Battle of Gate Pa

Battle of Gate Pa

ANNIVERSARY

150TH

APRIL 29

1864-2014

Series 1 – Setting the Scene

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2 Battle of Gate Pa2 Battle of Gate Pa

The Legend of Mauao

T here was once a hill withno name who lived on theedge of the Hautere forest.

This nameless hill was a pononga(slave) to the great chiefly mountain,Otanewainuku. To the southwestwas the shapely form of Puwhenua,a beautiful hill, clothed in all the finegreens of the ferns and shrubs andtrees of the forest of Tane.The nameless one was desperatelyin love with Puwhenua. However,her heart already belonged to

Otanewainuku. There seemed like no hope for the lowly slave. In despairthe nameless one decided to end it all by drowning himself in the PacificOcean, Te Moananui a Kiwa. Calling on the patupaiarehe, the people withmagical powers who dwelled in the forests of Hautere, the ponongaasked them to plait ropes with their magic and then haul him downtowards the ocean. Chanting their song they began to haul the namelessone slowly towards the water, gouging out the valley where the riverWaimapu now flows. They followed the channel past Hairini, pastMaungatapu and Matapihi and finally past Te Papa to the water’s edge.

By this time it was veryclose to daybreak. Thesun rose, fixing thenameless one to thatplace. Being people of thenight, the patupaiarehewere forced to flee backto the shady depths ofthe Hautere forestsbefore the light of the sundescended upon them.The patupaiarehe gave the name Mauao to this mountain, which marksthe entrance of Tauranga Moana. The name means “caught by the

morning sun”. In time, hehas assumed greater manathan his rival Otanewainuku.Today he is known by manyas Mount Maunganui, but tothe Maori people, he is stillknown as Mauao.Source:www.tauranga.kete.net.nz

The story of how Mauao (Mt Maunganui) was named isone of the most well-known legends in the Western Bay of Plenty

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3Battle of Gate Pa

Battle of Gate PaT his year marks the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Gate

Pa, fought on April 29, 1864.

To understand how the battle came about, it is necessaryto understand something of Tauranga’s history. This fertile area,with its abundance of seafood, was marked by conflict from the13th century, when the first ocean-going canoes arrived fromPolynesia.

The first Europeans to sight land were Captain James Cook andhis crew aboard the Endeavour in 1769.

There was a long absence of European contact till earlymissionary Samuel Marsden sighted the area in 1820. Hisglimpse from afar of the place he called Towhranga was followedby the arrival of Church Missionary Society missionaries, amongthem the remarkable Archdeacon AH Brown, who lived withhis family in a raupo hut before the Elms mission house wascompleted in 1847.

This publication, the first in a series of five, looks at pre-European Tauranga and the arrival of missionaries and traders.

The Missionaries Page.....7-9

Earliest Years Page...... 4-6

Next in the series:Events Leading up to the Battle of Gate PaBay of Plenty Times - Tuesday, March 25

P 07 579 4457 1a Marsh Street - TaurangaMonday - Friday 10 - 4.30 | Saturday 10 - 12.30

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4 Battle of Gate Pa

The Tauranga region has been occupied andfought over since the 13th century.

The earliest recorded arrival of Maorifrom Polynesia dates back to about 1290 when

the first canoes are said to have arrived fromthe mythical Hawaiki.

First to occupy land in and around Taurangawere the Purukupenga and the Ngamarama,

who settled in the area stretching from theWaimapu Stream to the Kaimai ranges. Theirpopulations flourished thanks to the mildclimate and easy availability of fish, shellfish,

and food and building materials fromthe forest.

In fact so large were their numbers that whenthe Tainui canoe reached New Zealand and

Tribal conflict markedTauranga’s earliest years

When this photo was taken of Mt Maunganui around 1937, shell middens and other evidence of Maori occupation were clearly visible.

“You can’t understand where you should be going until you first understand where you have been”

Our Origins and History

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In May 1952, about 30 tennis enthusiasts met to investigate ways and means of reviving theTauranga SouthTennis club.It had gone into liquidation in October 1940, due to the country being at war.This club had played tennis at what is nowMemorial Park.Working bees and fundraising started immediately and after a year enough funds were raised to open the club.On opening day, 24th October 1953, the MP forTauranga Mr Walsh declared the season open and congratulated the memberson their work. Mr E. S. Hylton,Trustee of the disbanded Tauranga SouthTennis Club, outlined the steps taken leading to theclub being formed. AYankee tournament was held and the winners were Duncan Ross and Sylvie StevensonClub days were Saturday and Sunday afternoons and public holidays, with Wednesday afternoons for ladies day. Saturdaymornings were for the use of juniors. For all club members, including juniors, the dress was to be all white.In 1989, Gate PaTennis club decided to resurface theTennis courts from asphalt to decarol, a rubber base synthetic paint.Thenin 1999, they decided to resurface in pro-grass.There were 4 courts, a fairly big gap, then a step down of about 2 feet to 2 grasscourts, and the now Number 8 Court was just concrete with a Volley board at the end.George Osbourne was asked to come to dig up the 2 grass courts and fill them in to make all the courts even. On excavating,he discovered a massive Kauri log, extending the length of the court.There was no way it could be removed, so dirt was usedto fill the area.The log remains under court 8 and its speculated purpose was likely to be the origins of an uncompleted waka.Gate PaTennis Club celebrated its 50 year jubilee in 2003

5Battle of Gate Pa

passed through Tauranga harbour, her crewquickly decided it was best to move on.

The Arawa canoe landed further east at Maketu.Some of her crew occupied land betweenTauranga harbour and the Kaituna River, theirdescendants becoming known as Waitaha-a-Hei.

The Takitimu canoe was the next to checkout Tauranga harbour. Legend has it that thecanoe’s captain, Tamatea Arikinui or TamateaPokaiwhenua, climbed the summit of Mauao(Mount Maunganui) to bury the mauri(life force) of his people.

He later built a fortified pa on Maungatawahill, where his people settled. Hundreds ofyears later the ancient pa became a quarry,but the remains still stand as a proudlocal landmark.

Tauranga’s Ngati Ranginui tribe is descendedfrom Tamatea’s son Ranginui, and his wife.Ngaiterangi and Ngati Pukenga both tracetheir descent to people who arrived on theMataatua canoe.

Originally opting to live in the eastern Bay ofPlenty, Ngaterangi lost a battle resulting from

a dispute over ownership of a tui and settlednear Whangara on the East Coast. Eventually,however, they moved back into the Bay ofPlenty, driven by the need for more land. Theytravelled west led by Rangihouhiri and settledon the coast at Maketu.

Conflict continued down through the centuriesand in about 1700 Ngaterangi assaultedRanginui’s seemingly impregnable pa on Mauao(Mount Maunganui). Cunningly planned in whatappeared at first to be a friendly visit, thefierce battle that resulted saw the pa fall intothe hands of Ngaterangi under the commandof Kotorerua.

A major challenge accomplished, Ngaterangi’sconquest of the rest of the Tauranga districtquickly followed.

The tribe spread the length of Taurangaharbour’s coastline, including MatakanaIsland and Bowentown. Ngati Ranginuimanaged to hold on to their pa further inlandand their marae exist to this day in locationsfrom Huria (Judea) to Whakamaramaand Te Puna.

Otumoetai Pa site opened as a public reserve in December 2012. Pictured at the formal openingare Ngai Tamawaraho Kaumatua Peri Kohu and Tauranga mayor Stuart Crosby.

New Zealand Historic Places Trust regional archaeologist, Rachel Darmody, and the remainsof what is believed to be a pre-European Maori dog. The skeleton was discovered during anexcavation at the site of what was once the Otumoetai Pa. The site is one of the most significantin Tauranga’s early history. The photo was taken in May 2005.

Tauranga City Council can help you to find out more about the rich history of Tauranga.

Check out the following online sources:How Well Do You Know Your City factsheets - search ‘City Facts’ www.tauranga.govt.nz/about-tauranga-city/history/city-facts

Tauranga’s heritage collection and our object lending library www.handsontauranga.co.nz

Local history and genealogy library.tauranga.govt.nz/local-history

‘Taratoa and the Code of Conduct’ is a bilingual children’s book which tells a story from theBattle of Gate Pā, by local author Debbie McCauley. For more information visit http://bit.ly/1gGO8bw

FIND OUT MORE ABOUTTAURANGA’S HISTORY

6 Battle of Gate Pa

Tribal conflict was about to take a terribleturn. In 1818 the first firearms arrived in NewZealand, and supplies were quickly acquiredby Bay of Islands tribe strong and well armedNgapuhi. A Ngapuhi force attacked Tauranga

and took the Ngaterangi pa on Mauao, drivingits occupants into the sea off north-westernside of the mountain.Next the Ngapuhi fighters planned to takeTauranga and war was only narrowly avoided.

Ngapuhi subsequently devastated Thames,Waikato and Rotorua, but spared Taurangatill the summer of 1831, when theyunsuccessfully attacked the Ngaterangi paat Maungatapu.

Inter-tribal conflict was a fact of lifefor many years, making life difficultfor early missionaries and tradersattempting to gain a footholdin Tauranga.

Carved Maori ancestral figures are a highlight for visitors to the reserve.

Maungatapu School was opened as a Native Schoolon July 4th, 1881, with a roll of 26 pupils. It waslocated at the Church of England Mission Chapel, nowthe existing Anglican Church site in Te Hono Street,Maungatapu. The first Headmaster was J W Dufus.Records available for the first day pupils show thatthere was a great range of ages in the children present.The youngest pupil enrolled was 5 years old, the oldestwas 33. He was put in primer 4 and not surprisingly,lasted only two weeks at school. The school hadfluctuating attendance up until 1895, due to tribalmigration and the school was eventually closed fora period of 18 years.

A new school and teachers residence was completed andopened on the present site at Maungatapu Road in 1913.The Head teacher was Miss H Baker, who resigned shortlyafter due to poor health. Mr P Roach was appointed asHeadmaster assisted by his wife, Mrs Roach. Mr and MrsRoach served at the school until 1939. During this time anew detached open air classroom was authorized bythe Department of Education.

This building still stands and is presently occupied bythe Puwhariki rumaki classes.

In January, 1962, the Maungatapu Maori School wasdis-established and the school became a public schoolunder the control of the South AucklandEducation Board.

Today Maungatapu School has a roll range of 440to 520 pupils. Parent involvement and interest inthe school are a community strength. MaungatapuSchool recognizes the unique position of Maoriwithin New Zealand society and is privileged tooffer families the option of enrolling theirchildren in the school’s full immersion rumaki unit.

Maungatapu SchoolA brief history

CONTACT DETAILS:Ph: (07) 544 0858 • Fax: 07 544 2028 • [email protected]@maungatapu.school.nz • www.maungatapu.school.nz

Mr Roach, Principal 1914 – 1938, starting a swimming race

near where the Hairini Bridge is today.

Planting school gardens,

approximately 1987.

Teacher: Mrs Spiers Pet Day, late 1970’s

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7Battle of Gate Pa

In November 1769 the legendary Britishexplorer Captain James Cook sailed pastMauao (Mount Maunganui).

According to his journal of that year, he passedbetween Motiti Island and the mainland beforeshifting his course towards Mayor Island, thusmissing the entrance.

Missionary Samuel Marsden is thought to havebeen one of the first white men to sightTauranga(he called itTowrangha). In 1820 he spottedTauranga Harbour from the top of Mount Hikuranginear Waihi.

In a remarkable twist of fate, Marsden also met anold Maori chief who claimed to have rememberedCaptain Cook’s visit.

Marsden wrote: “So far as I could learn, no shipshad been atTowrangha since Captain Cook wasthere, and I saw an old chief who rememberedseeing that great navigator.They are much in wantof tools of every kind as they are not visited by theEuropeans. Supplies for ships might be got here asthey had plenty of potatoes and also pork.”

The first European vessel thought to have visitedthe area after Cook was the missionary schoonerHerald in 1828.The skipper was Gilbert Mair, fatherof Captain Gilbert Mair, who played a prominentpart in the Bush Campaign which followed thebattles of Gate Pa andTe Ranga, and later settledin Tauranga. Aboard were three missionariesfrom the Bay of Islands – Henry Williams,James Hamlin and Richard Davis.

Historian Judge Wilson’s account of the journeydescribes Tauranga as “densely populated”.There were large pa at Otumoetai (Ngaiterangi),Maungatapu (Ngati He) and Te Papa. The peopleoccupying the latter pa were Ngati Tapu and TeMaterawaho, who included many Ngai Tukairangi.

