEijk LFkkukarj.k

3-5 oLrqfu"Brk

3-5-1 oLrqfu"Brk dk vFkZ

3-5-2 oLrqfu"Brk dh vko';drk

3-5-3 oLrqfu"Brk izkIr djus ds lk/ku vFkok fof/k;k¡

3-6 ewY;

3-6-1 ewY; dk vFkZ

3-6-2 ewY; dh vo/kkj.kk

3-6-3 ewY;ksa dk oxhZdj.k

3-6-4 ewY; fu"i{krk@rVLFkrk

3-7 laLÑfr

3-7-1 laLÑfr dk vFkZ

3-7-2 laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk

3-7-3 laLÑfr fu"i{krk @rVLFkrk

3-8 voS;fDrdrk

3-9 lR;kiu vkSj Áek.k

3-10 lkjka’k

3-11 fparu ds fy, iz’u

3-12 Áxfr dh tkap ds fy, mRrj

3-13 lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

3-1 izLrkouk

vuq’kklukRed Kku ,d egRoiw.kZ ,oa tfVy {ks= gSA bldh egRrk blfy, Hkh

vf/kd gS] D;ksafd vk/kqfud lekt esa Kku fdz;k vk/kkfjr djus ij tksj fn;k tk

jgk gSA vuq’kklukRed Kku dk lEcU/k vf/kxe Áfdz;k dh ,slh ;qfDr;ksa ls gS

ftuds QyLo:Ik ckydksa dks vius oSKkfud fdz;kdyki oLrq dk Ás{k.k djus vkSj

mlds lkFk ikjLifjd fdz;k djus ds volj feyrs gS vkSj bl Ádkj ls fofHHku

Ádkj dh n{krk,W Hkh ÁkIr dj ysrs gSA bl Kku dh lgk;rk ls ckyd fdlh

fu;e] fl}kar] oLrq vkfn ds ckjs esa ifjfpr gks tkrk gS vkSj bldk Á;ksx og

fofHHku n{krkvksa] dkS’ky ,oa fopkjksa dks fodflr djus esa djrk gSA vUrr% bldk

mn~s’; lkFkZd vkSj Bksl KkuktZu gSA blds QyLo:Ik lesfdr v?;;u laHko gSA

oSKkfud i}fr] leL;k lek/kku i}fr] vuq’kklukRed i}fr lHkh ,d nwljs ds

Ik;kZ;okph gSA

3]2 mn~ns’;

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i’pkr vki &

vuq’kklukRed Kku dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsaA

vuq’kklukRed Kku dh fo’ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsaA

lkoZHkkSfedrk ds fopkj vkSj vFkZ dks le> ldsaxsA

oLrqfu"Brk ds vFkZ vkSj egRo dks le> ldsaxsA

ekuo thou esa ewY;ksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj izHkko dk foospu dj ldsaxsA

ekuo thou esa laLÑfr dh Hkwfedk vkSj izHkko dk foospu dj ldsaxsA

3-3 lkoZHkkSfedrk

lkoZHkkkSfedrk dh vo/kkj.kk LFkkuh;dj.k dh vo/kkj.kk ds foijhr gSA ’kkfCnd

n`f"V ls lkoZHkkSfedrk dk vk'k; fdlh laLd`fr fo'ks"krk dk izR;sd LFkku esa izlkj

gksuk gSA eSfde esfj;V us lkoZHkkSfedrk dh izfØ;k dk mYys[k fdlh ,slh fLFkfr

ds fy, fd;k gS] ftlesa LFkkuh; ,ao y?kq ijEijkvksa ls /khjs^&/khjs cgqy ijEijk dk

fuekZ.k gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh lekt ds lkaLd`frd thou dks lqLiLV djus ds fy,

lkoZHkkSehdj.k vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk gSA

lkoZHkkSfedrk dh izfØ;k dk mYys[k feYVu flaxj ,oa jkoVZ jsMQhYM us fd;k FkkA

ckn esa bldk iz;ksx eSfde esfj;V us y?kq ijEijk ,oa o`gr~ ijaijk ds ikjLifjd

lEcU/kksa dks Li"V djus ds fy, fd;kA mUgksus Lo;a viuh lEikfnr d`fr ^foyst

bf.M;k* esa fy[kk gS fd] ;g le>us ds fy, fd vDlj izkphu laLd`r deZdk.M]

vlaLd`r deZdk.Mksa dks gVk, fcuk muls D;ksa tqM+ tkrs gSa\ gesa ml izfØ;k dks

le>uk gksxk tks Lons'kh lH;rk ls lEcf/kr gSA

ifjHkk"kk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls Lons'kh lH;rk og gS ftlls lEc) o`gr~ ijEijkvksa dh

mRifRr igys ls fo|eku NksVh ijEijkvksa ds rRoksa ds feyus ls gksrh gSA o`gr~

ijEijkvksa dh bl izfØ;k dks ge lkoZHkkSfedrk] lkoZHkkSehdj.k ;k loZns'khdj.k ds

uke ls tkurs gSaA Li"V gS fd tc LFkkuh; y?kq ;k NksVh ijEijkvksa ds feyus ls

,d cM+h ijEijk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS rFkk mudk foospu /keZxzUFkksa esa dj fy;k

tkrk gS rc laLd`fr ds izlkj dh izfØ;k loZHkkSfedrk dgykrh gSA

esfj;V ds vuqlkj

tc y?kq ijaijk ds rRo ¼nsoh& nsork] laLdkj vkfn½ Åij dh vksj c<+rs gSa vFkkZr~

mudk QSyko dk {ks= foLr`r gks tkrk gS] tc os o`gr~ ijEijk fLFkj rd ig¡qp

tkrs gSa vkSj mudk ewy Lo:Ik ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS] rks bl izfØ;k dks ge

lkoZHkkSehdj.k dgrs gSA^^ LkkoZHkkSfedrk dh izfØ;k dk rkRi;Z o`gr ijEijk dk mu

rRoksa ls fufeZr gksuk gS tks NksVh ijEijkvksa esa igys ls gh fo|eku gksrs gSa rFkk

ftuls o`gr ijEijk,¡ lnSo vkPNkfnr jgrh gSA tc y?kq ijEijk ls lEcf/kUr

lkaLd`frd rRoksa ds QSyko dk {ks= c<+rk tkrk gS rks bl nkSjku mudk Lo:i Hkh

cny tkrk gSaA ;s lkaLd`frd rRo dkykUrj esa /khjs&/khjs o`gr~ ijEijk ds vax cu

tkrs gSA tc y?kq ijEijk ds rRo nsoh nsork] izFkk,¡ laLdkj o`gr~ ijEijk ds Lrj

rd izpfyr gks tkrs gSa vkSj mUgs o`gr~ ijEijk dk gh vax ekuk tkus yxrk gS rks

bl izfØ;k dks lkoZHkkSfedrk ls gh tkurs gSaA

3-4-1 lkoZHkkSfedrk dh fo'ks"krk,¡

1 lkoZHkkSfedrk dh izfØ;k dk fodkl y?kq ,oa o`gr~ ijEijkvksa ds ikjLifjd

lEca/kksa esa gksrk gSA

2- lkoZHkkSfedrk esa y?kq ijEijk,¡ viuk vfLrRo lekIr ugha djrh] oju~ os vius

vfLrRo dks cuk, j[kus ds ckn Hkh vius ls fHkUu ,d ubZ o`gr~ ijEijk dk fuekZ.k

djrh gSA

3- y?kq ,oa o`gr~ nksuksa ijaijk,¡ ifo=rk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls leku :i ls cuh jgrh

gSaA bldk vk'k; gS fd fdlh lekt esa vf/kdka'k O;fä bu ijaijkvksa esa leku :i

ls Hkkx ysrs gSa vkSj nksuksa ls lEc) deZdk.Mksa dks iwjk djuk vfuok;Z ekurs gSaA

