BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation...
-
Upload
alyson-henry -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation...
![Page 1: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BC Forest Policy inComparative Context
![Page 2: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• New survey on video v text due Friday noon
• Participation forms due in class on Tuesday
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 2
![Page 3: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Simulation Debrief - ABT
• 17% takeback over 10 years to non-industry– 7% to First Nations– 7% to communities– 4% woodlots– Note: these are area-based licences that come from
industry held volume based licences with the exception of special circumstances designed to address special values
– When additional tenures come up from renewal, stakeholder consultation is required
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 3
![Page 4: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Simulation Debrief – forest carbon 415
1. Standardized protocol for determining offset project baselines
2. Biomass power requirement – 8% (a doubling) - agreed3. Carbon-smart harvest – better utilization
75% of volume previously considered waste will be used as biofuels – with effective monitoring
4. Forest carbon science panel5. Atmospheric Benefit Sharing Agreements – ABSA – 50%6. Expand reforestation through offsets
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 4
![Page 5: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Simulation Debrief – forest carbon 523
• Bioenergy electricity standard • New Forest Carbon Standard that includes Effective reforestation of
NSR lands– Carbon standard for forest lands to create offsets
• Exempts natural disturbance emissions• Needs to include carbon life cycle including wood products• Reflect biophsycical conditions and best practices• Approach the standard as soon as practical• Requires updated provincial inventory including slash piles
– Effective reforestation of NSR lands through Carbon partnership program – • Private companies reforest• Government approves offset• Crown recognized title lands included
• Promoting wood use
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 5
![Page 6: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
BC Forest Policy inComparative Context
![Page 7: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Why Compare?
• understanding other jurisdictions• benchmark performance (credit, blame)• learning lessons to improve policy in your own
jurisdiction
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 7
![Page 8: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Agenda - Comparisons
• Why Compare?• BC forest sector in
Canadian and global context
• Comparisons by policy category
• Case study: GBR in comparative context
• Conclusions
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 8
![Page 9: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Reading
• Constance McDermott, Benjamin Cashore, and Peter Kanowski, Global Environmental Forest Policies: An International Comparison, (London: Earthscan, 2010), Chapter 3, “Canada and the United States.” (in reading packet)
• Read 71-86, 95-100 (on riparian rules), and summary (113-115)
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 9
![Page 10: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Theme
• In comparative context, BC forest policy is relatively distinct in a number of ways, among them: a high level of government ownership, the limited role for the federal government, and a focus on natural forest management in old growth forests.
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 10
![Page 11: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
BC in the Canadian Context
BC as a percent of Canadian total• actual volume harvested (2011): 46%• area harvested (2011): 27%• value of exports (2011): 36%• direct employment (2011): 23%National Forest Database Program http://nfdp.ccfm.org/index_e.php
State of Canada’s Forests http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/34055.pdf
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 11
![Page 12: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Lumber production by province
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 12
![Page 13: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
BC in North American context
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 13
Annual timber harvest 2005 (McDermott et al)
![Page 14: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Canada in the WorldPercentage of global exports (2011) http://www.fao.org/forestry/statistics/80938@180724/en/
• Industrial roundwood: Russian Federation (18 percent); New Zealand (11 percent); USA (10 percent); France (6 percent); Canada (5 percent); Latvia (4 percent).
• Sawnwood: Canada (20 percent); Russian Federation (16 percent); Sweden (10 percent); Germany (6 percent); Finland (5 percent); Austria (5 percent).
• Wood-based panels: China (18 percent); Germany (8 percent); Malaysia (8 percent); Canada (5 percent); Thailand (5 percent); Indonesia (4 percent); Austria (4 percent).
• Pulp for paper: Canada (18 percent); Brazil (17 percent); USA (16 percent); Chile (8 percent); Sweden (6 percent); Indonesia (5 percent); Finland (5 percent); Russian Federation (4 percent).
• Recovered paper: USA (35 percent); UK (8 percent); Japan (7 percent); Netherlands (6 percent); Germany (6 percent); France (5 percent).