Wilson said the Tauranga people were known bythe general name of Ngaiterangi and in 1828,numbered at least 2500 fighting men. Wilsoncounted at least a thousand canoes “great andsmall”, on the beach between Otumoetai andTe Papa.

Ten days later, fleeing a gale which struck nearOpotiki, the Herald turned back toTauranga andthe missionaries were astonished to findTe Papadestroyed and the Ngatitapu tribe, which made upabout a third ofTauranga’s population, slaughteredin an attack by Ngatimaru from Hauraki.

This turn of events had an important sequel -Waikato chiefTe Waharoa asked Ngaterangi tohelp him fight the Hauraki tribes, forging a link thatwas to have repercussions in events leading to theBattle of Gate Pa.

Fighting continued in the area for six years,preventing establishment of a mission station inTauranga. In 1836 Alfred Nesbitt Brown joinedother missionaries and their families at Puriri nearThames, where a base was established.

On April 9, 1835 Brown opened a CMS station atMatamata nearTe Waharoa’s pa, but inter-tribalwarfare forced it to close in October 1836. One

notable convert from the area wasTe Waharoa’sson, WiremuTamihanaTarapipipi, who wasbaptised in 1839 and as Kingmaker to the MaoriKing Movement, was also to play a prominent rolein later events that occurred in Tauranga.

The CMS subsequently established a temporarymission station at Te Papa and Brown, his wifeCharlotte and their family took up residence inJanuary 1838.

Missionary first to spotTauranga harbour

Captain James Cook, from an early portrait.

New Zealand’s most famous earlymissionary, Samuel Marsden, is believedto have been the first white man to seeTauranga.

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8 Battle of Gate Pa

By the next year Alfred Brown had purchased1,333 acres of land in the Te Papa for the CMS.Evidence shows he was not a “land grabber”,but wanted to attempt to protect the areaand its Maori population from the influx ofEuropean settlers that would inevitably followthe missionaries and traders.

The subject of numerous ownership disputes,the land took in the whole of the fledglingborough, minus the sandspit destroyed whenthe Sulphur Point reclamation was built and

extended almost to Gate Pa, which marked theboundary of Maori land to the south.

Bishop GA Selwyn granted Brown his licenceas minister of the Tauranga district onDecember 19, 1842 and appointed him the firstarchdeacon of Tauranga on December 31, 1843.The Elms was completed in 1847.

Brown was a prominent figure in most of theevents that occurred in the settlement overthe next few decades and was well-meaningand tireless worker. The harshness of the

conditions the Browns endured cannotbe over-emphasised and they constantlybattled isolation, loneliness and illness.Fortunately Alfred had plenty of supportfrom his wife who ran the infants’ and girls’mission schools.

Charlotte supervised the station during herhusband’s frequent travels on foot aroundthe Bay of Plenty and despite a chronicillness, was quick to help the wives ofother missionaries. Charlotte Brown died in

Auckland in November 1855 and five yearslater, in February 1860, Alfred marriedChristina Johnston.

Events that would have a huge impact onthe mission and its relationship with Maoriwere beginning to take shape. In the faceof mounting political pressure and conflictbetween Maori and Pakeha over land, Brownwas soon to face some major moral andspiritual dilemmas in protecting and caring forhis flock.

Archdeacon Brown

German scientist Ernest Dieffenbachvisited CMS Mission Station atTe Papa on June 16, 1841 after ajourney to Rotorua and provides asnapshot of the mission station as itlooked at the time:

“Towards sunset, after a veryfatiguing journey, we approachedthe homely looking buildings of theChurch Mission station, surroundedwith gardens, and a splendidshrubbery of acacias, ricinus andpeaches, which was almost the onlyvegetation in the shape of treeswhich we saw, as for several milesaround the station there is no wood.”

Visiting Mount Maunganui, heobserved: Some time beforemy arrival 11 natives have beenseized and slaughtered and thesemutual depredations have nowbeen carried on tor several years,to such a degree that the nativesof Tauranga were unable to plantsufficient ground to supply themwith food, having been besieged andhut up in their fortified places. Thefertile district in which they live hastherefore been of no use to them.”

Dieffenbach estimated about 3000Maori were living in three heavilyfortified villages around Tauranga.

“Most of them had been convertedto Christianity by two missionaries ofthe Church of England and two RomanCatholic priests, the number of convertsto each creed being about equal.”

Archdeacon Brown’s residence, now known as the Elms, is Tauranga’s most important historic building.

A group of Christina Brown’s mission school girls in front of one of the buildings at the CMS Mission Station. The photo is thought to date from the early 1860s.

Scientist’simpressions

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Ko whanau ora te putake o te Hauora Maori

9Battle of Gate Pa

Byron Drury, Commander of HMS Pandora, had this to say aboutTauranga when he visited in 1852:“Te Papa, the residence of Archdeacon Brown, is a thoroughlycomfortable English establishment, the site well-chosen on lifted groundon the south side of the harbour three miles from Maunganui. Two milesto the westward of it is the village of Otumoetai where there is a RomanCatholic establishment and a very neat church, the interior gorgeouslydecorated by native wickerwork.

“Four or five Englishmen reside here, chiefly engaged in building small craft,and I am informed three Frenchmen live at the mouth of the Wairoa. The totalnative population of Tauranga district is estimated at 1,000 and large tractsof land are under cultivation.”

“Four or five Englishmen reside here, chiefly engaged in building small craft,and I am informed three Frenchmen live at the mouth of the Wairoa. The totalnative population of Tauranga district is estimated at 1,000 and large tractsof land are under cultivation.”

A simple rush house preceded construction of what is now known as the Elms.

This copy of Brief Memorials of an Only Son (third English edition), was signed in the mid-1960s by Rev Marsden, the great-great -grandson of Rev Samuel Marsden, the Bishop of Aotearoa andTeWaharoaTarapipipi, great-great-grandson of the Maori Kingmaker, WiremuTamehana. Source: Cameron Scott

A sketch of Archdeacon Brown’s son Marsh, whodied in 1845. Source: Brief Memorials of an Only Son – thirdEnglish edition

Archdeacon Brown.

My School isa great placeto think.Nina Rejthar

At St Mary’s we aim to be Christ-like throughprayerful hearts and willing hands. Withreflective and creative minds we challengeourselves to be the difference

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10 Battle of Gate Pa

Deadly trade: Flax for gunsTraders played a prominent part in life

in Tauranga in the earliest days ofsettlement when few Europeans other

than missionaries lived here.

While they were pioneers of the local economyand the area’s first international exporters,they also directly contributed to the deadly tollfrom inter-tribal warfare, exchanging flax fibreand later pork, potatoes, maize and wheat, formuskets and gunpowder.

James Farrow was the Bay of Plenty’s firstmajor trader, arriving in Tauranga in 1829to buy flax fibre for Australian merchants inexchange for firearms.

In 1838 he bought half an acre of land at thewestern end of the Otumoetai pa from thechiefs Tupaea, Tangimoana and Te Omanuin the earliest authenticated land purchasein the Bay for which a Crown Grant waslater issued.

Soon after Phillip Tapsell arrived at Maketu asflax trader for Te Arawa in late 1830, Farrowbecame his Tauranga agent. Tapsell, probablythe best known of the flax traders, marriedinto the Te Arawa tribe, exposing him to dangeras war raged between Ngaiterangi and theirTe Arawa rivals. As the flax and arms tradedeclined Tapsell turned to boatbuilding.

Farrow and his brother Daniel dealt mainlywith the legendary chief Te Waharoa ofMatamata, whose tribe cut and scraped theflax. Loads of up to 70 tons were carried overthe Kaimai range by the Wairere track forshipment from the Te Puna river mouth to aSydney merchant.

By the late 1830s the flax export trade haddeclined, being largely replaced by that in pigs,salted pork, potatoes, maize and wheat. Theselocally-produced commodities were sold toships visiting New Zealand, especially whalersin the Bay of Islands. From 1840, the growingtown of Auckland provided an expandingmarket for Maori produce and TaurangaMaori prospered sufficiently to buy their ownsailing vessels.

Farrow left Otumoetai before the Waikato landwar spread to Tauranga and the Battle of GatePa took place in 1864.

John Lees Faulkner

Faulkner settled near the Otumoetai pawith his wife, Ruawahine, about 1839. Heconstructed many small trading ships, some ofwhich were skippered by himself or his son-in-law Daniel Sellars, while others were sold toMaori. He also owned a four-horse threshing

machine which was used for 20 years bylocal Maori.

Faulkner and his first wife had 12 childrenand their descendants have spread allover New Zealand. The close links betweenMaori and Pakeha forged by their marriage

survived the Battles of Gate Pa and Te Ranga,and subsequent troubles. After Ruawahine'sdeath in 1855 Faulkner married ElizabethHumphreys. They had one child, who startedthe ferry service between Tauranga andMount Maunganui. Eric Faulkner,

a great-grandson.of John by his second wife,was Mayor of Tauranga in 1977.

John Faulkner died in 1882, "universallyrespected" and "without a single enemy".He is buried with Ruawahine in theMission Cemetery.

Early trader John Lees Faulkner has many descendants in the Tauranga area.

The Missionary Cemetery headstonemarking the grave of early Tauranga traderJohn Lees Faulkner and his wife Elizabeth.

(07) 578 8114

TAURANGA GIRLS’ COLLEGESetting the scene for girls to excel since 1958

At Tauranga Girls’, across the curriculum, we areacknowledging the 150th anniversary of the Battle ofGate Pa and creating deeper understanding of its place inTauranga’s history.

In English, Social Studies, Business Studies,Mathematics, Art and Innovation students areexploring, contributing and evaluating theirperspectives on the events of 1864.

InMexp

“empowering tomorrow’s women”

Congratulations toEmily McCarthy,

winner of theBattle of Gate PaCommemorative

Poetry Competition

School girls through time

930 Cameron Road, Taurangawww.tgc.school.nz

1826 First visit to Te Papa by Henry Williams on the mission schooner Herald. Maori asked missionaries to come to live in the district. Second visit. Maori supplied 200 basketsof potatoes, 22 pigs and some flax and were keen to obtain muskets and powder.

1827 Third visit by missionaries. Herald anchored off the Te Papa peninsula.

1828 Fourth visit. Maori had obtained guns and ammunition and no food was offered to the missionaries. Once populous Te Papa pa (Otamataha) sacked by a war party fromNgati Maru (Thames).

1831 Birth of Alfred Marsh Brown. Henry Williams sailed in Karere for the Bay of Plenty with Thomas Chapman, in search of a site for a Rotorua mission station.

1832 Henry Williams and WT Fairburn accompanied a Nga Puhi war party headed for Tauranga in the vain hope of preventing an attack on the Otumoetai pa.

1833 Williams tries to prevent open warfare among Bay of Plenty tribes. Brown and Henry Williams visit Te Waharoa at Matamata.

1834 Site for Te Papa Station chosen by William Williams and Alfred Brown. They arranged for two raupo houses to be constructed.

1835 Brown opens mission station at Matamata with JA Wilson. Mission work begins at Te Papa by Messrs Wade and King. They found one of the raupo houses had been takento Maungatapu pa for the trader Peter Dillon. Sarah Wade opens a school for Maori women and girls.

1836 J.A.Wilson and family transferred from Matamata to Te Papa in January. Te Waharoa (Ngati Haua) attacks Te Arawa at Maketu. Brown comes to Te Papa to help brokerpeace. Te Waharoa protects the missionaries. Chapman arrives from Rotorua, where an attack was expected. Matamata station closed.

1837 Birth of Marianne Celia Brown. Te Papa station closed because of unrest between Tauranga tribes assisted by Te Waharoa of Ngati Haua and Rotorua tribes. Te Papastation reopened by Rev James Stack and family in late 1837.

1838 Alfred Brown, his first wife Charlotte and children Marsh and Celia arrive on the mission schooner Columbine from the Bay of Islands in January. Lay reader John A.Wilson and family arrive at the same time. Chapman opens mission station on Mokoia Island, Rotorua. Brown purchases 30 acres of land at the northern end of the TePapa peninsula from local chiefs in September. Death of Ann Wilson in November. First missionary burial in the Mission Cemetery.

1839 1300 acres of the Te Papa peninsula purchased by Brown on behalf of the Church Missionary Society. Library completed.