4- bl izdkj o`gr~ ijEijk,¡ iw.kZr% uohu fn[kkbZ nsus ds ckn Hkh iwjh rjg uohu

ugha gksrh] cfYd os o`gr~ ijEijk,¡ ewyr% y?k` ijEijkvksa dk gh la'kksf/kr :i gkrh

gSaA

5- lkoZHkkSfedrk LFkkuh; /kkfeZd fo'oklksa ,oa deZdk.Mksa dk O;kid foLrkj gSA

3-4-2 y?kq ls o`gr ijEijk LFkkukarj.k

eSfde eSfj;V us fd'kux<+h ds v/;;u }kjk ;g Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd

;gk¡ nhikoyh ds volj ij xk¡ooklh vius ?kj nhokj ij pkoy ds vkVs ls ,d

izfrek cukrs gSa ftls xzkeh.k Hkk"kk esa ;gk¡ ds fuoklh ^^lkSjrh** dgrs gSaA lkSjrh nsoh

dh iwtk djuk nhikoyh ds fnu ;gk¡ ds xzeh.kksa ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA ;gk¡ lkSjrh

ds vykok y{eh dh iwtk Hkh nhikoyh ij dh tkrh gSA lkSjrh ls lEcfU/kr fo'okl

y?kq ijEijk ls lEcfU/kr gS] ysfdu tc bldk QSyko Åij dh vksj gksrk x;k rks

bl yEch ;k=k esa mldk Lo:i ifjofrZr gks x;k vkSj mlus y{eh dk :i xzg.k

dj fy;kA bl izdkj ,d {ks= fo'ks"k esa izpfyr y?kq ijEijk ¼lkSjrh iwtk½

dgykrk esa o`gr~ ijEijk ¼y{eh iwtk½ esa cny xbZA ;g LFkkukrj.k lkoZHkkSfedrk

dgykrk gSA

viuh izxfr dh tkWp djsa

funsZ’k% v½ vius mRrj izR;sd iz’u ds ckn fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA

o½ vius mRrjksa dh tkWp bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mRrjksa ls djsaA

iz’u&1 lkoZHkkSfedrk dh eq[; fo’ks"krk,W D;k gSa \

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3-5 oLrqfu"Brk

oLrqfu"Brk fdlh v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr og fo'ks"krk gS tks ;FkkFkZ voyksdu ij

vk/kkfjr gksrh gSAtc ge vius /keZ] tkfr iztkfr] fo’okl&{ks= ,oa futh fopkjksa ls

i`Fkd jgdj dksbZ v/;;u djrk gS] rc ,sls v/;;u dks ge oLrqfu"B v/;;u

dgrs gSaA ,sls v/;;u dk mn~ns'; fdlh rF; dh vPNkbZ&cqjkbZ vFkok mlls

lEcfU/kr mfpr vkSj vuqfpr dks ns[kuk ugha gksrk cfYd RkF;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk

gksrk gSA bl izdkj muds okLrfod :i esa izo`fRr rFkk oSKkfud iz;kl dh

la;qDrrk dks gh ge oLrqfu"Brk ds vFkZ ds :i esa Li"V djrs gSaA

3-5-1 oLrqfu"Brk dk vFkZ

xzhu ¼A.W.Green½ ds 'kCnksa esa& ^^oLrqfu"Brk fu"i{k :i ls fdlh rF; dk ijh{k.k

djus dh bPNk vkSj ;ksX;rk gSA ** bl dFku ls Li"V gksrk gS fd oLrqfu"Brk ,d

,slh fos'ks"krk gS ftlesa fu"i{k v/;;u dh bPNk vkSj ;ksX;rk nksuksa dk gksuk

vko';d gSA bPNk* dk rkRi;Z fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dks ;FkkFkZ :i ls izLrqr djus dh

bPNk ls gS tcfd *;ksX;rk* dk lEca/k O;fDrfu"Brk dks nwj j[kus dh dq'kyrk ls

gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd ,d v/;;udrkZ tc dq'kyrkiwoZd rF;ksa dks muds ;FkkFkZ

:i esa izLrqr djrk gS rc blh fo'ks"krk dks ge oLrqfu"Brk dgrs gSaA

Qs;j pkbYM ¼Fair Child½ ds vuqlkj & ^^ oLrqfu"Brk dk vfHkizk; ,d ,slh ;ksX;rk

ls gS ftlds }kjk vuqla/kkudrkZ Lo;a dks mu n'kkvksa ls i`Fkd~ j[k lds ftldk

fd og Lo;a ,d vax gS rFkk fdlh rjg ds yxko vFkok Hkkouk ds LFkku ij

i{kikrjfgr vkSj iwokZxzgksa ls eqDr rdksZ ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu rF;ksa dks muds

LokHkkfod :i esa ns[k ldsA**

mi;qZDr dFkuksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ?kVukvksa dks LokHkkfod :i esa ns[kuk gh

oLrqfu"Brk dk okLrfod vk/kkj gSA oLrqfu"Brk ds vHkko esa fdlh Hkh v/;;u dks

oSKkfud ugha dgk tk ldrk pkgs og okã :i ls fdruk gh Je&lk/; vkSj

vkd"kZd izrhd D;ksa u gksrk gksA

3-5-2 oLrqfu"Brk dh vko';drk

oLrqfu"Brk ds vFkZ ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fdlh Hkh oSKkfud v/;;u ds fy,

oLrqfu"Brk lcls vf/kd vko';d ,oa egRoiw.kZ rF; gSA blds fcuk fdlh v/;;u

dk dksbZ Hkh oSKkfud ewY; ugha jg tkrkA okLro esa oSKkfud v/;;u dk

vk/kkjHkwr mn~ns'; ,d loZHkkSfed fu"d"kZ izkIr djuk gksrk gS tks oLrqfu"Brk ds

}kjk gh lEHko gSA

1 ;FkkFkZ Kku dh izkfIr ds fy,

;g lp gS fd izR;sd v/;;u dk mn~ns'; dqN fo'ks"k rF;ksa dk okLrfod Kku

izkIr djuk gksrk gS ysfdu lkekftd ?kVukvksa ds lUnHkZ esa bl izo`fr dh

vko';drk dgha vf/kd gSA lkekftd vuqla/kkuksa esa oLrqfu"Brk ds }kjk gh ;FkkFkZ

vkSj mi;ksxh Kku dk lap; djuk lEHko gSA lkekftd ifjorZu ds dkj.k vkt

fofHkUu lkekftd ?kVukvksa ,oa ewY;ksa esa rhozrk ls ifjorZu gks jgs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa

,d oLrqfu"B n`f"Vdks.k viukdj gh ledkyhu n'kkvksa ls lEcfU/kr ;FkkFkZ Kku

izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2 oSKkfud i)fr ds lQy iz;ksx ds fy,

oLrqfu"Brk vkSj oSKkfud i)fr ,d gh flDds ds nks igyw gSaA ,d ds fcuk nwljs

dh dYiuk fujFkZd gSA blhfy, oSKkfud i)fr dh izFke 'krZ oLrqfu"Brk gS vkSj

bldh izkfIr oLrqfu"B i)fr ds }kjk gh lEHko gSA vr% ;fn gekjk mn~ns';

oSKkfud i)fr dk lQy iz;ksx gS rks vius v/;;u esa oLrqfu"Brk ykus dk iz;Ru

gesa djuk gh gksxkA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd ;fn v/;;u&dk;Z esa oLrqfu"B

n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk;k x;k rks lR; dh [kkst dfBu gksus ij Hkh vlEHko ;k nwj

dk liuk ugha jg tk;sxhA ij ;fn oLrqfu"B n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk;k ugha x;k rks

dsoy oSKkfud i)fr gesa lR; fu"d"kZ rd ugha igq¡pk ldsxhA

3 lkekU; HkzkfUr;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy,

ekuo dh ;g izo`fRr gS fd og vius lkekU; Kku ds vk/kkj ij gh cgqr Hkzeksa dks

fodflr dj ysrk gS ;Fkk fofHkUu izdkj ds O;ogkjksa dks le>us ds fy, vius

fo'oklksa dks gh fu.kkZ;d ekurk jgrk gSA,slh lHkh HkzkfUr;ksa dks dsoy oLrqfu"B

v/;;uksa ls izkIr fu"d"kksZ ds }kjk gh nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]

vHkh rd ;g ,d lkekU; HkzkfUr Fkh fd vUrtkZrh; fookgksa ls mRiUu lUrkusa ew[kZ]

vdq'ky] vfoosdh ;Fk dHkh& dHkh viax gksrh gSA blds foijhr tc oSKkfud

fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr oLrqfu"B v/;;u fd;s x;s rks ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk fd

vUrtkZrh; fookgksa ls mRiUu lUrkusa mu ekrk & firk ds cPpksa ls vf/kd ;ksX;