• Paper and paperboard: USA (12 percent); Germany (12 percent); Finland (9 percent); Sweden (9 percent); Canada (8 percent); China (5 percent); France (4 percent); Austria (4 percent).
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 14
![Page 15: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Export leaders, all wood products (2012) http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/selective-cuttings/54
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 15
Country
Country share of total wood exports
Value(C$ billion)
Wood share of country exports
Largest wood export
Trade balance
China 12.6% 12.3 0.6% Panels -
Canada 10.2% 10.0 2.2% Lumber +
Germany 8.5% 8.3 1.0% Fiberboard -
U.S.A. 8.0% 7.9 0.5% Lumber -
Russia 6.5% 6.3 1.8% Lumber +
Austria 4.8% 4.7 2.9% Lumber +
Sweden 4.5% 4.4 2.5% Lumber +
Poland 3.6% 3.5 1.9% Joinery +
Indonesia 3.5% 3.4 1.8% Panels +
Finland 2.8% 2.8 3.8% Lumber +
![Page 16: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ecological Significance of Forests
• Canada – 10% of the world’s forests
• Russia: 851 million ha• Brazil: 544 million ha• Canada: 245 million ha• US: 226 million ha• China: 163 million ha
– 30% of the world's boreal forests
– 25% of the world’s remaining “frontier forests”
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 16
Cashore/McDermott
![Page 17: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Categories of Forest Policy
1. Allocation of “Crown” timber -- tenure2. Pricing -- stumpage3. Rate of harvest – allowable annual cut (AAC)4. Land Use – zoning for different values
(logging, conservation, etc)5. Regulation of harvesting -- Forest Practices6. Emergent areas and overlaps (energy,
carbon)
17
![Page 18: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Categories of Forest Policy – focus on 1, 3, 4, 5
1. Allocation of “Crown” timber -- tenure2. Pricing -- stumpage3. Rate of harvest – allowable annual cut (AAC)4. Land Use – zoning for different values
(logging, conservation, etc)5. Regulation of harvesting -- Forest Practices6. Emergent areas and overlaps (energy,
carbon)
18
![Page 19: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Policy 1: Timber Allocation Public Land Model
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 19
Sou
rce:
Cas
hore
/McD
erm
ott
![Page 20: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ownership of Forestland by Province (percent)
Ownership BC AB ON PQ Maritimes (NB & NS)
Canada
Private 4 4 11 11 58 6
Provincial 95 87 88 89 40 71
Federal 1 9 1 0 2 23
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 20
Source: The State of Canada’s Forests
![Page 21: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ownership of Forestland (percent)
Ownership US Canada
Private 58 6
State/Provincial
9 71
Federal 33 23
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 21
Source: Gorte (2001)
![Page 22: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Tenure – Different Forms• In Canada, 26 forms of major tenures• BC distinct in dominance of volume based
– BC: ~20% area based– Alberta: ~70% area based– Ontario: ~100% area based– Quebec: ~100% area based
• advantage of area-based management is requirements for sustainable forest management plans
• US: most public land is federal land – tenure there is volume based
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 22
![Page 23: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Policy II: Forest Practices
• Different jurisdictions put different emphasis on – voluntary standards/guidelines– practices regulations– results-based regulations– compulsory management planning
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 23
![Page 24: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 24
![Page 25: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Forest Practices – Voluntary Model State of Georgia
• largest lumber producing state in East
• 93% forestland privately owned• Riparian protection:
– best management practices– buffers around streams
• no harvest within 25 feet, 50% retention in the rest
• unless professional plan, where 50% can be retained throughout
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 25
![Page 26: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Forest Practices – Regulatory Model - State of Washington
• second highest producing state (OR #1)• 48% public land• Riparian (Western Washington)
– all streams have a “core zone” buffer, 15 meters wide, in which no harvesting is permitted.
– “inner zone” that extend beyond to core zone, an amount that is determined by the “site potential tree height” for that area, which varies between 27 and 61 meters.
• harvesting is only permitted if it is consistent with some “desired future condition” when the stand is 140 years old.
• where recent harvesting history, this means virtually no harvesting.
– Eastern Washington – similar structure with slightly smaller buffers.