1840 Treaty of Waitangi brought to Te Papa mission station for missionaries to gather signatures. Rotorua station moved to Te Ngae. Wilson sent to Opotiki.

1841 Visit by Dr Ernst Dieffenbach, scientist.

1842 Acting governor Willoughby Shortland, Bishop Selwyn and Chief Justice Martin stay at Te Papa during a period of unrest, along with the commanding officers of the troopsstationed at Hopukiore (Mount Drury).

1843 First permanent chapel completed. Brown appointed Archdeacon of Tauranga.

1844 Marsh sent to St John’s College at Te Waimate in the Bay of Islands.

1845 Christopher Davies stationed at Te Papa to help Brown with school for one year. Death of Marsh Brown of erysipilas, aged 14.

1846 Publication of Brief Memorials of an Only Son, written by Alfred for Marsh’s sister Celia. Marsh Scholarship established.

1847 Mission house completed in October. Brown declines Bishopric. Preece at Ahikereru (Te Whaiti). Spencer stationed at Te Wairoa.

1850 Dispute with local Maori over boundaries of land purchased.

1854 Maori Kingmaker Wiremu Tamihana moves to the Tauranga area, staying until 1856, possibly at the mission station.

1855 Missionary Carl Sylvanius Volkner arrives at Te Papa to assist Brown by running a boys’ and girls’ school.

1857 John Kinder’s first visit to Te Papa.

1859 Celia Brown marries Rev John Kinder and moves to Auckland. Scientist Ernst Dieffenbach visits Chapman at Maketu and in the absence of Archdeacon Brown stays withthe Volkners at Te Papa. Volkner leaves Te Papa.

1860 Brown marries Christina Crombie Grant Johnston in Wellington. Construction of the Mission Institute.

The Bay of Plenty Times gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the Tauranga Public Library in preparing this series of tabloid newspapers commemoratingthe 150th Anniversary of the Battle of Gate Pa. Other sources include The Story of the Battle of Gate Pa by Captain Gilbert Mair NCZ (Bay of Plenty Times, 1937),The New Zealand Wars and the pioneering period by James Cowan (Government Printer, 1955) and A Centennial History of Tauranga by Gifford and Williams(Reed, 1940). Invaluable help was also provided by Buddy Mikaere, Cliff Simons, Alistair Reese and others.

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Battle of Gate Pa

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Significant LandmarksDowntown Tauranga’s rich history is reflected in its street namesDevonport Roadwas where the British navaltroops established their campbefore the Battle of Gate Pa. Itwas presumably named aftera naval base of the same namein England and was originallydivided into sections: DevonportRoad, Devonport Street,Devonport Lane and Simson Street. In 1913 all these names weremerged to become Devonport Road.

The Mayor of Tauranga between 1919 and 1929 was Bradshaw Divewho gave his name to Dive Crescent, while Durham Street is wherethe 68th Durham Light Infantry was stationed in Tauranga duringthe Land Wars.

Elizabeth Streetwas named after Mrs Elizabeth Tunks, the wife of Captain ThomasTunks, a retired Imperial Army Officer. She was the mother of A FTunks, mayor of Tauranga from 1933 to 1935.

Grey Streetwas named after George Grey, appointed Governor of New Zealandin 1845.

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Hamilton Streetis named after Captain J FC Hamilton, commanderof the HMS Esk, who waskilled at the Battle of GatePa. Harington Street isalso linked to the Battleof Gate Pa - it is namedafter Colonel Harington,who commanded the 1stRegiment of the Waikato Militia.

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3Battle of Gate Pa

Battle of Gate PaAlthough not present at Gate Pa, Captain Gilbert Mair NZC

compiled The Story of Gate Pa, April 29th, 1864 from variousrecords and first-hand accounts of survivors.

Though coloured by the colonial views of his time, the bookalso provides a unique insight into events leading up to thebattle.

When fighting broke out at Tauranga during the brief BushCampaign of 1867, Mair volunteered, achieving the rank oflieutenant. In 1869 he led arduous campaigns against Te Kootiin the Urewera and was promoted to captain.

Later he commanded a contingent of loyalist Maori known asthe “Arawa flying column”.

During his military career Mair became particularly skilled inguerrilla tactics and was known for his strength and courage.

He was presented with many taonga (ancestral treasures) byMaori communities throughout the North Island which werepassed to the Auckland Museum in 1890

In peacetime Mair became a Crown land purchase agent, laterserving as a parliamentary interpreter and Government Agent.

He lived his last few years with the Norris familyin Devonport Road and died in November 1923aged 80.

He was interred at St Faith’s Church at Onhinemutu, Rotorua.

Captain Gilbert Mair (1843 – 1923)

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4 Battle of Gate Pa

‘Era of prosperity’shortlivedAccording to Mair, 1845 largely saw the end of hostilities between Ngati Maru (Thames), Ngapuhi, Arawa and Waikato tribes, which had turned the whole of

the Bay of Plenty into a battleground. Though Mair was not present at the battle and his description of events has to be understood in the light of colonialattitudes and beliefs, they provide a unique insight into events leading up to the Battle of Gate Pa, especially as he enjoyed a close relationship with

Maori. His book included a personal account of the fight dictated to him by Ngatiraukawa chief Hitiri Te Paerata. He also drew on official records and obtainedillustrations ‘from various sources’. WH Gifford, editor of the Bay of Plenty Times in 1937 wrote that supply of the original 1926 edition having been “exhausted,”he had decided to re-publish it with additional matter and illustrations.

In 1842 a Major Bunbury with a detachmentof the 18th Regiment was sent to Taurangawith a view to ‘curbing the Arawa tribes’.

“In 1845 peace was happily inauguratedbetween the contending parties and a stoneinscribed ‘Te Maungarongo 1845’ (the peacemaking) was set up at Maketu,” Mair wrote.

“At last, after a period of several hundredyears, peace reigned supreme throughout theBay of Plenty.”

“For Ngaiterangi and Tauranga, a new era ofprosperity had dawned.

“Wars and rumours of wars had ceasedentirely, only to be rudely dispelled in 1864when numbers of the young men of the tribe,actuated by a love of adventure and the desireto help their kinsmen and old allies, joinedthe disaffected natives fighting against theQueen’s troops in Waikato.

“I should have stated that the tribal aphorismor boast of the Ngaiterangi is ‘Raurukitahi’(‘one mind or pledge given never broken’).

“This makes it easy to understand theirchivalrous conduct during the war.”

Up to this time, Mair says, Ngaiterangi as atribe had committed no “overt acts” againstthe Queen’s sovereignty beyond permittingintermittent parties of “young hot-heads”tojoin their kinsmen and hereditary alliesfighting against the Pakeha at Waikato.”

“Though in general sympathy with the MaoriKing movement, they were living in perfect

amity with the missionaries and Europeans intheir midst.

“But it was rumoured that a force of 1400 or1500 well-armed rebels from the East Capedistricts, projected breaking through the loyalArawa territory to join the Waikato insurgents.

“This may have been one of the factors thatinduced Governor Grey and his responsibleMinisters to take strong measures.”

On January 21, 1864, three naval vesselswere seen entering Tauranga harbourchannel, anchoring off what was known as“Maketu Mound.”

A force of 700 men under Colonel Carey wasalso landed at Te Papa in two small colonialvessels, the Corio and the PS Sandfly. Mairsays they were immediately entrenched at theplace known as The Camp, “natives in largenumbers looking on with friendly curiosity andwonderment.”

“Shortly afterwards HMS Miranda with the68th Durham Light Infantry under ColonelMeurant, and the 43rd under Colonel Booth,arrived, and directed by Colonel Mould,rebuilt and garrisoned the Durham andMonmouth Redoubts respectively, each beingdefended by 12 and 6 pounder Armstrongfield pieces.

“Then the Flying Column of 500 men,consisting of drafts from the 12th, 14th, 50th,65th and 70th under Major Ryan, arrived, alsothe medical ambulance transport and all othernecessary services.”

Captain Gilbert Mair

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5Battle of Gate Pa

Bid to cutsupply route

One reason behind the Government’sdecision to send a military force toTauranga in 1864 was to cut off an

important supply route for supporters of theMaori King in the Waikato. It was said that alarge store of gunpowder was held by Maori inthe forest behind Tauranga.

Ngaiterangi, Ngati Ranginui and otherTauranga Maori who had been fighting inWaikato in support of the King Movementreturned home to oppose occupation of theirlands and Ngaiterangi rebuilt an old pa at TeWaoku, Oropi, about 20 km to the south of theBritish camp at Te Papa.

The location of this pa was unknown formany years, but was rediscovered in the1990s by an archaeologist mapping pa andother cultural features in the Oropi area. Upto 20 years ago, the trenches and rifle pitswere still deep and in good condition. Thepa was cleverly designed and strategicallylocated with a swamp on its approach and asheer drop to one side. A successful attackby the British would have been difficult.

Ngaiterangi chief Rawiri Puhirake invitedthe commander of the British forces tobring his soldiers to fight at Waoku, evenoffering to build a road to assist the

troops. When this challenge was ignoredMaori moved nearer to their adversary,fortifying another pa at Poteriwhi besidethe Wairoa River and issuing a secondchallenge. This too was ignored. Tiredof waiting, the Maori forces movedthe potential battle site to Gate Pa(Pukehinahina), just 3km from Te Papa.

Designed by Pene Taka Tuaia, Gate Pa’singenious defences made clever use ofanti-artillery bunkers and concealed trenches.

A fighting force of about 230 wasdivided between two redoubts, with200 Ngaiterangi and Pirirakau fighters

occupying the main one. A ditch and bankled to a smaller and the land sloped oneither side to swamp.

The reason for Greer’s apparent reluctance totake on Maori forces on their terms becameobvious on April 21, 1864 when HMS Esk andthe Falcon arrived in Tauranga Harbour withreinforcements. Aboard the Esk was Britishmilitary commander General Duncan Cameron,who set up headquarters at Te Papa.

This sketch by Lieutenant Horatio Robley shows the design of the underground bunkers that protected the inhabitants of the pa throughout the British bombardment.Source: The New Zealand Wars and the pioneering period Vol 1 by James Cowan.

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6 Battle of Gate Pa

Code of conductMair’s account of events in early 1864

says that before the British forcesarrived, “disaffected” Maori had

held a general meeting at Potiriwhi (Port ofRelief) near the Wairoa River and drawn up achivalrous and humane code to be observed inthe looming battle.

“They then dispersed to their respectivestations along their front, the edge of thegreat forest extending 16 miles (25.7km) fromTe Puke, where they confidently expected anattack owing to its deep water facilities, to thehead of the Waimapu River where they re-builtan old pa named Waoku (the Silent ForestShade).

“From here their leader, Rawiri Puhirake,despatched a formal message notifying thecommanding officer of the position they hadoccupied and that if attacked, they wouldaccept the ordeal of battle.

“They further detailed the solemn rules forgoverning the fighting. The message furtherstated that with a view to lessening the fatigueof the Qeen’s soldiers, they had prepared eightmiles of road leading to Waoku.

“These noble sentiments were written out byan enlightened young mission student namedHenare Taratoa who had been educated byArchdeacon (afterwards Bishop) Hadfieldof Otaki.

"Six weeks after the Battle of Gate Pa, Henarefell at Te Ranga and on his body were foundcopies of the chivalrous rules…”

According to Mair, many weeks passed and“further accessions” of troops were made.

“Some of the officers used to go out shootingon the Waimapu and Judea swamps, whichbrought a protest from Rawiri warning theGeneral against permitting anyone underhis command to wander at large, concludingby saying: “In future all the hills and plains,valleys and streams may be trodden on by ourfeet and should harm befall those persons, theMaoris would be blamed unjustly.”By now, some of the younger Maori warriorswere becoming weary of the long wait foraction and it was proposed to make an attackon Te Papa camp – “a sort of a feeler,” as Mairdescribes it.“Accordingly small detachments from thevarious defensive points collected and a mildattack was made on the gamp.A gun, accidentally discharged, wounded oneof their number which was considered an evilportent, and when the troops advanced inlarge numbers, opening fire from 12-pounderArmstrongs, the enemy retired, two soldiersonly being wounded.“A verbal message was sent toTe Papa, sayingthat as their position inland was evidently too faroff for the troops to march, the natives proposedto take up a position nearerTe Papa.Thisskirmish had happened on April 2, and on thenext day the enemy was observed energeticallyentrenching on Pukehinahina Ridge a narrowneck where swamps from the Waimapu andWaikareao branches of the harbour were about300 yards (274.32 metres) apart.“The missionaries had built a deep ditch andhigh bank across, on which a gate was placed;hence the name of Gate Pa.”