,oa dq'ky gksrh gSa ftUgksusa viuh tkfr esa fookg fd;k gksA

4 vuqla/kku ds u;s {ks=ksa dks fodflr djus ds fy,

,d v/;;udrkZ tc oLrqfu"B n`f"Vdks.k viukdj v/;;u dk;Z djrk gS rks vusd

,sls egRoiw.kZ rF; izkIr gks tkrs gSa ftu ij igys dHkh fopkj ugha fd;k x;k FkkA

;|fi ,sls rF;ksa dk vukoj.k djuk v/;;udrkZ dk mn~ns'; ugha gksrk ysfdu rks

Hkh mls vkdfLed :i ls ,sls rF; izkIr gks tkrs gSaA blls vuqla/kku ds vusd

u;s {ks= Li"V gksrs gSa rFkk fofHkUu v/;;udrkZvksa dks mudk O;kid :i ls

v/;;u djus dk volj izkIr gks tkrk gSA lp rks ;g gS fd oLrqfu"Brk ds

vk/kkj ij ge Kku ds {ks= esa ftruk vkxs c<rs tkrs gSa gesa vusd uohu ysfdu

egRoiw.kZ rF; izkIr gksrs jgrs gSA

5 fu"i{k fu"d"kksZa dh izkfIr ds fy,

lkekftd vuqal/kku esa oLrqfu"Brk dh loZizFke vko';drk o mldk egRo ;g gS

fd blds fcuk fu"i{k fu"d"kksZa rd igq¡puk vuqla/kkudrkZ ds fy, dnkfi laHko

ughaA oLrqfu"Brk dk vFkZ gh gS i{kikrjfgr gksdj ?kVukvksa dh okLrfodrkvksa dks

<+aw< fudkyukA vr% ;ksX; fu"d"kksZa rd igq¡puk vuqla/kkudrkZ ds fy, rc rd

lEHko ugha gksrk rc rd mlesa oLrqfu"B v/;;u ;k vuqla/kku djus dh {kerk u

gksA bl vFkZ esa oLrqfu"Brk og lk/ku gS ftuds }kjk lkekftd ?kVukvksa ds

lEcU/k esa oSKkfud fu"d"kZ izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6 rF;ksa ds lR;kiu ds fy, vko';d

oSKkfud v/;;u dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk mldh lR;kiu'khyrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z

gS fd fdlh Hkh ,sls v/;;u dks oSKkfud ugha dgk tk ldrk ftlls izkIr rF;ksa

dh iquiZjh{kk u dh tk ldrh gksA v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr fu"d"kZ ;fn ;FkkFkZ gksa rks

mudh fdlh Hkh le; iquiZjh{kk djds mudk lR;kiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls

Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekftd vuqla/kku esa oLrqfu"Brk blfy, Hkh vko';d gS

ftlls lEcf/kUr fu"d"kksZa dk dksbZ Hkh vU; v/;;udrkZ lRFkkiu dj ldsA

3-5-3 oLrqfu"Brk izkIr djus ds lk/ku vFkok fof/k;k¡

vius vuqHkoksa rFkk vUos"k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij lkekt'kkfL=;ksa us mu vusd lk/kuksa dk

irk yxk fy;k gS ftuds }kjk lkekftd ?kVukvksa ds v/;;u esa Hkh oLrqfu"Brk

izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA dgk tk ldrk gS fd oLrqfu"B jgus dh bPNk vkSj

oLrqfUk"B djus esa iz;Ru'khy djuk bl fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ gSA rVLFk jgus dh

bPNk dk LkEcU/k Lo;a vuqla/kkudrkZ ls gS vkSj mudh vfHkO;fDr bl :i esa gksrh

gS fd vuqla/kkudrkZ Lo;a oLrqfu"Brk dh izkfIr ds fy, lpsr jgrk gSA mlds fy,

leLr O;fDrxr jkx&}s"k] fopkj ewY;] i{kikr] feF;k&>qdko vkfn ls gj ix ij

cprk gSA nwljh vksj] oLrqfu"Brk izkIr djus dk iz;Ru bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd

mldk v/;;u vf/kdkf/kd oLrqfu"B gks ldsA bu bPNkvksa rFkk iz;Ruksa dks gh mu

lk/kuksa ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fd lkekftd vuqla/kku esa

oLrqfu"Brk dh izkfIr ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA

1 vo/kkj.kkvksa dk ekuohdj.k

lekftd ?kVukvksa ds v/;;u esa vusd ,sls egRoiw.kZ 'kCnksa vFkok vo/kkj.kkvksa dk

mi;ksx gksrk gS ftudk vFkZ Li"V u gksus ls lEiw.kZ v/;;u nks"kiw.kZ cu tkrk gSA

fofHkUu vo/kkj.kvksa dk vFkZ Li"V u gksus ls 'kks/kdrkZ lwpuknkrk ,oa lkekU;

O;fDr mldk vyx&vyx vFkZ yxkus yxrs gS*A fofHkUu 'kCnksa vkSj /kkj.kkvksa dks

tc ,d lqfuf'pr :i IkzkIr gks tkrk gS rks lHkh 'kks/kdrkZ lwpuknkrk vkSj

foospudrkZ mudk leku vFkksZa esa mi;ksx djrs gSa ftlds QyLo:i v/;;u esa

oLrqqqqfUk"Brk vkus dh lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA

2 lkewfgd vuqla/kku

'kks/kdrkZ esa O;fDrxr vfHkufr dks nwj djus rFkk oLrqfu"Brk izkIr djus esa

lkewfgd vuqla/kku dk Hkh fo'ks"k egRo gS lkewfgd v/;;u izeq[k :i ls nks izdkj

ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA izFke ,d gh lEkL;k dk fdlh fo'ks"k v/;;u&i)fr }kjk

vkSj nks ;k vf/kd 'kks/kdrkZvksa }kjk v/;;u fd;k tk; vkSj ckn esa os ,d&nwljs

dh lgk;rk ls vfUre fu"d"kksZa dks izLrqr djsaA ,slh fof/k ls O;fDrfu"Brk ls

lEcfU/kr nks"kksa dh lEHkkouk cgqr de jg tkrh gS nwljk rjhdk ;g gS fd ,d gh

izdkj dh lEkL;k dk nks ;k nks ls vf/kd vuqla/kkudrkZvksa }kjk vyx&vyx&

fojks/kkHkklksa dks nwj djds ,d lekU; fu"d"kZ izLrqr fd;k tk;A

3 iz;ksxfl) i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx

v/;;u esa oLrqfu"Brk ykus dk loZizeq[k o mYys[kuh; lk/ku ;g gS fd lEiw.kZ

v/;;u dk;Z esa dgha Hkh dkYifud ;k nk'kZfud vFkok vk/;kfRed fopkjksa dks dksbZ

Hkh LFkku u nsdj dsoy iz;ksx flf) if)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

iz;ksxfl) i)fr ls gekjk rkRi;Z v/;;u dh ,slh iz.kkyh ls gS tks fd okLrfod

fujh{k.k lqfuf'pr rF; ifjek.kRed vkadM+ks rFkk Bksl izek.kksa ij vk/kkfjr gks vkSj

loZizdkj ls xq.kkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls fcYdqy ijs gksA iz;ksxfl) iz.kkyh O;fDr ds