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 26
![Page 27: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 27
![Page 28: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Policy III: Land Use and Protected Areas
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 28
![Page 29: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Summary Table on comparisons in protected areas
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 29
![Page 30: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Case Study: The Great Bear Rainforest in Comparative Context
Based on a paper with Jessica Brooks
![Page 31: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
One Ecosystem, Two Governments
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 31
![Page 32: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Puzzle: Great Bear vs. Tongass
• February 2006: Province of BC announces it will protect 1/3 of “Great Bear Rainforest” – engos declare victory– extraordinary success of collaborative
governance• On the other side of the boundary, 78% of
the Tongass National Forest is protected
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 32
![Page 33: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
BC: Policy Through Collaboration
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 33
![Page 34: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Alaska – Policy through Adversarial Legalism
• SE Alaska: 95% federally owned– 80% by US Forest Service
• Tongass National Forest: 17 million acres (7 million ha)
• Old growth protected through Congressional legislation and judicial intervention
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 35
![Page 36: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Difference in OutcomesProtection of Old Growth Forest
• Alaska– Percent of original old growth protected in
• Protected areas: 67%• Standards and guidelines: 18%• Total: 85%
• BC– Percent of coastal western hemlock zone protected – 51-
75%• Protected areas (33%) + EBM 2006 (67% x .3 x .9 = 20) = 51%• Protected areas (33%) + EBM 2009 (67% x .5 x .9= 34) = 63%• Protected areas (33%) + EBM (future?) (67% x .7 x .9) = 75%
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 36
![Page 37: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Institutional differences: legalism
• executive discretion constrained by judicial action instigated by interest groups
• bias depends on balance of legal resources given to competing interests
• in US forest law, more legal resources given to engos than industry
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 37
![Page 38: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Institutional differences: federalism
• level of jurisdiction can matter when the balance of political forces are different at different levels
• in many resource conflicts, tendency is for preferences to be greener the farther removed one is from the economic benefits of the extractive activity
• hypothesis: more centralized federalism in the US will lead to more wilderness protection
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 38
![Page 39: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
institutions and wilderness protection
BC• provincial jurisdiction• collaboration in shadow of
cabinet rule• engos enhanced their
leverage by shifting venue to international market arena
Alaska• federal jurisdiction• national preferences
reflected in Congressional action
• courts held agency to demanding environmental standards in planning process
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 39
![Page 40: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Economic DifferencesEmployment in forestry
as a percent of labour forcepercent year
SE Alaska 6 1995GBR 8 2001
P. McNeill FD 39 2001Campbell R. FD 24 2001
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 40
In GBR, overwhelming majority of jobs created by the harvest lie outside the region (CC 96%, NC 86%). Two-thirds in the lower mainland
![Page 41: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
GBR vs. Tongass
• dramatically different approaches to governance, dramatically different outcomes (now narrowing?)
• economics matters: divergence cannot be attributed to institutions alone
• (nationalization + legalism) > (internationalization + collaboration)
• collaboration: procedural benefits but need to question substantive outcomes
• surprising absence of interaction effects
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 41
![Page 42: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Conclusion - comparisons
• Comparisons are complex• Comparisons are political• forest policies are influenced by a wide variety of
forces, which differ by jurisdiction– land ownership– institutions and policy style– level of development– exposure to international forces– importance of forests to the economy
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 42
![Page 43: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Conclusion – BC’s distinctiveness
• high level of government ownership• dominance of sub-national• Aboriginal issues• forest management model: natural forest
management in old growth forests• high international exposure
– export dependence– global ecological significance
• complex regulatory framework with stringent rules
November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 43
![Page 44: BC Forest Policy in Comparative Context. New survey on video v text due Friday noon Participation forms due in class on Tuesday November 20, 2014Sustainable.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649ccc5503460f94996275/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Agenda for Next Week
• Simulation review• Participation forms• Course review
– What are the 2 most significant things you learned in the course?
– What are the 2 things you wanted to learn about that you thought was missing?
• What would a more “sustainable” future look like?• What are the barriers to achieving that?• How can we overcome them?November 20, 2014 Sustainable Forest Policy 44