Rules laid down by Maori for fighting during the Tauranga Campaignare still celebrated as an example of outstanding chivalry. A notecontaining the proposed rules of conduct were delivered to ColonelGreer on March 28, 1864.

To the Colonel,Friend, salutations to you. The end of that, friend, do you give heed to our laws for(regulating) the fight.

Rule 1: If wounded or (captured) whole, and butt of the musket or hilt of the swordbe turned to me (he) will be saved.

Rule 2: If any pakeha, being a soldier by name, shall be travelling unarmed andmeet me, he will be captured and handed over to the direction of the law.

Rule 3: The soldier who flees, being carried away by his fears and goes to thehouse of the priest with his gun (even though carrying arms) will be saved;I will not go there.

Rule 4: The unarmed pakehas, women and children will be spared.

The end. These are binding laws for Tauranga.

By Terea Puimanuka

Wi Kotiro

Pine Anopu

Kereti

Pateriki

Or rather by all the Catholics at Tauranga.

A copy of these rules was found on Henare Taratoa’s body at Te Ranga. They endedwith a quotation from Romans 12, verse 20:

“…If thine enemy hunger, feed him; If he thirst, give him drink.”

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7Battle of Gate Pa

Tension builds…By early April 1864, with Maori forces

beginning to dig fortifications at GatePa, the situation in Tauranga had become

very tense.In The Story of Gate Pa, Gilbert Mair says thatat about this time, a “large body” of East Coastrebels landed from war canoes at Otamarakauin the Eastern Bay of Plenty and marched inland.However, they were driven back by Arawa forceswith ‘severe loss’, after three days of fighting.“They resumed their march, and brushingaside the weak resistance of the Arawa,crossed the Waihi lagoon and took up aposition facing Pukemaire Pa on the WhareoTe Rangimarere ridge.“Fired on by loyal natives and by theArmstrong guns and shelled by HMS Falconfrom seaward at 1600 yards [1463 metres],they were driven back along the beach,followed by about 400 Arawa, who attackedthem in the act of embarking at Otamarakau,and forced them to retire.“They...finally took up a strong position along adeep stream from the foot of the 600 feet highcliff to the sea beach. The Arawa were directedby their grand old chief, Tohi Te Uruangi, fromthe top of a small sandhill. He fell mortallywounded, then a brave young Taupo chief, ParaPahupahu, broke through the enemy’s line….“They were then pursued as far as Matata,where they lost the remainder of their canoes.Their total killed during this expedition wasabout 125 men...”By this time the First Waikato Regiment, underColonel Philip Harington, had arrived at TePapa, increasing the force there to 2000 men.”

Mair says General Cameron and his staffarrived in Tauranga from Auckland on HMSEsk on April 21. On April 26, 600 navalmen and marines disembarked from HMSMiranda, Curacoa, Esk and Harrier. The Eskunloaded a 110 pounder Armstrong gun andtwo 40-pounder Armstrongs to add to the 14other artillery pieces which had been landedpreviously.These were taken out by 800 troops to withineasy distance of the Gate Pa fortification andfixed in emplacements on Pukereia (Green Hill)and other vantage points.Light defences were built around the guns,which were camouflaged by newly-cut fern.As for the Maori defences, Mair says thatsince work had first begun, the Maori forces,‘energetically assisted by their women folk inthe heaviest work’, had converted a harmlesslooking grassy knoll into a work that wouldsoon test the calibre of the British troops tothe utmost.“Probably there never was an instance inmodern warfare where more deliberate andcarefully conceived plans had been devised forsecuring a crushing defeat of the enemy.“From the extended length of their front alongthe edge of the forest from Te Puna, the GatePa garrison never exceeded 230 men…”The work of skilled fortification designer PeneTaka Tuaia (c1809-1889), Gate Pa made use ofa ditch running across the ridge which markedthe southern boundary of the land ArchdeaconBrown had purchased for the ChurchMissionary Society in 1839, On the westernslope near the crest of the ridge, a small

oblong redoubt had been built and garrisonedby the chief Heta and 26 men, Mair said.

“…then a clear space of about 30 pacesintervened, consisting of the aforesaid ditchonly. This gap had been left as the point ofhonour in expectation of 600 Ngatihaua andWaikato natives – who, however, never came– occupying it.

“Here was constructed the citadel or mainwork, extending eastward 40 or 50 pages,decreasing in strength and width towardthe eastern extremity, to where the ditchconnected with the swamp and water supply.

“The whole of the main works were enclosedby a single light fence lashed to two rails withflax, the interior being a network of traverses,covered ways and shelters, cleverly coveredover with a scanty supply of timber and blindedwith flax and titree and earth, hardly any propertimber being available apart from some housebuilding material and a dismantled stockyard.”

Day before BattleOn April 28, the day before the Battle of Gate Pa,General Cameron launched an afternoon ‘sham’attack on Gate Pa. It continued till dark, with no

casualties on either side. However it was helpfulto the British forces in one respect, Captain Mairsaid in his later account of the fight.

“The Waimapu contingent, conceivingthe attack to be real, rushed to join theircountrymen, thus enabling Colonel Greer,with about 700 men of the 68th Regiment, toleave camp at 9pm, guided by a young settler,Mr William Purvis, and travelling along themudflats unobserved, they took up a positionseveral yards in the enemy's rear, completelycutting off their retreat inland.”

It was raining heavily and throughout the nightthe men of the 68th could hear the enemytalking in their trenches, Mair says.

“About midnight the General became anxiousat receiving no report from Colonel Greer, sodespatched Deputy Assistant-Quartermaster-General, Colonel Gamble, with a detachmentof 60 bluejackets from HMS Curacoa…toascertain the position. Colonel Gamble…posted the naval detachment on the enemy’sextreme right, where they performed excellentservice in preventing reinforcements coming infrom the east or those in the pa making theirescape during the attack next day.”

From pa to redoubt,to peaceful park

Now part of a tranquil park facing northover Tauranga Harbour, MonmouthRedoubt was built beside a cliff at the

north end of The Strand in an area known toMaori as Taumatakahawai Pa.It had been abandoned in 1828 after an attackon the northern end of the Te Papa peninsulaby Ngati Maru. It guarded high land at thenorthern end of the Te Papa peninsula and wasrebuilt in the late 1830s for protection in casethere was an attack on the mission station byTe Arawa raiding parties.Early in 1864 the 43rd MonmouthRegiment rebuilt the fortifications whichthen became known as the MonmouthRedoubt. British troops occupied thearea for four years until the late 1860swhen it became the headquarters for theArmed Constabulary.

In 2013 to acknowledge the history of the areaand the pa site, carvings were commissionedfor the new Tauranga Police Station. Mountedon the wall facing Taumatakahawai Pa/Monmouth Redoubt, the three pou were carvedby highly regarded local artists Whare Thomsonand Damian Kohu. They represent ArchdeaconAlfred Brown, Taumatakahawai Pa, and theBattle of Gate Pa.In 1864 the 68th (Durham) Light Infantry (‘TheFaithful Durhams’) arrived in New Zealand fromBurma. They arrived in Tauranga aboard theHMS Miranda under Colonel Meurant. The 68thbuilt a defensive earthwork at Te Papa known asthe Durham Redoubt which was built over in the1870s to raise the level of Hamilton Street. Theredoubt was situated on the modern day areabounded by Durham Street, Hamilton Street,Cameron Road and Harington Street.

A view of the remains of the interior ofDurham Redoubt as it looked in 1907 whenthis picture was taken by an AucklandWeekly News photographer.

A plan of Monmouth Redoubt drawn byjournalist James Cowan in 1920.

The three carvings commissioned for the newTauranga Police Station opposite the redoubt.

Only one cannon now remains in thegrounds of Monmouth Redoubt.

Afternoon shadows follow the contoursof the remains of a perimeter trench atMonmouth Redoubt

No sign remains today of the redoubt, builton high ground to guard against invasionfrom the west. This earthworks wereeventually flattened to raise the level ofHamilton Street. The southern part of theTauranga Domain was used as a paradeground by the 68th Regiment.

A plan of the cunningly-designed fortifications at Gate Pa, sketched by Lieutenant Horatio Robleyshortly after the battle. Source: The New Zealand Wars and the pioneering period by James Cowan.

Monmouth Redoubt as it appeared in the 1870s, with the troops’ barracks intact.

A plaque erected on the site of a blockhousewithin Monmouth Redoubt. The small buildingsheltered local women and children beforethey were evacuated to Auckland.

8 Battle of Gate Pa

Battle of Gate PaThe PeopleLeading figures on both sides at the Battle of Gate Pa are remembered for their heroism and chivalry.Some paid the ultimate price, sacrificing their lives.

Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Jackson Parkin Booth (1830-1864)was a key figure in the Battle of Gate Pa (Pukehinahina).Leading the attack, he received severe gunshot woundsto the spine and right arm and died the following day. Heis said to have told Dr Manley, who dressed his woundswhile under fire, that a Maori woman who spoke Englishhad given him water as he lay dying, However, afterwardsit was thought more likely to have been Henare WiremuTaratoa, who is remembered in a memorial window in theprivate chapel of Bishop Selwyn’s Lichfield Cathedral inEngland and on the memorial to Rawiri Tuaia Puhirake in theMission Cemetery. Historian and journalist James Cowanwho interviewed her many years later, was certain it was awoman, Heni Te Kiri Karamu.

Captain Hamiltonwas killed during theBattle of Gate Pa. Hiscousin Robert ThomasFrancis Hamilton(1835-1864) was alsokilled. From 22 May1863 he was captainof the Esk, sent toNew Zealand duringthe New ZealandWars. At the battleHamilton had underhis direct commanda detachment of the43rd regiment anda party of sailors.He was struck inthe head by a bulletand died on 29 April1864. The city ofHamilton, foundedin 1864 at the end ofthe Waikato War, wasnamed after him asis Hamilton Street inTauranga.

Colonel Greer came to New Zealand in 1864 as commanderof the 68th Durham Light Infantry. He led the division in theBattle of Gate Pa in which the British were resoundinglydefeated. A few months later Colonel Greer was again incharge at the bloody battle at Te Ranga, a few kilometresinland from Gate Pa. This time the Maori resistance ledby Rawiri was crushed. He was later promoted to aLieutenant-General. Greer returned to Britain and diedat his residence in Moy, Ireland, aged 64. His name isremembered in the Tauranga suburb of Greerton.

Commander Edward Hay was captain of the Harrier and ledthe Naval Brigade storming party at the Battle of Gate Paunder heavy fire. He fell mortally wounded and died fromhis wounds on April 30, aged 29. His headstone and plaquecan be seen at the Mission Cemetery.

In 1896 Hikareia claimed that it was he who had given water,bread and berries to the fatally wounded Colonel Boothrather than Henare Taratoa or Heni Te Kiri Karamu, eventhough as chief Hori Ngatai pointed out, Te Ipu had been shotthrough the knee and could not have been capable of walking.According to reports in the Bay of Plenty Times, Te Ipu wasthe son of Hikarei and was a renowned fisherman, livingat Matapihi. A well-known figure in Tauranga, he was oftenrecognised on The Strand because of his limp, a legacy fromthe Battle of Gate Pa. He died in July 1901.

Henry Jackson Parkin Booth (1830-1864)

Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton(1820-1864)

Colonel Henry Harpur Greer (1821 – 1886)

Edward Hay (1835-1864)

Henare Wiremu Taratoa (1830-1864)

Chief Te Ipu Hikareia (?-1901)

Ngaiterangi leader Henare Wiremu Taratoa was bornabout 1830 and lived on Matakana Island. He was taughtand baptised by the CMS missionary Henry Williams andlater studied at St John’s College in Auckland. Taratoawas present at the Maori victory at Gate Pa, and is saidto have been narrowly escaped being shot while carryinga calabash of fresh, cold water to the fatally woundedColonel Booth. This act is also attributed to Heni Te KiriKaramu and was claimed by others. At the Battle of TeRanga on June 21, 1864, Ngaterangi were defeated andTaratoa and over 100 warriors killed. A copy of the rulesof conduct was found on Taratoa’s body. The writingincluded a prayer and ended with the words, ‘If thineenemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him drink’.(Romans 12:20). His body, initially buried in the trenchesat Te Ranga, was later placed in the Mission Cemetery atOtamataha pa.