O;fDrxr fopkjksa Hkkoukvksa] vkn'kksZa] ewY;ksa ;k ekun.Mksa ij fo'okl ugha djrh gS

vkSj u gh bUgha ds vk/kkj ij vius fu"d"kksZa dks izHkkfor gksus nsrh gSA

4 vuqlwph ,oa iz'ukoyh izfof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx

oLrqfu"B vuqla/kku ds fy, ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd ge vius vuqla/kku& dk;Z esa

mu izfof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djs ftuesa i{kikr rFkk feF;k&>qdko ds izos'k dh

lEHkkouk;sa U;wure gksA fujh{k.k i)fr esa bl izdkj dh lEHkkouk vf/kd gksrh gSaA

vr% iz'ukoyh ,oa vuqlwph izfof/k;ksa dks vf/kd fuHkZj ;ksX; ekuk x;k gSA buesa

dqN izekf.kr iz'u gksrs gSa ftudk mRrj lwpuknkrkvksa dks nsuk gksrk gSA vr% Lo;a

vuqla/kkudrkZ dk i{kikr rFkk feF;k&>qdko blesa vf/kd gLr{ksi ugha dj ikrk gS

blds flok fd iz'uksa dks gh og rksM+ ejksM+dj iz'ukoyh esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

os lHkh ekuohd`r gksrs gSA

5 nSo fun'kZu i)fr dk mi;ksx

oLrqfu"Brk izkfIr esa ,d dfBukbZ nks"kiw.kZ <ax ls fun'kZuksa dk pquko djus ds

dkj.k Hkh mRiUu gksrh gSA viuh fdlh iwoZ/kkj.kk ;k i{kikr ds dkj.k

vuqla/kkudrkZ ,sls fun'kZuksa dks pqurk gS tks fd ml ?kVuk dk okLrfod

izfrfuf/kRo ugha djrsA bl nks"k ls cpus d ds fy, nSo fun'kZu i)fr dk mi;ksx

ykHkizn fl) gksrk gSA

6 vUrj& vuq'kklfud fof/k dk iz;ksx

lkekftd ?kVukvksa ds xgu] fu"i{k rFkk ;FkkFkZ v/;;u ds fy, vktdy vUrj

vuq'kklfud fof/k dks cgqr mi;ksxh le>k tkus yxk gSA ;g og fof/k gS ftlds

}kjk fdlh leL;k ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dk v/;;u fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds fo}kuksa }kjk

ikjLifjd lg;ksx ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn fdlh lEkL;k ds

vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] lkekftd rFkk euksoSKkfud i{kksa dk v/;;u Øe'k%

vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa] jktuhfr'kkfL=;ksa] lekt'kkfL=;ksa rFkk euksoSKkfudksa }kjk fey &

tqydj fd;k tk; rc ge bl i)fr dks vUrj&vuq'kklfud fof/k dgrs gSaA

7 fefJr lkaLd`fr mikxe dk mi;ksx

tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd lkaLd`frd lewgksa vFkok {ks=ksa ds fo'ks"kK feydj fdlh

,d gh LFkku ij ,d fo'ks"k lEkL;k dk v/;;u djrs gSa] rc bls fefJr

lkaLd`frd mikxe dgk tkrk gSA ;fn ,d v/;;udrkZ mlh lkaLd`frd lewg dk

lnL; gks ftldk og v/;;u dj jgk gS rks og dgha vf/kd rVLFk jgdj ;FkkFkZ

rF;ksa dks ,df=r dj ldrk gSA

viuh izxfr dh tkWp djsa

funsZ’k% v½ vius mRrj izR;sd iz’u ds ckn fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA

o½ vius mRrjksa dh tkWp bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mRrjksa ls djsaA

iz’u&1 oLrqfu"Brk dh vko';drk D;ksa gSa \

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3-6 ewY;

vkt lekt esa ewY;ksa dk àkl O;fDr lekt vkSj jk"Vª ds fy, ,d xa“hj leL;k

gSA ;fn O;fDrRo dk lexz fodkl djuk gS] lekt esa lR; ]Áse ]lg;ksx]

lgkuq“wfr] lfg".kqrk]cU/kqRo dk okrkoj.k iSnk djuk gS] jk"Vª dh j{kk djuh gS]mldh

,drk vkSj v[kaMrk cuk, j[kuh gS o vkfZZFkZd le`f} tkuh gS rks eqY;ksa ds egRo dks

ÁR;sd O;fDr dks u dsoy le>uk gksxk oju~ mUgs vius thou esa mrkjuk “h

gksxkA euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k gh mls vU; thoksa ls

i`Fkd djrh gSA lekt ds fu;e] vkn'kZ vFkok ekun.M tc O;fDr var%dj.k ls

vFkok fo'okl ds :i esa Lohdkj djrk gS] rks mUgsa ewY; dh laKk nh tkrh gSA

3-6-1 ewY; dk vFkZ

ewY; 'kCn dh mRifRr laLd`r Hkk"kk dh *ewy* /kkrq ls ^;r~* izR;; dks tksM+dj gqbZ

gSA bldk vFkZ gS & dher] egRo] ;ksX;rk] mÙkerk] ikfjJfed vkfnA vaxszth esa

"Value" ysfVu Hkk"kk ds value ls cuk gSA ewY; 'kCn dk vFkZ mÙke] Js"B] lqUnj

;k ojh;rk ls gSA ,sls dk;Z] fopkj] xq.k] xfrfof/k;k¡ ;k oLrq ftls ge nwljksa dh

rqyuk esa Js"B le>rs gSa] ewY; gSA

ewY; og gS tks ekuo bPNk dks iwjk djrk gSA thfor jgus ds fy, bPNk,¡S iwjh

djuh iMrh gSa] ijarq ge thfor D;ksa jguk pkgrs gSa \ blds mRrj esa ge vius

thou ds dqN y{; ;k mn~ns’; crk,¡xs] ftuds fy, ge thrs gSaA ,d O;fDr

dgrk gS fd dyk dh lk/kuk ds fy,] nwljk dgrk gS fd og lR; dh [kkst ds

fy, ] rhljk dgrk gS og bZ’oj dh ÁkfIr ds fy, thfor jguk pkgrk gSA

Mhoh ds ’kCnksa esa]

ÞewY; vkUrfjd :i ls ilUn ls lEcfU/kr ugha gS] cfYd dsoy mUgh ls

lEcfU/kr gS] ftudks fd fu.kZ; dk lEcfU/kr gS] tks fd ml lEcU/k dh ijh{kk ds

ckn fn;k tkrk gS]ftl ij oLrq fu“Zj djrh gSAß

3-6-2 ewY; dh vo/kkj.kk

ewY; dh vo/kkj.kk euq"; ds izR;sd pquko] fu'p;] fu.kZ; rFkk dk;Z esa fo|eku gSA

tc ge nks oLrqvksa ;k euksjFkksa esa pquko djrs gSa ]rks ml euksjFk dks izkIr djus

dk fu'p; djrs gS] tks vf/kd Js"B gS vkSj blh fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj thou esa dk;Z

djrs gSA bl pquko] fu.kZ; rFkk fu'p; esa mu oLrqvksa ;k euksjFkksa ds ewY; dh

vo/kkj.kk fNih gSA ÁR;sd O;fDr vius thou esa Áfrfnu ,sls fu.kZ; djrk jgrk

gSA ;s fu.kZ; mls gj dne ij djus iMrs gSa vU;Fkk mlds fy, gj dk;Z djuk

dfBu gks tkrk gSaA og ,d dk;Z ;k oLrq dks ilan djrk gS rFkk nwljh dks

ukilan ],d O;fDr dh Á’kalk djrk gS rFkk nwljs dh fuank djrk gSsssss]og ,d dk;Z

dks ’kq“ ekurk gS vkSj nwljs dks v’kq“],d fof/k dks Bhd nwljh dks xyr le>rk

gS] ,d n`’; dks lqanj vkSj nwljs dks vlqanj dgrk gSaA

'kS'ko esa cPps dk eu ,dne fueZy gksrk gS] u rks blesa dhpM+ gksrk gS vkSj u gh

tydaqHkh] mldk eu lkQ LQfVd gksrk gSA vkt ds cPps Hkfo"; ds ukxfjd gS]

;fn muesa vHkh ls vPNs laLdkj feysxsa rks og gekjh lkaLd`frd /kjksgj]

yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa] /keZ fujis{krk dh Hkkouk] lkekftd lejlrk ds fy, gj laHko

ps"Vk djsxkA 'kkafr] lgp;Z vkSj fo'o dY;k.k mlds vkn'kZ gksaxsA

3-6-3 ewY;ksa dk oxhZdj.k

ewY; nks Ádkj ds gksrs gSa&

1 vkarfjd vFkok Lor% Ásfjr

2 ckº; vFkok ijr% Ásfjr

Tksk ewY; vU; ewY;ksa ds fy, lk?ku ek= fxus tkrs gSa vFkok mudh ÁkfIr esa

lgk;d gksrs gSa] os ckº; vFkok ijr% Ásfjr dgykrs gSa] tSls Òkstu ls LokLF;

vPNk gksrk gS] vr% Òkstu ckº; vFkok lgk;d ewY; vkSj LokLF; vkarfjd ewY;

dgk tk ldrk gSA dÒh &dÒh ,d gh oLrq lgk;d ewY; ,oa vkUrfjd ewY; j[k

ldrh gS]fdUrq Lora= n`f"V ls ns[kus esa og Lo;a Òh ’kqÒ gks ldrh gSA vk/kqfud

dky esa ewY;&’kkL=osŸkkvksa esa vf/kdka’k yksxksa dk er nksuksa dk vfLrRo Lohdkj

djrk gS] fdUrq vkUrfjd ,oa lgk;d ewY;ksa dk vfLrRo Lohdkj djrk gS] fdUrq

vkUrfjd ewY;ksa dks ÁkFkfed vkSj lgk;d ewY;ksa dks }Sfrd vFkok xkS.k ekurk gSA

ewY;ksa dk oxhZdj.k dbZ izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA mijksDr lHkh oxhZdj.k esa ,d

oxZ dk ewY; nwljs oxZ ls foijhr gSA blh dj.k lHkh oxksZa ds ewY; nks fojks/kh oxksZa

esa fn[kyk;s x;s gSaAvr% iz'u ;g gS fd la[;k fdruh gS\ vcZu ds vuqlkj ekuoh;

ewY; vkB gS&

1- 'kkjhfjd ewY;% buls 'kkjhfjd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gS] vr% bUgsa 'kkjhfjd

ewY; dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] Hkkstu] oL=A

2- vkfFkZd ewY;% buls euq"; dh vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gS] tSls /ku]

lEifŸk vkfn dk vkfFkZd ewY; gSA

3- euksjatu dk ewY;% buls euq"; dk eu cgyko gksrk gS] vkeksn&izeksn izkIr gksrk

gS] [ksy&dwn vkfnA

4- lkgp;Z ewY;% buls euq"; esa ,d lkFk jgus dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gS tSls

fe=rkA

5- pkfjf=d ewY;% buds }kjk ekuo vkpj.k dk Kku izkIr gksrk gSA tSls] lPpkbZ o

bZekunkjhA

6- lkSUn;Z&cks/kd ewY;% buls fdlh oLrq dh lqUnjrk dk cks/k gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ]

dyk&Ñfr dk ewY; lkSUn;Zcks/kd gSA

7- ckSf)d ewY;% buls euq"; dh ckSf)d miyfC/k dk irk pyrk gSA tSls] Kku dk

ewY; ckSf)d gSA

8- /kkfeZd ewY;% bu ewY;ksa dk lEcU/k /kkfeZd Hkkouk ls gSA bZ'oj] vkRek] LoxZ

vkfn /kkfeZd ewY; gSaA

3-6-4 ewY; fu"i{krk@rVLFkrk

orZeku lalkj ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh deh ds dkj.k xaHkhj ladV dh fLFkfr ls xqtj

jgk gSA izkphu dky dh f'k{kk ijaijk esa ewY;ksa dks laof/kZr dj vkpk;Z f'k";ksa dks

f'k{kk iznku fd;k djrs Fks ijarq orZeku le; esa ewY;ksa dh xaHkhj vogsyuk dh tk

jgh gS ftlls mHkjrs Nk= o f'k{kd nksuksa esa pkfjf=d dyq"krk Li"V n`f"Vxkspj gks

jgk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lHkh f'k{kk vk;ksxksa us f'k{kk esa vk/;kfRedrk ,oa ewY;ksa

dh vfuok;Zrk dks Lohdkj dj fy;k gSA

ÁR;sd O;fDr vius fy, ,d ewY; Á.kkyh j[krk gS] ftlesa thou ds ewY; ,oa

mudks cf<;k ;k ?kfV;k Bgjkus dk fl}kar fo/keku gSA ÁR;sd lekt esa lÒh

O;fDr ds ewY; ,d tSls ugha gksrs gSaA O;fDr ds fofHkUu ewY;ksa ds ÁkFkfedrk dze

esa ,d O;oLFkk gksrh gSA fdlh ifjfLFkfr esa O;fDr ds nks ;k vf?kd ewY;ksa esa fojks?k

Hkh gks ldrk gSA O;fDr dks vius thou esa dbZ ckj ,sls }a}ks dk lkeuk djuk

iMrk gSA vusd ckj og Bhd Ádkj ls budk lkeuk ugha dj ikrk gS] D;ksafd

fojks?kh ewY; ds Áfr mldh vkLFkk vkSj ÁkFkfedrk fu.kZ; ysus esa ck/kd gksrk gSA

ewY; fu"i{krk@rVLFkrk vUrjoS;fDrd rFkk vUr% oS;fDrd nksuksa Ádkj ds gks

ldrs gSA nks fojks?kh ijarq Ácy bPNkvksa ds dkj.k O;fDr Lo;a dks nks O;ogkj djus

ds fy, f[kapk lk vuqHko djrk gSA euq"; dh ;g fLFkfr ;Fkk’kh?kz lekIr djus dk

Á;kl djuk pkfg, vU;Fkk O;fDr dk lek;kstu o O;ogkj ÁHkkfor gksrk gSA

Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk dk cgkuk cukdj ewY; fujis{k f’k{kk dk ukjk fn;k x;kA

ns’k esa fo/kVudkjh rRo vkt igys ls dgha vf/kd gSA ;qok ih<h fo?oalkRed dk;ksZa

esa tqVh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA lekt ds ewY; {k.kHkaxqj gks x, gSaA f’k{kk Á.kkyh euq"; esa

jkx] }s"k] g"kZ] ’kksd mRiUu dj jgh gSA ;s gh ewY;ksa dk ál gksus dk Áeq[k dkj.k

gSA f’k{kk u rks euq"; esa vkRefu;a=.k] u gh Lok?;k; dk fodkl dj jgh gSA vkt

O;fDr vius dŸkZO;ksa ls foeq[k gks jgk gS mlesa ewY; fu"i{krk@rVLFkrk dh Hkkouk

fodflr gks jgh gSSA ewY; fu"i{krk@rVLFkrk ,d cMh pqukSrh gSA f’k{kk dh i}fr

esa lq/kkj }kjk bls de fd;k tk ldrk gSA

viuh izxfr dh tkWp djsa

funsZ’k% v½ vius mRrj izR;sd iz’u ds ckn fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA

o½ vius mRrjksa dh tkWp bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mRrjksa ls djsaA

iz’u&1 ewY; ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3-7 laLÑfr

vkfn ekuo ÁkjaÒ ls lqlaLÑr ugha Fkk oju~ taxyh i’kq ds leku thou O;rhr

djrk FkkA /khjs&/khjs mlus lH; cuuk lh[kkA bl Ádkj ekuo us tks mPpre

lqlaLÑr O;ogkj djuk ÁkjaÒ fd;kA thou dh fof/k gSA tks Òkstu ge [kkrs gSa]

vkSj ftl Òxoku dh ge iwtk djrs gSa] ;s lÒh laLÑfr ds i{k gSaA ljy ’kCnksa esa

ge dg ldrs gSa fd laLÑfr ml fof/k dk Árhd gS ftlds ckjs esa ge lksprs gSaA

3-7-1 laLÑfr dk vFkZ

laLÑfr dks vaxzsth esa *dYpj^ dgrs gSaA *dYpj^ ysfVu Òk"kk ds *dYpl^ ls fy;k

x;k gS ftldk vFkZ gS tksruk] fodflr djuk ;k iwtk djukA la{ksi esa fdlh oLrq

dks ;gkW rd laLdkfjr vkSj ifj"Ñr djuk fd mldk vafre mRikn gekjh Á’kalk

vkSj lEeku ÁkIr dj ldsA”;g Bhd mlh rjg gS tSls laLÑr Hkk"kk dk 'kCn

^laLÑfr*A ^laLÑfr* 'kCn laLÑr Hkk"kk dh /kkrq ^Ñ* djuk ls cuk gSA bl /kkrq ls

rhu 'kCn curs gSa ^izÑfr* ¼ewy fLFkfr½ laLÑfr* ¼ifj"Ñr fLFkfr½ vkSj ^foÑfr*

¼voufr fLFkfr½A tc ^izÑr* ;k dPpk eky ifj"Ñr fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g laLÑfr

gks tkrk gS vkSj tc ;g fcxM+ tkrk gS rks ^foÑr* gks tkrk gSA””

””

3-7-2 laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk

laLÑfr ml fof/k dk Árhd gS ftlds ckjs esa ge lksprs gSa vkSj dk;Z djrs gSaA

blesa os lÒh phtsa lfEefyr gSa tks geus ,d lH; lekt ds lnL; ds ukrs ÁkIr

dh gSaA ,d lkekftd oxZ ds lnL; ds :Ik eas ekuoksa dh lÒh miyfC/k;kW laLÑfr

dgh tk ldrh gSaA dyk] laxhr] lkfgR;] okLrq n’kZu] /keZ vkSj foKku lHkh laLÑfr

ds i{k gSa rFkkfi laLÑfr esa jhfrfjokt] ijaijk,W] ioZ] thus ds rjhds vkSj thou ds

fofHkUu i{kksa ij O;fDr fo’ks"k dk viuk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh lfEefyr gSA Hkkjrh; lekt

vkSj laLÑfr dh vusd:irk gksrs gq, Hkh laiw.kZ Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ,d lkaL—frd

{ks= gS vkSj ’krkfCn;ksa ls /kkj.kk,W] laLFkk,W vkSj lk/ku vkfn Ák;% ,d LFkku ls nwljs

LFkku esa vkrs tkrs ÁR;sd pj.k esa cnyrs jgrs gSaA bl izdkj laLÑfr ekuo tfur

i;kZoj.k ls lEcU/k j[krh gS ftlesa lHkh HkkSfrd vkSj vHkkSfrd mRikn ,d ih<+h ls

nwljh ih<+h dks iznku fd;s tkrs gSaA lHkh lekt oSKkfudksa esa ,d lkekU; lgefr gS

fd laLÑfr esa euq";ksa }kjk izkIr lHkh vkUrfjd vkSj ckaá O;ogkjksa ds rjhds lekfgr

gSaA ;s fpg~uksa }kjk Hkh LFkkukUrfjr fd, tk ldrs gSa ftuesa ekuolewgksa dh fof'k"V

miyfC/k;kW Hkh lekfgr gSaA bUgsa f'kYidykÑfr;ksa }kjk ewrZ :Ik iznku fd;k tkrk

gSA vr% laLÑfr dk ewy dsUnz fcUnq mu lw{e fopkjksa esa fufgr gS tks ,d lewg esa

,sfrgkfld :i ls muls lEcU/k ewY;ksa lfgr foosfpr gksrs jgs gSaA laLÑfr og gS

ftlds ek/;e ls yksx ijLij lEizs"k.k djrs gSa] fopkj djrs gSa vkSj thou ds fo"k;

esa viuh vfHko`fUk;ksa vkSj Kku dks fodflr djrs gSaA laLÑfr gekjs thus vkSj lkspus

dh fof/k esa gekjh izÑfr dh vfHkO;Dr gSA

3-7-3 laLÑfr dh lkekU; fo'ks"krk;sa

vc ge dqN lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa dk foospu djsaxs tks laiw.kZ lalkj dh fofHkUu

laLÑfr;ksa esa leku gSa&

1- laLÑfr lh[kh tkrh gS vkSj izkIr dh tkrh gS& vFkkZr~ ekuo ds }kjk laLÑfr dks

izkIr fd;k tkrk gS bl vFkZ esa fd dqN fuf'pr O;ogkj gSa tks tUe ls ;k

vuqokaf'kdrk ls izkIr gksrs gSa] O;fDr dqN xq.k vius ekrk&firk ls izkIr djrk gS

ysfdu lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd O;ogkjksa dks iwoZtksa ls izkIr ugha djrk gSaA os

ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa ls lh[ks tkrs gSa] bUgsa os lewg ls vkSj lekt ls ftlesa os jgrs gSa

muls lh[krs gSaA ;g Li"V gS fd ekuo dh laLÑfr 'kkjhfjd vkSj lkekftd

okrkoj.k ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA ftuds ek/;e ls os dk;Z djrs gSaA

2- laLÑfr yksxksa ds lewg }kjk ck¡Vh tkrh gS& ,d lksp ;k fopkj ;k dk;Z dks

laLÑfr dgk tkrk gS ;fn ;g yksxksa ds lewg ds }kjk ckWVk vkSj ekuk tkrk ;k

vH;kl esa yk;k tkrk gSA

3- laLÑfr lap;h gksrh gS& laLÑfr esa 'kkfey fofHkUu Kku ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h

rd gLrkUrfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls&tSls le; chrrk tkrk gS] T;knk ls

T;knk Kku ml fof'k"V laLÑfr esa tqM+rk pyk tkrk gS] tks thou esa ijs'kkfu;ksa ds

lek/kku ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] ih<+h nj ih<+h vkxs c<+rk jgrk gSA ;g pØ

cnyrs le; ds lkFk ,d fof'k"V laLÑfr ds :i esa cuk jgrk gSA

4- laLÑfr ifjorZu'khy gksrh gS& Kku] fopkj vkSj ijEijk;sa u;h laLÑfr ds lkFk

v|ru gksdj tqM+rs tkrs gSaA le; ds chrus ds lkFk gh fdlh fof'k"V laLÑfr esa

lkaLÑfrd ifjorZu laHko gksrs tkrs gSaA

5- laLÑfr xfr'khy gksrh gS& dksbZ Hkh laLÑfr fLFkj n'kk esa ;k LFkk;h ugha gksrh

gSA tSls le; chrrk gS laLÑfr fujarj cnyrh gS vkSj mlesa u;s fopkj vkSj u;s

dkS'ky tqM+rs pys tkrs gSa vkSj iqjkus rjhdksa esa ifjorZu gksrk tkrk gSA ;g laLÑfr

dh fo'ks"krk gS tks laLÑfr dh lap;h izo`fr ls mRiUu gksrh gSA

3-7-3 laLÑfr fu"i{krk @rVLFkrk

vkt yksxksa us laLÑfr dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckWV j[kk gS] ’kgjh vkSj xzkeh.kA eq[;/kkjk