A group outside Colonel Greer’s home, known as High Trees.

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9Battle of Gate Pa

Hori Ngatai was a veteran of both Gate Paand Te Ranga. He was born at Maungatapu,and his father signed the Treaty of Waitangiat Tauranga in 1840. He surrendered armsin 1864 promising Ngaiterangi would neverreturn to warfare, and later became thelargest grower of maize and wheat in theTauranga area. In 1903, Ngatai relateda graphic account of what Maori hadexperienced at Gate Pa to Captain GilbertMair. After confirming the chivalrousbehaviour Maori had exhibited towards thewounded soldiers, Ngatai told Mair: “Ah,those were glorious days. Every fighterwas a rangatira and one was proud to meeteach other in battle. Whatever the reverseswere to either side, no bitter feelings wereengendered to form any permanent hatred.We were all friends immediately there wasno fighting.” Ngatai died at his home atWhareroa on August 24, 1912. His memorialat the Mission Cemetery was unveiled eightyears later.

Robley arrived in Auckland from Burma withthe 68th (Durham Light Infantry) Regiment ofFoot in January 1864. In April Robley took histroops to Tauranga to join General Cameronin the attack on Gate Pa. An accomplishedartist, he stayed in Tauranga for 19 months,completing a series of detailed sketchesof the Maori defences at Gate Pa, Maoriwounded, the surrender of Maori at Te Papaand other contemporary scenes. A numberare in a collection held by the Tauranga CityCouncil. The author of several books, he hada deep interest in moko (Maori tattoo) whichcontroversially extended to a large collectionof preserved heads. During his time in NewZealand Robley met Harete Mauao and theyhad a son named Hamiora Tu Ropere. Robleydied in London on October 29, 1930.

One of two men awarded the Victoria Cross for his actionsduring the Battle of Gate Pa, Mitchell was HMS HarrierCommander Edward Hay’s Coxswain. Mitchell stayedclose to Hay during the assault on Gate Pa and carried hismortally injured Commander out through the rear of thepa under heavy fire, even though Hay had ordered him toabandon him. As Samuel was carrying Hay he was met byManley who dressed Commander Hay’s wounds beforeattending to other wounded in the pa.

Pene Taka Tuaia (c1809-1889) Assistant Surgeon William George Nicholas Manley (1831-1901)

Samuel Mitchell (1841-1894)

Ngaiterangi chief Hori Ngatai (c1832-1912)

Major-General Horatio Gordon Robley (1840–1930)

Serving with the Royal Artillery, Manley was among the party which stormed Gate Pa following a massive Britishbombardment. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for attending to Commander George Hay as he was carried awaymortally wounded and for returning to the pa to search for more wounded. Of the 12 officers who gathered for dinner atthe Elms with Archeacon Brown and his wife the night before the Battle of Gate Pa, Manley was the only survivor.

The skilled engineer of the Gate Pa fortifications wasborn about 1809 and fought in the Ngapuhi invasionsof Tauranga in the 1830s and the 1835-45 war withTe Arawa. His pa, which he helped to design, was atPoteriwhi above the east bank of the lower WairoaRiver. Tuaia learnt his military engineering during theNorthern War of 1845-1846 and used his experienceto design the defences at Gate Pa, making extensiveuse of anti-artillery bunkers (rua). The pa’s cunninglyconcealed trenches were designed to lull the Britishinto a false sense of security when they stormed it. Amonth after the Maori defeat at the Battle of Te Rangagroups surrendered to Colonel Greer at Tauranga,with the main body of warriors coming in on 25July 1864. After the war Tuaia lived at Papawhare,on the east bank of the lower Wairoa River, helpingto operate a flour mill. He took up arms again withRawiri Tata of Pirirakau during the Tauranga BushCampaign of 1867, saying he was seeking revenge forthe death of Rawiri Puhirake at Te Ranga. He died onJuly 3, 1889.

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Between the deviland the deep blue seaAlistair Reese is a farmer and public theologian who lives with his wife Jeannie on a

kiwifruit and livestock block near Te Puke. For the past 25 years he has studied themission of God in New Zealand, with emphasis on issues of reconciliation at a local

and national level. He taught at Faith Bible College, Tauranga for 15 years and has deliveredPublic Theology courses at the University of Auckland. Alistair holds postgraduate degrees inHistory, Tikanga Maori and Theology from Massey, Waikato and Cambridge University, and hascompleted his PhD thesis, Reconciliation and the Quest for Pakeha Identity at the Universityof Auckland.

Archdeacon Brown’s opposition to the involvement of Maori Christians in the King Movementforever changed the relationship between the CMS missionaries and local Maori.

“He and others lobbied on behalf of theindigenous cause and his ‘philo-Maori’response earned the disapproval of localPakeha settlers who questioned the honourof their cultural allegiances.”

The emergence of Kingitanga (the KingMovement) in the Waikato signalled a paradigmshift within the local region, Reese explains.

“After initially giving approval, Alfred Brownlater saw Kingitanga as disloyal to the Crownand supported the invasion of the Waikato.

“Brown’s opposition to the involvement ofMaori Christians in the Kingitanga movement

heralded the beginning of a seismic changein the overall relationship between the CMSmissionaries and local Maori.

“This tension was not aided by the arrivalof government troops in Tauranga Harbourin January 1864, the subsequent battle ofGate Pa and on-going relational difficultiesbetween the Crown and Maori residents.

“What followed was a breakdown inrelationship between the Crown, the missionand local Maori.”

New Zealand’s political situation wasa massive challenge for TaurangaCMS missionary Archdeacon Alfred

Brown, says Mr Reese.

In an article written for the New ZealandChurch Missionary Society with he saysthat in Archdeacon Brown’s own words,the missionary found himself, “betweenthe devil and the deep blue sea – Intime Government would require moreland … to steer clear of giving offence‘to the powers that be’ and at thesame time to sustain our character asGuardians of the Natives will requiremuch of the ‘wisdom that comethfrom above’.”

Although reluctant to involve himself inpolitics, Brown acknowledged the needfor the Treaty of Waitangi and hostedits signing in the region. The treaty wassigned at Tauranga on April 10, 1840by 21 chiefs, witnessed by Hoani Anetaand CMS missionaries, Henry Taylor andJames Stack.

But despite the signing of the treaty, Reesesays, the political situation across theregion remained complex and contested.

“The Tauranga region became immersed inthe complex interplay of the Maori-Pakehaencounter, politics and inter-hapu rivalry.Brown, like other missionaries around thecountry, became increasingly involved ininter-hapu peace negotiations and alsothe increasingly complex political interplaybetween the Crown, European settlers andlocal Maori.”

Reese says Brown and the othermissionaries were viewed as holding a‘pro-Maori’ stance during the 1840s andearly 1850s as the flood of immigrationplaced more and more pressure on Maorito sell land.

“The Taranaki wars in 1860 evoked astrong critical response from many CMSmissionaries, including Brown, who heldthat Crown’s military opposition to Te AtiAwa chief Wiremu Kingi over the WaitaraPurchase was unjust.”

Alistair Reese pictured at Waitangi Marae in February this year.

email: [email protected] | phone: 07 544 2463

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11Battle of Gate Pa

Significant Landmark BethlehemThe Maori name for what is now one of

Tauranga’s most popular and fast-growing suburbs is Peterehema.

Bethlehem received its scriptural name afterthe Land Wars from missionaries responsiblefor resettling Maori whose land had beenconfiscated.

The area has been settled by Maori forcenturies and was the scene of much inter-tribal and inter-hapu fighting before the firstEuropeans arrived.

The people of Ranginui conquered thepeople of Ngamarama and consolidated theirposition in the coastal lands of TaurangaHarbour, establishing a number of newvillages. By the 1880’s the main NgatiRanginui settlements included those atBethlehem.

There are two Ngati Ranginui marae inBethlehem: Peterehama which belongs to theNgati Hangarau hapu, and Wairoa belongingto Ngati Kahu hapu.

The land where Bethlehem is now situatedwas originally purchased by GordonCummings and consisted of 820 acres of landfrom Cambridge Road to the sea. He leasedsome land back to local Maori. Harold Oliverfrom Taranaki purchased the block in 1899,and after moving there with his family in1909, subdivided it amongst his sons.

There was a Maori school at Peterehema,known as the Paeroa Native School, andchildren from far afield as Huria (Judea)attended. The first shop was built inBethlehem in the 1930s and in 1956 the

community hall was built.

With its warm micro climate, Bethlehem waspopular with horticulturalists and farmersfrom the time of the first European settlers,with tobacco among some of the moreexotic crops trialled. Dairy farms and citrusorchards were prolific, later giving way tokiwifruit orchards.

The area changed quickly from the late1980s when residential development beganin earnest. The centre now boasts some

of Tauranga’s best schools as wellas retirement villages, churches,Mills Reef Winery, an award-winning restaurant and the bustlingBethlehem Town Centre.Sources:

"Tauranga 1882-1982, the Centennial of GazettingTauranga as a Borough", edited by A C Bellamy, publishedby Tauranga City Council 1982. "A History of TaurangaCounty" by Evelyn Stokes, Dunmore press 1980.

Source: Archive press clippings from the Mirror and theBay of Plenty Times.

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N gai Te Rangi is a Mataatua tribe. We have a

rich history which began from our journeys

from the East Coast. After many battles and

conflicts, Ngai Te Rangi resided in Whangara,

then Opotiki, and through intermarriage and

many gruelling battles, finally settled where we are today in Tauranga

Moana. Our historical journey is known as Te Heke o Rangihouhiri.

We were originally called Ngati Rangihouhiri but after our ancestor

Te Rangihouhiri died in one of the country’s most bloodiest battles

at Poporohuamea, his brother Tamapahore, led and renamed us

Ngai Te Rangi. With the arrival of Europeans to this region, it was

the Battle of Gate Pa which changed our city forever. Our leaders of

that time Rawiri Puhirake and Henare Taratoa were at the forefront of

the Gate Pa war, and lost their lives fighting for our people, and our

survival. Their leadership is a characteristic we retain to this very day.

Strategic, Focused& Committed

Ngai Te Rangi Prior to Battle of Gate Pa

Ngai Te Rangi Education Unit

Kia u ki te kaupapa o Ngai Te Rangi –taking our iwi into the future”

club Rangatahi

ka hao te Rangatahi...

RANGATAUARUGBY AND SPORTS CLUB

Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Te Rangi Iwi TrustTe Rūnanga o Ngāi Te Rangi Iwi Trustwww.ngaiterangi.org.nzwww.ngaiterangi.org.nz

1111111111111111111111111111111111111

Te Pae Tukutuku Ahureao

Ngāi Te Rangi(Ngāi Te Rangi Schools Project)

Working in partnershipwith our community to

develop culturallyresponsive schools

Language, culture, identity &academic excellence

T k t k

Contact Te Runanga o Ngai Te Rangi on 07-5753-765or email [email protected]

The Education Unit provides a variety of projects and initiatives to assist with the educational development and aspirations of Ngai Te Rangi. The Unit strives to support educational success for all

rangatahi who school in Tauranga Moana. We support the 150th Anniversary of the Battle of Gate Pa and Te Panga. Please contact Te Runanga o Ngai Te Rangi Iwi Trust if you have any enquiries.