vkSj mi/kkjkA tutkrh; ,oa vU;A fo’onf"V ls iwjk Hkkjrh; lekt ,d gh gS

ftlesa vusdksa erkUrj gksrs gq, Hkh vkneh dk vkneh ls vkSj vius ifjos’k ls ,d

xgjh vkReh;rk dk lEcU/k gSA ;g lgh gS fd tSu] ckS}] fgUnw erksa dk vk/kkj

i{k yxHkx leku jgk gSSA og ckr bLykfed erksa esa ugha gS ij euq"; er dk

dêj vuq;k;h gksrs gq, Hkh ns’kdky dh lhekvksa vkSj mldh vis{kkvksa ls ckgj Hkh

thrk gSA ;g lR; gS fd loZ/keZ ln~Hkko dh ckr cgqr nwj rd ugha py ikrh gS

blfy, erksa esa rVLFkrk dh ckr ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA

fdlh lekt dk voyksdu djus ds fy, voyksdudrkZ esa Lo;a vius lekt ls

dqN rVLFkrk vko’;d gksrh gS vkSj rVLFkrk ds ÁHkkoh gksus ds fy, mldk Hkkouk

vkSj cqf} nksuksa ls lEcU/k gksuk vko’;d gSA fdlh nwljs lekt esa voyksdu dk;Z

vius lekt ds voyksdu ds fy, rS;kjh dk dk;Z djrk gS ij ;g vR;ar O;;

lk/; gSA fodkl’khy ns’k bruk [kpZ ugha mBk ldsaxsA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lcls

vPNk ;gh gksxk fd r:.k lekt oSKkfud lekt ds fdlh ,sls fgLls esa dke ’kq:

djsa tks muds vius lekt ls fHkUu gksA rhoz Lrjhdj.k O;oLFkk dk ,d ifj.kke

gS] Åijh vkSj fupys lewgksa dh laLÑfr vkSj thou ds fo"k; esa mnklhurk vkSj

Hkkjr tSls fo’kky ns’k esa i;kZIr Áknsf’kd vusd:irk Hkh gSA ;s nksuksa ckrsa fdlh

gn rd Hkkjrh; lekt oSKkfud ds fy, fdlh vtuch lekt esa igyk {ks=

v/;;u djus ds fy, lk/kuksa ds vHkko esa {kfriwfrZ dj nsrh gSaA {ks= dk;Z dbZ

Ádkj dk gksrk gSA fdlh ,d vUos"kd }kjk ,d NksVs ls leqnk; ;k lewg ds xgu

v/;;u ls yxkdj ,d ns’kO;kih losZ{k.k rd ] ftlesa cgqr ls vUos"kd

mRrjnkrkvksa ls okLrfod HksaV dk dke djus ds fy, j[ks x, gksaA os lHkh {ks=

dk;Z ftlesa lekt oSKkfud dk vius ls fHkUu laLFkkvksa ] /kkj.kkvksa vkSj ewY;ksa

okys yksxksa ls fdlh u fdlh Ádkj ds /kfu"B laidZ esa vkuk fufgr gksrk gS]

laLÑfr eqDr@rVLFkrk mRiUu djrk gSA

viuh izxfr dh tkWp djsa

funsZ’k% v½ vius mRrj izR;sd iz’u ds ckn fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA

o½ vius mRrjksa dh tkWp bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mRrjksa ls djsaA

iz’u&1 laLÑfr dk vFkZ o vo/kkj.kk D;k gSa \

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3-8 voS;fDrdrk

vuq’kklukRed Kku dh fo’ks"krkvksa esa voS;fDrdrk Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo’ks"krk gSA

voS;fDrdrk Kku tkuus ls igys voS;fDrdrk dks le>uk vko’;d gSA ÁR;sd

O;fDr ds O;fDrRo xq.kksa esa cgqr vf/kd fofHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA dqN Kku ds {ks+=

esa fo’ks"k :fp Ánf’kZr djrs gSa buds oS;fDrd xq.kksa esa lHkh fo’ks"krk,W ik;h tkrh

gSaA budh lkekfed {ks+= esa fo’ks"k igpku gksrh gSA dqN O;fDr ,sls Hkh gksrs gS tks

cgqr vf/kd voS;fDrd gksrs gSA buesa futrk dk xq.k fo’ks"k ik;k tkrk gSA

voS;fDrd Kku dh ckr dh tk, rks ;g Kku dk ,d ,slk {ks= gS fiNys 20 o"kksZa

iwoZ vKkr Fkk ysfdu n’kZu rFkk Kku ds {ks= esa bldh fo’ks"k igpku gSA voS;fDrd

Kku dh fuf’pr :Ik ls fo’ks"k Áfrc}rk gksrh gSA Kku ds {ks= esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh

O;ofLFkr ,oa fo’ks"k lhek gksrh gSA Kku fo’kq} rFkk Á;qDr nksuksa Ádkj dk gksrk gSA

fo’kq} ls rkRi;Z Kku dks dsoy tkuus ls ugha oju~ le>us ls gSA bl Kku esa

fu;e] fl}kar] o lwpuk,W foLr`r :Ik es fufgr gksrh gSA Á;qDr Kku ls rkRi;Z og

Kku gS eqDr ]O;ofLFkr] ,oa foLrkfjr gksrk gSA ;g Kku fØ;k dks vf/kd egRo

nsrk gSA

3-9 lR;kiu’khyrk vkSj Áek.k

oSKkfud Ik}fr dh lcls cMh fo’ks"krk ;g gS fd blds }kjk fu"d"kZ dk fdlh Òh

le; lR;kiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA okLro esa oSKkfud Ik}fr fdlh Òh O;fDr dh

futh Ik}fr ugha gksrh gSA bldk Á;ksx dksbZ Òh oSKkfud fdlh Òh le; o fdlh

Òh Ádkj ds v/;;u fo"k; dk Kku ÁkIr djus ds fy, dj ldrk gSA blfy,

;fn fdlh oSKkfud dks lansg gks fd fdlh fo"k; ds lEcU/k esa mlds igys ds

fdlh oSKkfud }kjk fudkyk x;k fu"d"kZ Bhd gS vFkok ugha] rks og oSKkfud

Ik}fr viukdj ml fu"d"kZ ds lR;kiu dh tkap ;k iquiZjh{kk dj ldrk gSA

oSKkfud v/;;u dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk mldh lR;kiu'khyrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z

gS fd fdlh Hkh ,sls v/;;u dks oSKkfud ugha dgk tk ldrk ftlls izkIr rF;ksa

dh iquiZjh{kk u dh tk ldrh gksA v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr fu"d"kZ ;fn ;FkkFkZ gksa rks

mudh fdlh Hkh le; iquiZjh{kk djds mudk lR;kiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls

Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekftd vuqla/kku esa oLrqfu"Brk blfy, Hkh vko';d gS

ftlls lEcf/kUr fu"d"kksZa dk dksbZ Hkh vU; v/;;udrkZ lRFkkiu dj ldsA

tsEl ywFkj us fy[kk gS fd ftl i}fr }kjk iquiZjh{kk lEHko ugha] og oSKkfud

Ik}fr ugha gks ldrh] og ;k rks nk’kZfud vFkok dkYifud i}fr gksrh gSA;/kfi

oSKkfud Ik}fr dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ gksrh gS] fQj Hkh blesa dqN dfe;kW gSaA fdlh

Hkh O;ogkj ds v/;;u djus esa pwWfd dbZ rjg ds fMtkbu cu ldrs gSa] ftldh

Ád`fr Hkh dkQh tfVy gksrh gS] vr% =qfV fd, tkus dh laHkkouk lwpukvksa dks

bdB`Bk djrs le; ;k mldh O;k[;k djrs le; ;k mldh O;k[;k djrs le;

dkQh gksrk gSA bl i}fr esa nks ckrksa ij fopkj djuk vko’;d gS&

Áek.k ftu ij /;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA

Áek.kksa dh O;k[;k fdl rjg ls dh tk jgh gSA

fdlh Hkh vkn’kZ ’kks/k ifjfLFkfr esa O;fDr dk Ás{k.k iw.kZr% oLrqfu"B] vuqHkotU;]

Øec}] rFkk fu;af=r gksuk pkfg,] rkfd ftl O;ogkj dk v/;;u fd;k tk jgk gS]

mlds ekiu ,oa Ás{k.k iw.kZr% ;FkkZFk gksA ijarq lPpkbZ ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh v/;;u

vkn’kZ ugha gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh v/;;u fuf’pr :Ik ls FkksMk de ;k T;knk oLrqfu"B

gks ldrk gS] de ;k T;knk vuqHkotU; gks ldrk gS rFkk de ;k T;knk Øec} gks

ldrk gSA

viuh izxfr dh tkWp djsa

funsZ’k% v½ vius mRrj izR;sd iz’u ds ckn fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fy[ksaA

o½ vius mRrjksa dh tkWp bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mRrjksa ls djsaA

iz’u&1 lR;kiu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3-10 bdkbZ lkjka’k

bl bdkbZ esa geus vuq’kklukRed Kku vkSj mldh fo’ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u fd;kA

vuq’kklukRed Kku dk lEcU/k vf/kxe Áfdz;k dh ,slh ;qfDr;ksa ls gS ftuds

QyLo:Ik ckydksa dks vius oSKkfud fdz;kdyki oLrq dk Ás{k.k djus vkSj mlds

lkFk ikjLifjd fdz;k djus ds volj feyrs gS vkSj bl Ádkj ls fofHHku Ádkj

dh n{krk,W Hkh ÁkIr dj ysrs gSA vuq’kklukRed Kku dk fo’ks"krk,W bl Ádkj gSa&

lkoZHkkSfedrk] oLrqfu"Brk] ewY; fu"i{krk@rVLFkrk] laLÑfr fu"i{krk@rVLFkrk]

voS;fDrdrk] lR;kiu’khyrk vkSj Áek.k lkoZHkkSfedrk dk vk'k; fdlh laLd`fr

fo'ks"krk dk izR;sd LFkku esa izlkj gksuk gSA oLrqfu"Brk fdlh v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr

og fo'ks"krk gS tks ;FkkFkZ voyksdu ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSAtc ge vius /keZ] tkfr

iztkfr] fo’okl&{ks= ,oa futh fopkjksa ls i`Fkd jgdj dksbZ v/;;u djrk gS] rc

,sls v/;;u dks ge oLrqfu"B v/;;u dgrs gSaA lekt ds fu;e] vkn'kZ vFkok

ekun.M tc O;fDr var%dj.k ls vFkok fo'okl ds :i esa Lohdkj djrk gS] rks

mUgsa ewY; dh laKk nh tkrh gSA laLÑfr ml fof/k dk Árhd gS ftlds ckjs esa ge

lksprs gSa vkSj dk;Z djrs gSaA blesa os lÒh phtsa lfEefyr gSa tks geus ,d lH;

lekt ds lnL; ds ukrs ÁkIr dh gSaA oSKkfud v/;;u dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk

mldh lR;kiu'khyrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd fdlh Hkh ,sls v/;;u dks oSKkfud

ugha dgk tk ldrk ftlls izkIr rF;ksa dh iquiZjh{kk u dh tk ldrh gksA

3-11 fparu ds fy, iz’u

Á’u 1 oLrqfu"Brk izkIr djus dh fof/k;k¡ D;k gS \

Á’u 2 lkoZHkkkSfedrk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \

Á’u 3 vki dSls dg ldrs gSa fd laLÑfr xfr'khy gSA

Á’u 4 ewY; fu"i{krk@rVLFkrk D;k gS \

3 -12 izxfr dh tkap ds fy, mRrj

iz’u& lkoZHkkSfedrk dh eq[; fo’ks"krk,W D;k gSa \

1 lkoZHkkSfedrk dh izfØ;k dk fodkl y?kq ,oa o`gr~ ijEijkvksa ds ikjLifjd

lEca/kksa esa gksrk gSA

2- lkoZHkkSfedrk esa y?kq ijEijk,¡ viuk vfLrRo lekIr ugha djrhA

3- y?kq ,oa o`gr~ nksuksa ijaijk,¡ ifo=rk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls leku :i ls cuh jgrh

gSaA

4- bl izdkj o`gr~ ijEijk,¡ iw.kZr% uohu fn[kkbZ nsus ds ckn Hkh iwjh rjg uohu

ugha gksrh] cfYd os o`gr~ ijEijk,¡ ewyr% y?k` ijEijkvksa dk gh la'kksf/kr :i gkrh

gSaA

5- lkoZHkkSfedrk LFkkuh; /kkfeZd fo'oklksa ,oa deZdk.Mksa dk O;kid foLrkj gSA

iz’u&* oLrqfu"Brk dh vko';drk D;ksa gSa \

1 ;FkkFkZ Kku dh izkfIr ds fy,

2 oSKkfud i)fr ds lQy iz;ksx ds fy,

3 lkekU; HkzkfUr;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy,

4 vuqla/kku ds u;s {ks=ksa dks fodflr djus ds fy,

5 fu"i{k fu"d"kksZa dh izkfIr ds fy,

6 rF;ksa ds lR;kiu ds fy, vko';d

iz’u& ewY; ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \

tc ge nks oLrqvksa ;k euksjFkksa esa pquko djrs gSa ]rks ml euksjFk dks izkIr djus

dk fu'p; djrs gS] tks vf/kd Js"B gS vkSj blh fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj thou esa dk;Z

djrs gSA bl pquko] fu.kZ; rFkk fu'p; esa mu oLrqvksa ;k euksjFkksa ds ewY; dh

vo/kkj.kk fNih gS

iz’u& laLÑfr dk vFkZ o vo/kkj.kk D;k gSa \

laLÑfr ml fof/k dk Árhd gS ftlds ckjs esa ge lksprs gSa vkSj dk;Z djrs gSaA

blesa os lÒh phtsa lfEefyr gSa tks geus ,d lH; lekt ds lnL; ds ukrs

ÁkIr dh gSaA ,d lkekftd oxZ ds lnL; ds :Ik eas ekuoksa dh lÒh miyfC/k;kW

laLÑfr dgh tk ldrh gSaA

iz’u& lR;kiu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \

;fn fdlh oSKkfud dks lansg gks fd fdlh fo"k; ds lEcU/k esa mlds igys ds

fdlh oSKkfud }kjk fudkyk x;k fu"d"kZ Bhd gS vFkok ugha] rks og oSKkfud

Ik}fr viukdj ml fu"d"kZ ds lR;kiu dh tkap ;k iquiZjh{kk dj ldrk gSA

3-13 lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

fe=k] fo/kkfuokl ¼2000½] unh ukjh vkSj laL—fr] ÁHkkr ifCy’klZ] ubZ fnYyh

dqiqLokeh] ch- ¼2003½] lekt euksfoKku] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh] iapdwyk

f=ikBh] yky cPpu ¼2003½] vk/kqfud lkekftd euksfoKku] ,p-ih- “kxZo cqd

gkml] vkxjk

f=ikBh] jek’kadj ¼2004½] lkekftd ’kks/k ,oa lkaf[;dh; rkfdZdrk] fot;

izdk’ku efUnj] okjk.klh

flag] v:.k dqekj ¼2014½] euksfoKku lekt rFkk f’k{kk esa ’kks/k fof/k;kW]

eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] ubZ fnYyh

nqcs] ds- ,l-¼2015½] ’kkys; laLd`fr] usr`Ro ,oa ifjorZu] jk/kk izdk’ku efUnj