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The AvenuesThe Avenues are some of

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Today, they are favoured locationsfor people to live or establishbusinesses, but they haven’talways been known by theirpresent namesFirst to Eleventh Avenues are said to have been named at thesuggestion, of John Harris McCaw – a member of the 1st Waikatoregiment who settled in Tauranga, became clerk for the HighwaysBoard and first town clerk for the borough.Avenues 12 to 23 originally had names which commemoratedearly settlers. However the Tauranga Borough Council made thedecision to change from names to numbers in 1956. It wasn’t atotally popular move, the Bay of Plenty Times noting somewhatsarcastically that the council seemed bent on further emulatingthe city of New York by designating more of its streets asnumbered avenues.12th Avenue was formerly Briarley Street, named after the Briarleyestate along which it ran.13th Avenue was Morris Street, remembering Captain GeorgeBentham Morris

14th Avenue was previously known as Roberts Street afterLieutenant-Colonel John Mackintosh Roberts.15th Avenue was originally known as Hunter Street and 18th Avenueas Pitt Street. Hunter was probably InspectorWilliam Hunter of theArmed Constabulary and Pitt the Inspector Cholwell Dean Pitt whocommanded the Poverty Bay District of the Armed Constabulary.16th Avenue was first namedWrigley Street, named for theWrigleyfamily.There were two unrelatedWrigley families in the area at the time,but the name is most likely connected toThomasWrigley who was electedto the first town board and was twice elected mayor ofTauranga. Heestablished a store in Maketu in 1861 and another inTauranga in 1863,and also owned other stores and a flax mill. HisTauranga store wasdestroyed by fire in 1881 when theTauranga Hotel also burned down.17th Avenue as called Hospital Street, despite the fact that therewas no permanent hospital in Tauranga until October 1913.19th – 23rd Avenues received names relating to well knownTauranga families. Tanner Street, (19th Avenue) was named after theTanners, who were butchers, while a well-known local doctor gavehis name to Macdiarmid Street (21st Avenue). The Tebbs family wasremembered by Tebbs Street (22nd Avenue). Sellars Street is probablynamed for the family of John Lees Faulkners’ son-in-law, DanielSellars, the captain of some of Faulkner’s coastal trading ships.www.econtent.tauranga.govt.nz

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3Battle of Gate Pa

Day of battle dawns...The British force which attacked Gate

Pa on the morning of April 29, 1864was made up of 1650 officers and men

– a sharp contrast to the defenders, whonumbered only about 230.

The guns and mortars used in theattack were devastatingly powerful,including a 110-pounder Armstronggun, two 40-pounder and two 6-pounderArmstrongs, two 24-pounder howitzers andeight mortars.

Shortly after dawn they opened fire againstthe main redoubt.

In his two-volume work The New ZealandWars and the pioneering period, journalistand historian James Cowan says that inthe midst of the massive bombardmentNgaiterangi chief Rawiri Puhirake strodefearlessly up and down the parapetsencouraging his people.

“To his tribesmen he cried reassuringly,in the height of the cannonade, “Ko temanawa-rere, ko te manawa-rere, kia u, kiaua’, (Trembling hearts, be firm, be firm).”

At noon a 6-pounder Armstrong gun washauled across Kopurereua swamp to ahill above, opening fire on the left flankof the main redoubt. The aim was tocreate a breach in the defences for anassault party.

The small amount of return gunfire fromthe Maori position indicated that thebombardment had suceeded and at 4pmGeneral Cameron ordered an assault partyof 300 to attack a breach in the left side ofthe pa.

In Wellington in 1903, Hori Ngatai gavea verbal account of the battle from aMaori perspective to Captain Gilbert Mairand three Members of Parliament. Mairincluded this account in his book, The Storyof Gate Pa.

At the height of the cannonade, Ngatairecalled, the Maori position seemeddesperate:

“All our defences above ground had beendemolished and levelled flat, while as wetook shelter in our trenches, we wereall more or less covered with mud anddrenched with the rain. Our leaders, Rawiri,Tuaia, Hakaraia, Mahika, Timoti and Poihipishowed valiant front, directing our affairswith cool courage. They ordered us not toutter a word or fire a shot till the propertime came for the order.

“The Brtish assault on the pa wasdelivered about four o’clock in theafternoon. The storming party…rushedgallantly to the attack. Then we loosedour fire on them when they got wellwithin range – still they charged on,with bayonets fixed and swords waving,cheering as they came. Through and overthe breach walls they rushed. They enteredthe ruins of the larger pa; most of it was intheir possession. But all at once the tide ofwar was changed. Up leaped our men fromthe rifle pits as if vomited from the bowelsof the earth, and together with those whohad been forced back by the 68th Regimentin the rear, began a deadly hand to handfight with the storming party.”

Men fell “thick and fast,” Ngatai said.

“Tomahawk clashed on cutlass and bayonet– tupara (double and single barrel shotguns)met rifle and pistol. Skulls were cloven –Maoris were bayoneted – Ngaiterangi patiti(hatchets) bit deep into white heads andshoulders. The place was soon full of dyingand dead men, pakeha and Maori. We in theeastern position of the large pa stood firm.It was terrible work, but soon over. Thepakehas were driven clean out of the pa; asthey ran our men falling upon them. They fell

In 1893WH Overend depicted the storming of Gate Pa by the 43rd and 68th Regiments and theNaval Brigade. The scene shows Naval Brigade men carrying swords and rifles. A wounded manis in the foreground. An officer is seen attacking a Maori through the pa palisade, which appearspartly on fire. The uniform may not be the actual uniform worn, given that the print was published33 years after the battle. The naval brigade consisted of 429 officers and men from a flotilla ofAustralia Squadron ships including HMS Curacoa, Esk, Falcon, Harrier and Miranda.Alexander Turnbull Library,Wellington, New Zealand.

The inscription onHenareTaratoa’smemorial at theTaurangaMission Cemetery.

Tauranga Mission Cemetery and the memorial to the soldiers of the FortyThird Regiment killed atGate Pa. Photographed by an unknown person about 1865. AlexanderTurnbull Library,Wellington, New Zealand.

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4 Battle of Gate Pa

The work of an unknown artist, this watercolour shows the tents of Te Papa military campto the right and the buildings of Tauranga in the distance. The spired building on the rightwas the Church Missionary Society’s Mission Institute, taken over as a commissariat by thetroops. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand

A plan showing the British and Maori positions at Gate Pa.Tauranga Mission Cemetery and the memorial to the soldiers of the Forty Third Regimentkilled at Gate Pa.

back on their main body below our works,many of their dead and wounded strewn onthe battle ground.”

With many of their officers killed orwounded, the assault party retreatedin confusion. The inside of the pa wasstrewn with dead or dying, most of thempakeha. Maori casualties were about20 killed and an unknown number ofwounded, while British casualties totalled111 killed and wounded.

That night Maori forces split into smallgroups and retreated to other pa in bush tothe south of Tauranga.

Hori Ngatai takes up the story: “In thenight we collected arms, accoutrementsand ammunition from the British dead. Thenrecognising that our defences no longerexisted, we abandoned the ruined paunder cover of darkness, retiring in good

order and spirits. We crept quietly throughthe lines of the 68th at the rear. The soldierskept firing on us but none of us werekilled, only a few wounded. I believethat some of the soldiers wereaccidentally killed by their own comrades.We retired to the Waoku pa and thendispersed to our various stations along theedge of the forest.”

Troops took possession of the pa the nextmorning. They were met by a terrible scene,with officers and men lying dead or badlywounded. A newspaper correspondent,referred to only as “Mr Wilkinson”,described the scene.

“Colonel Booth…was leaning againstthe rear palisade of the pa, his spinesmashed by a big Tower musket balland his arm broken. He was still livingand on being carried out saluted his

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5Battle of Gate Pa

The scene in the pa the morning after the Battle of Gate Pa, with dead still lying in the trenches.

General, and expressed his regret atnot having succeeded in carrying outhis orders.”

Mair wrote: “the rings, watches, money,trinkets, clothing, etc of our dead were

untouched. This was the finest action ofthe enemy through the struggle…They hadpreviously determined on a chivalrous andhonourable method of carrying on in warand most scrupulously they served it.”

Many of the Maori dead – 20 found in thepa and nine more discovered elsewhere,were buried on the western slopes of GatePa below where the bowling green is nowsituated. The remains of others, and those

of the soldiers and officers who died wereburied in the Mission Cemetery.

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6 Battle of Gate Pa

Pa design protected fighters

The fighting pa at Pukehinahinawas cleverly designed to protectits occupants from a fierce British

bombardment, with an outer screen palisadeknown as a pekerangi, well concealedtrenches, protective bunkers (rua),connecting passages and shallow coveredfiring pits.

The cunning design of the pa was a majoradvantage, because compared with theBritish forces arrayed against them, Maoriwere woefully under-armed. Some used old“Brown Bess” muskets of a type that hadbeen used by the British Army and continuallyredeveloped over 100 years of expansion ofthe British Empire.

Others were equipped with the hakimana(single barrelled shotgun) and the morefavoured tupara (double barrelled shotgun)A percussion model tupara that fired astandard military 28.3gm musket ball wasparticularly effective in bush fighting,though its effective range was only about73 metres.

Short and long handled tomahawks knownas kakauroa were used to devastatingeffect in hand-to-hand combat, while thetoki patiti (hatchet) was another favourite.

The relatively small band of Maori which repulsed the attack on Gate Pa faced a hugeBritish force employing some of the latest and most effective artillery.

Maori

General Duncan Alexander Cameron (fifth from the right, leaning on the wheel of the gun carriage) with a group of soldiers of the Colonial DefenceForce. The photo was taken at sunrise on the morning of the attack on Gate Pa. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

Ka hoki nga mahara o Waitaha….Waitaha looks back….. and remembersHakaraia, he Poropiti, he Matakite, i awhina i a Te Kooti, i awhina i Te Kingitanga, he Rangatira, i mate e pakanga ana ki TeKarauna, kia mau kia pupuri i ona whenua. He Rangatira i mau i kawe i te rakau o te Whakapono. Ka tau mai nga hoia a TeKarauna murua atu ana nga whenua o Waitaha. E toru ke nga wehewehenga o nga whenua o Waitaha.

In 1823, when Nga Puhi attacked Mauao, Hakaraia led Waitaha alongside Ngati Ranginui in support of Ngai Te Rangi. He wascaptured and taken north where he converted to Christianity. Hakaraia acquired skills from renowned strategists Hone Hekeand Kawiti.

Hakaraia Mahika blended Christian philosophies with Maori teachings and preached peaceful engagement with Pakeha.The Crown’s suppression and oppression policies motivated him to stand up for the retention of land for his Waitaha people.Hakaraia was sympathetic to the stance of Te Kooti and Te Kingitanga in retaining land to sustain their people.

Hori Ngatai acknowledged Hakaraia as a brilliant strategist and poropiti. He co-ordinated the Maori forces and assisted indesigning the Pukehinahina battle site. Hakaraia objected to the location of the battle-site at Te Ranga, preferring to fight inthe bush where Maori had the advantage.

Patu given by Tupaea to Hakaraia

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7Battle of Gate Pa

A Maori warrior seated at the base of a defensive pit, a palisade above his head. He is holding a musket in his left handand a tomahawk in his right, beside his knee. A cartridge case is around his neck and his is wearing a flax skirt. From thesketchbook of Horatio Gordon Robley. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

Maori also employed traditionalweapons at Gate Pa such as thetewhatewha, a highly effectivetwo-handed weapon.

British

The British force employed adevastating array of 15 artilleryweapons including a 110-pounderArmstrong gun, two 40-pounderand two 6-pounder Armstrongs,two 24-pounder howitzers andeight mortars. Most of thesewere hauled to nearby Pukereia(Green Hill) where they wereused in a horrific bombardmentlasting eight hours.

The mortars included 20.3cmmodels firing explosive shellprojectiles and six 12 pounderCoehorns. These could hurl abomb shell about 686 metres.

First brought to New Zealandin 1861, the six pounderArmstrong field guns firedsolid and explosive projectilesand had excellent rangeand accuracy for their time.The howitzer field guns firedexplosive shell projectiles whilethe 40 pounder guns, suppliedfrom Australia, fired solid andexplosive projectiles.

The 1650 officers and menarrayed against just 250 Maoriwere armed with a variety offirearms including the 1853model Enfield percussion-lockrifle which became the infantry

standard in the 1860s. The mencarried ammunition in a cartridgebox on a wide worn over the leftshoulder, with a small pouch onthe front for percussion caps.Another pouch was located onthe right-hand side of a waistbelt which carried a bayonet – asword-shaped weapon designedto fit in, on, over or underneaththe muzzle of a rifle or musket.This was particularly effective inhand to hand fighting.

Some soldiers were armed with alight automatic rifle known asthe Terry carbine. This was usedextensively during the LandWarsby the New Zealand ColonialDefence Force. Officers carriedswords and some also used afive shot Adams revolver.

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PART OFTAURANGA’SHISTORY FOR OVER 76YEARSAt Holland Beckett, we are acutely aware of the importantrole that the Battles of Gate Pa and Te Ranga played in theestablishment of our Great City.Holland Beckett is honored to represent and sponsor thePukehinahina Charitable Trust (which has been established torun this year’s commemorative events).We are proud members of the Tauranga Community andconsider ourselves fortunate to be part of it.

8 Battle of Gate Pa

General Sir DuncanAlexander CameronGeneral Cameron and a

large force of Britishtroops were sent to New

Zealand at the request of NewZealand’s Governor, Sir GeorgeEdward Grey.

Cameron replaced Britishcommander Thomas Prattfollowing the end of the FirstTaranaki War in 1863. At thetime, North Island Maori werebecoming reluctant to sellland and the rise of the KingMovement in the Waikato wasconsidered a challenge to Britishsovereignty.

Wanting to put an end to theindependence movement,Grey put a case to the ColonialOffice in London emphasisingthe threats posed by the KingMovement and suggestingthat the European settlementwas about to be wiped out. Tomeet the danger the BritishGovernment sent 14,000 troops.

On June 4, they began buildinga road from Auckland to theKing Movement’s border at theMangatawhiri Stream, preparingto invade the Waikato.

Cameron’s strategy used ariver flotilla to move troops andsupplies up the Waikato River,bypassing swamps betweenMaramaru and Meremere.His gun boat flotilla wasprefabricated in Britain andbarges built in Sydney.

The Waikato invasion beganin July 1863, but Cameron’ssupply lines were severelythreatened by Maori and it tookthree months to secure hisrear position from attacks. Healso sent recruiting officers toAustralia where 2400 volunteerssigned up to fight against Maoriforces. The Australian statesalso sold the New Zealandgovernment large quantities ofrifles, ammunition, uniforms,

horses and bullocks and thelatest Armstrong guns.

After breaking the backof Waikato resistance,Cameron was knighted. In asubsequent battle at KoheroaRidge, Mangatawhiri, hepersonally led the charge andwas recommended for theVictoria Cross.

Maori were forced to retreatinto the King Country andthe government switched itsattention to Tauranga whereMaori sympathetic to theKing Movement were said tobe supplying manpower andammunition. At the Battle ofGate Pa Cameron suffered aheavy loss after misjudging thestrength of Maori defences.

After the battle of Te Rangawhich followed Gate Pa, fightingflared up again in Taranaki.Cameron saw this conflict asunnecessary and provokedmainly by confiscation of Maoriland. His reluctance to continuethe fight is said also to havebeen affected by the severity ofhis defeat at Gate Pa.

He began conducting thecampaign at a snail’s pace,further enraging Grey. Cameronthen recommended to theColonial Office that all Britishtroops be withdrawn fromNew Zealand and resigned ascommander of the troops.

After his return to England,Cameron was promoted tolieutenant-general. From 1868to 1875 he served as Governorof the Royal Military CollegeSandhurst.

General Sir Duncan Alexander Cameron, from a formal portrait painted later in his life.

Room 17 from Greerton Village School commemorates the Battle of Gate Pa. A British and Maori soldier are shown with the opposing flags inside, representing the relationship between the two during the battle.A range of contrasting words were chosen to tie the two soldiers, showing the emotions that would have been evident throughout the battle. Media used: paper collaging. 3 x plywood panels 83cm x 124cm.

9Battle of Gate Pa

Woman fighter earnedplace in historyAcourageous Maori woman who

disobeyed orders to stay and fightalongside the men at Gate Pa has earned

her place in history for a chivalrous deedcommemorated as far afield as Britain.

After helping to construct the fortifications atGate Pa, Heni Te Kiri Karamu, a mission-trainedteacher who had fought with her family in theWaikato, was ordered to leave. Chief RawiriPuhirake insisted she go before the Britishforce attacked. She refused, not wanting toleave her brother Neri.

In the first shot of the massive Britishbombardment she was saved by tohungaTimoti Te Amopo, who pulled her down intoa trench. In later years she told historianJames Cowan that the cannon shotcame as the pa’s occupants began theirmorning service.

“Our lay reader, Hori, was in the act ofpronouncing the final blessing when the shellwas sent into us. I was standing by the sideof the trench with Hori on one side of me andanother minister named Iraihia te Patu-wition the other side.”

Te Amopo had been intently watching theBritish artillery and spotting a flash froma cannon, pulled Te Kiri Karamu downjust before her two companions were hitand killed.

When the day-long bombardment endedand British soldiers stormed the pa, theywere met by fierce gunfire which killed mostof their officers. They withdrew, amidstconsiderable confusion.

Risking her own life, Heni gave water toColonel Booth and three other woundedmen. But in later years there wasdisagreement as to whether she or HenareTaratoa had been responsible for thisheroic act.

However, there was no doubt in Cowan’smind: “Heni te Kiri-karamu, a blend ofAmazon and vivandiere [the name givento women who served as official auxiliarypersonnel to French army combat units],was as compassionate as she was brave.It was she who under fire gave water toColonel Booth…”

Heni told Cowan that many years later afriend sent her a picture by a New Zealandartist showing a man with a calabashcarrying water to Colonel Booth.

“It amused me, for besides the mistakeabout the man there was no calabash, but anold iron nail-can.”

After the battle of the Gate Pa, Henimoved to Rotorua. From 1865–66 shefought for government forces against thePai Marire movement, helping to captureNgaiterangi chief Hori Tupaea at Rotoiti as

he tried to cross Te Arawa territory to jointhe Hauhau leader Kereopa Te Rau. Shealso fought with Te Arawa forces againstthe Hauhau at Matata and Te Teko, nearWhakatane.

Known after her marriage as Heni Pore(Foley) she spent the rest of her life atRotorua, dying on June 24, 1933.

The chivalrous act at Gate Pa is commemoratedby a brass plaque in the church at St GeorgeChurch, Gate Pa, and in a stained-glass windowin the chapel at Lichfield Palace, England.

Wiremu Henare Taratoa offers water to Lieutenant-Colonel Booth, 1864. (Artist unknown). Years later the identity of the person who helped Booth wasdisputed. According to journalist James Cowan who interviewed her years after the battle, it is most likely to have been Heni Te Kiri Karamu,the only woman who helped defend the pa. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand

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Gate Pa Timeline 1864:January: New Zealand Governmentdespatches military force to Tauranga in bid tocut off supply route for Maori King movementsupporters from East Coast to theWaikato.Captain Jenkins of HMS Miranda requestedto blockade Tauranga and troops commandedby Colonel Greer land at Te Papa, buildingtwo redoubts.

January-April: Ngaiterangi returnfrom supporting Maori kingmakerWiremuTamehana in theWaikato and build a strongfortification based on an ancient pa atWaoku,Oropi. Other sections of tribe and Pirirakauoccupy positions at Kaimai, Poripori, Wairoaand Tawhiti-nui, near Te Puna.

Waoku fortification completed. Chief RawiriPuhirake writes to Greer, informing him thathis people have built a pa and formed a roadto it from the harbour, so soldiers will not betoo weary to fight when they get there.

Maori move closer to Te Papa, fortifying aposition on the Pukehinahina ridge knownas “The Gate” by local Europeans. It formsthe boundary between land bought by theChurch Missionary Society and Maori land.The pa is occupied by 200 Ngaiterangiwarriors and representatives of othertribes including Pirirakau. A smaller pa onthe lower western side of the neck of landis occupied by a party of 40 warriors fromvarious other tribes.

April 21: Reinforcements under GeneralDuncan Cameron arrive in Tauranga aboardHMS Esk and HMS Falcon.

April 27 & 28: General Cameron movestroops and the largest amount of artilleryever used in a battle in New Zealand toPukereia Hill, 400m from the pa. On thenight of the 28th Colonel Greer brings 700men of the 68th Regiment across a swampon the eastern side of the pa and occupies aposition behind Maori lines.

April 29: Attack begins with 1650 Britishoffices and men against 250 Maori. A barrageof heavy artillery continues all day. At 4pmtroops attack both the main and the smallerpa. Met by unexpectedly fierce fire and handto hand fighting, which sees most officerskilled and the troops falling back in confusion.One third of the storming party is killed. Maoriabandon pa during the night.

April 30-31: Maori dead buried on thewestern slopes below where the bowlinggreen is now situated. British dead interredat military cemetery near the mission station.

May: British take possession of abandoned paand fortifications along theWaimapu stream.Some troops return to Auckland. Ngaiterangireceive reinforcements from the East Coastand Rotorua.

June: “Kingites” take up position onnarrow ridge at Te Ranga, three miles inlandfrom Gate Pa. Led by Rawiri Puhirake, theycomprise Ngai Te Rangi and Ngati Ranginui,supported by Ngati Porou from the East Coastand Ngati Pikiao and Ngati Rangiwewehifrom Rotorua.

June 21: Force of 600 under Colonel Greersurprise Maori at work on entrenchments.Greer orders reinforcements and anArmstrong gun. Gunfire exchanged fortwo hours before troops assault positionwith bayonet charge. More than 120 Maoriwarriors including Rawiri Puhirake killedin hand-to-hand combat before remainderretreat. Thirteen privates of the 13thRegiment killed. Maori dead buried in riflepits either side of fortification. Puhirake’sremains reinterred two years later inMilitary Cemetery

1864-1870: Former Gate Pa garrisoned by68th Durham Light Infantry.

1877: Pa derelict and earthworks filled in.Cameron Rd cut through site.

1880: Area east of main highway gazetteda domain.

1884: Gate Pa Domain Board established.Land exchanged or gifted to Anglican Church.

1900: St George Church constructed.

1953: Domain land on theWestern side ofCameron Road made available for Gate PaTennis Club and a bowling club.

1964: 100 year centennial celebrations.Memorial unveiled near St George Church onformer pa summit

1974: Gate Pa Domain Board taken over byTauranga City Council.

1986: St George Church damaged by fire.

1992: St George Church destroyed by fire,replaced by new building.

2007: Carved tomokanga (a welcome to allpeople onto a sacred site) constructed oneastern side of Cameron Road.

2008: Gate Pa recorded as anarchaeological site.

2010: Historical signs erected.

2012: Pukehinahina Charitable Trust createdto plan 150th commemoration of the battlein 2014

2013: Planning for 150th commemorationgains momentum.

2014. Huge range of activities planned tocommemorate one of the most importantevents in the history of Tauranga. Manyactivities emphasise understanding andreconcilation.

A section of another sketch of the scene at Gate Pa the morning after the battle.Drawn by Lieutenant Robley, it appeared in the London Illustrated News.

An excerpt from General Duncan Cameron’s report on the battle, addressed to Sir George Grey.

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11Battle of Gate Pa 11Battle of Gate Pa

The Legend of Mauao

T here was once a hill withno name who lived on theedge of the Hautere forest.

This nameless hill was a pononga(slave) to the great chiefly mountain,Otanewainuku. To the southwestwas the shapely form of Puwhenua,a beautiful hill, clothed in all the finegreens of the ferns and shrubs andtrees of the forest of Tane.The nameless one was desperatelyin love with Puwhenua. However,her heart already belonged to

Otanewainuku. There seemed like no hope for the lowly slave. In despairthe nameless one decided to end it all by drowning himself in the PacificOcean, Te Moananui a Kiwa. Calling on the patupaiarehe, the people withmagical powers who dwelled in the forests of Hautere, the ponongaasked them to plait ropes with their magic and then haul him downtowards the ocean. Chanting their song they began to haul the namelessone slowly towards the water, gouging out the valley where the riverWaimapu now flows.They followed the channel past Hairini, pastMaungatapu and Matapihi and finally pastTe Papa to the water’s edge.

By this time it was veryclose to daybreak. Thesun rose, fixing thenameless one to thatplace. Being people of thenight, the patupaiarehewere forced to flee backto the shady depths ofthe Hautere forestsbefore the light of the sundescended upon them.The patupaiarehe gave the name Mauao to this mountain, which marksthe entrance ofTauranga Moana.The name means “caught by the

morning sun”. In time, hehas assumed greater manathan his rival Otanewainuku.Today he is known by manyas Mount Maunganui, but tothe Maori people, he is stillknown as Mauao.Source:www.tauranga.kete.net.nz

The story of how Mauao (Mt Maunganui) was named isone of the most well-known legends in theWestern Bay of Plenty

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1Battle of Gate Pa 1Battle of Gate Pa

Battle of Gate Pa

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Devonport Roadwas where the British navaltroops established their campbefore the Battle of Gate Pa. Itwas presumably named aftera naval base of the same namein England and was originallydivided into sections: DevonportRoad, Devonport Street,Devonport Lane and Simson Street. In 1913 all these names weremerged to become Devonport Road.

The Mayor of Tauranga between 1919 and 1929 was Bradshaw Divewho gave his name to Dive Crescent, while Durham Street is wherethe 68th Durham Light Infantry was stationed in Tauranga duringthe Land Wars.

Elizabeth Streetwas named after Mrs Elizabeth Tunks, the wife of Captain ThomasTunks, a retired Imperial Army Officer. She was the mother of A FTunks, mayor of Tauranga from 1933 to 1935.

Grey Streetwas named after George Grey, appointed Governor of New Zealandin 1845.

The Strandwas originally known as The Beach as before the area in front of itwas reclaimed, the street followed the shoreline of Tauranga Harbour.

Hamilton Streetis named after Captain J FC Hamilton, commanderof the HMS Esk, who waskilled at the Battle of GatePa. Harington Street isalso linked to the Battleof Gate Pa - it is namedafter Colonel Harington,who commanded the 1stRegiment of the Waikato Militia.

Monmouth Streetleads to the historic Monmouth Redoubt, where the 43rdMonmouth Regiment was stationed in the 1860s.

There once was a spring near where Mid City Mall (aka RedSquare) is now located, leadingto the name Spring Street,while a town wharf lay atthe end of Wharf Street.

For many years, the willowtrees planted by Mr ThomasWrigley lined the boundariesof Hamilton and WillowStreets, hence the name.

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3Battle of Gate Pa

Battle had wide ImplicationsThe Battle of Gate Pa was arguably the

most important battle of the New ZealandWars, for both its political effects and its

wider implications for military technology, sayshistorian James Belich.

In his book The New Zealand Wars and theVictorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict(Penguin, 1985), Belich says historians failedto appreciate its full significance becausecontemporary British interpretations of theoutcome were dominated by the shock of thedefeat and the need to make it seem less serious.

Just 230 warriors with limited firepower hadtriumphed over a force of 1700 men equippedwith the most powerful array of artillery everused in New Zealand, including an enormous110 pounder Armstrong. The outcome was evenmore difficult to understand considering themassive day-long bombardment directed at thepa from a distance of just 320 to 730 metres.

Among explanations offered by commentatorsof the time were that the men of the assaultparty had displayed indiscipline and evencowardice. Archdeacon Octavius Hadfieldwent so far as to describe the men as “a lot ofarrant cowards”.

An angered General Cameron declined to evenenquire after the wounded officers of the 43rd

regiment and while members of the assaultparty tended to blame their colleagues forthe defeat, the 43rd blamed the navy and theseamen blamed the officers, says Belich.

Some of the more outspoken settlers andmembers of the colonial ministry blamedGeneral Cameron, accusing him of being toorash – though during the Waikato campaignthey had attacked him for being too cautious.

In fact, Belich says, Gate Pa was a trap, “brilliantlyimplemented and brilliantly conceived”.

The defeat horrified Governor Grey whovisited Tauranga on May 21, 1864 to meetwith Cameron. Working through neutralMaori intermediaries he offeredNgaiterangi “generous treatment” if theywould surrender.

The tribe indicated they would be willing to giveup their arms and cease fighting provided theycould have full claims over their lands, and ifthe Governor was willing to see that no harmbefell them.

Peace seemed near, and on May 15 Camerondecided to stop British military operations inTauranga. Governor Grey agreed but demandedthat Government military settlers should besent to Tauranga to occupy one of the redoubtsat Gate Pa and Judea. They were to be used toprepare land for their future settlement whenthey were not required for military duties.

Cameron sailed back to Auckland with 700men, leaving Colonel Greer in charge. Thegeneral’s explanation for his decision toquit the campaign was that Ngaiterangi hadwithdrawn to “inaccessible” country and thatthe weather was getting too bad to continuethe fight.

Plans to withdraw more troops changedabruptly when on June 12 Colonel Greeradvised Grey he had learned that Maoriintended to attack his position.

On June 21, Colonel Greer marched fromTauranga with a large force of men to patrolthe area beyond Gate Pa. About 10kms southon a narrow neck of land, he discovered aforce of about 500 Maori in the early stages ofdigging a fortification.

The final battle of the Tauranga Campaign –one of the shortest and bloodiest of the NewZealand Wars, was about to begin.

The inscription on a mass grave at the Mission Cemetery, where 14 Maori killed at TeRanga were buried.

A group of riders in front of the fortification at Gate Pa. The earthworks at Te Ranga were primitive in comparison and were in the early stages of construction.

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4 Battle of Gate Pa

Bloody Encounter at Te RangaOn June 21 1864 a reconnaissance

patrol of 600 troops from Te Papaunder Colonel Greer discovered

500 Maori under Ngaitirangi chief RawiriPuhirake in the process of building afortification at Te Ranga, south of Tauranga.

The Maori force was made up of Ngaiterangiand Ngati Ranginui, supported by Ngati Poroufrom the East Coast and Ngati Pikiao andNgati Rangiwewehi from Rotorua

The patrol had been mounted as a result ofGeneral Cameron’s orders that Greer shouldconduct regular surveillance with a sizeableforce in an event to prevent Maori frombuilding pa anywhere near British posts.

Puhirake’s fighting force had been boostedby allies from Rotorua, Rotoiti and the EastCoast but the pa was in the early stages of

construction, consisting of little more than aline of rifle pits across what is now Pyes PaRd. The ground fell away steeply on either sideto bush valleys, streams and swamps and hada gentle slope on its northern approach.

Greer positioned his men and kept up abarrage of intense fire for two hours while thecolonel sent to Tauranga for reinforcements ofan artillery piece and 220 more men.

When the reinforcements arrived, the order toadvance was given and the 43rd, 68th and partof the 1st Waikato Regiment mounted a fiercebayonet charge on the rifle pits, the men ofthe 43rd, in particular, bent on revenge fortheir defeat at Gate Pa.

What followed has been described as oneof the bloodiest encounters of the entireNew Zealand Wars.

In Vol 1 of The New Zealand Wars and thepioneering period, writer and historianJames Cowan says that in the desperatehand-to-hand combat that followed, Britishcasualties were comparatively small.

“The Ngaiterangi and their allies foughtlike old heroes. They stood up to meet thebayonet charge unflinchingly as they hadno time to reload, they used gun-butt andtomahawk with desperate bravery.

“Scores of warriors went down under thesteel and the survivors broke for the coverof the gullies and swamps.”

British casualties were nine dead and39 wounded. Cowan put Maori casualtiesat 120, a figure that may not beentirely accurate.

Those killed included leader Rawiri Puhirakeand Henare Taratoa, one of the peoplewho had helped frame the famous code ofconduct for fighting.

The Maori dead were buried in their ownrifle pits while others were buried wherethey fell while retreating. British dead wereinterred at the Mission Cemetery, with CMSmissionary Archdeacon Brown conductingthe funeral services.

Te Ranga was the final battle of the NewZealand Wars in Tauranga, and a Maorisurrender followed soon after. Howeverit was not the end of fighting in the area,with the short but fierce Tauranga BushCampaign taking place in early 1867.

Part of a description of the Battle of Te Ranga written by a newspaperreporter who witnessed the event. The tone of the article is coloured bycolonial attitudes of the time.

Land on the eastern side of the fortification at Te Ranga fell steeply into a gully. In 1864 what is now farmland wouldhave been mostly clad in bush, with streams and swamps making pursuit of retreating Maori forces difficult.

This plaque which stands in a field near the intersection of Pyes Pa and Joyce Rds is the only visual sign of the fiercebattle that took place at Te Ranga almost 150 years ago.

Kevin J HauaChairman

Commitee of Management

Ph: 07 574 8365www.mangatawa.com

email:[email protected]

46 Tareha LaneMangatawaTauranga

REMEMBERING THE SACRIFICES OF

THOSE WHO FOUGHT AND THOSE WHO

FELL AT THE BATTLES OF PUKEHINAHINA

& TE RANGA & THE BUSH CONFLICT

5Battle of Gate Pa

A plan drawn by historian James Cowan showing the positions of the Maori and British forces during the attack on the incomplete trenches at Te Ranga.

Hakaraia… a Rebel…. the Son of Satan (said the crown)

The Crown’s “scorched earth policy” was a direct result of the involvement of Hakaraia in the Waikato land wars, thebattles at Pukehinahina and Te Ranga and his role in the Bush Campaign. After the death of Rawiri Puhirake, Hakaraiarose to prominence as a leader of the Maori resistance to the confiscation in Tauranga.The Pacification hui at Tauranga was held in August 1864. Waitaha was not represented and did not cede their land.In January 1867 the Crown attacked his villages at Te Puke to punish Hakaraia and “dissident” Maori he led. On theirreturn to Tauranga, the Crown fought Waitaha at Ohineangaanga. The Crown forces burned homes, destroyed crops,scattered livestock and took prisoners when they attacked Maenene, Akeake, Te Taumata, Te Papa, Oropi, Paengaroaand Whakamarama.The Crown used the Tauranga District Lands Act 1868 to extend the confiscation boundary by 75,000 acres as aspecial punishment to Hakaraia and Waitaha. The Crown said Hakaraia was a “rebel” and the “son of Satan”.The Crown persecuted Hakaraia until they killed him at Waipuna Pa, Waioeka, near Opotiki in March 1870. He wasburied with the flag from Pukehinahina - Gate Pa.This commemoration raises mixed feelings. Today, Waitaha has moved on.Kua tau te rangimarie ki runga i te whare o Hakaraia.

6 Battle of Gate Pa

Ngaiterangi Pledge PeaceThe defeat atTe Ranga broke the resistance

of Ngaiterangi and in July 1864 theysurrendered their weapons and pledged

peace to Governor Grey. In August formalpeacemaking was carried out which includedconfiscation of 290,000 acres of Maori land.

The main surrender of arms took place onJuly 25, 1864 on the lawn outside the house

occupied by Colonel Greer, at the intersectionof what is now Willow and McLean Streets.

In the presence of military officers, localmissionaries and government officials156 Maori warriors handed over weaponsincluding muskets, rifles, taiaha and mere.

A different perspective of the scene of the surrender on July 25, 1864. Source: London Illustrated News

The scene during the Maori surrender following the Battle of Gate Pa as sketched by Horatio GordonRobley in 1864. Maori are bringing in their arms and the arms of British soldiers captured in battle.TheWhite Ensign is flying on a flagpole. A large group of Maori is seated, with leader Hori Ngatai standing inthe centre and speaking.The captured British swords are plunged into the ground close to the table wherethe peace agreement is being signed. Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

Phone: (07) 544 6080Email: [email protected]: www.wbdc.co.nz

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ESSAY COMPETITIONBATTLE OF PUKEHINAHINA/GATE PA

JUNIOR DIVISION(YEARS 9-10)TOPIC:“What the Battle of Gate Pameans to me.”


SENIOR DIVISION(YEARS 11-13)TOPIC:“Why should we commemorate theBattle of Gate Pa of 29 April 1864?”


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7Battle of Gate Pa

Protest Led to more FightingThough the Battle of Te Ranga led to the

surrender of Ngaiterangi at Te Papa inJuly, 1864, it did not end fighting in the

Tauranga district.

Maori response to surveying of confiscated landwas to interfere with the process, sometimesthreatening the surveyors.The result was theTauranga Bush Campaign of 1867.

In 1866 surveyors working near the WairoaRiver had their instruments seized by Pirirakau,who had not been part of the Ngaiterangisurrender. Eventually the surveyors had tobe given military protection. In January 1867surveyors working at Waimapu were stoppedby a large group of Ngati Porou belonging tothe Hauhau movement, leading to speculationthat Tauranga was about to be attacked.

Fierce fighting in bush at Pyes Pa, Oropi,Paengaroa, Te Irihanga and Whakamaramaresulted in more casualties and the “scorchedearth” style destruction of Maori villagesand crops. A force of 200 Arawa fighters ledby Gilbert Mair featured prominently in thecampaign, Mair later leading a guerrilla-stylecampaign against Te Kooti in the Urewera.

Over the next three months Pirirakau andNgatiranginui villages from Whakamarama toWaoku (Oropi) were destroyed. Reports of thetime described the enemy as just as ‘Natives’,or ‘Hauhaus’. Former Waikato militia soldierJames Bodell fought in what later becameknown as the Tauranga Bush Campaign.He described his experiences in his book ASoldier’s View of Empire: The Reminiscencesof James Bodell, 1831-92

“A fortnight after [his discharge] the Nativesagain mustered in force and for the next sixmonths another little war was carried on andseveral engagements took place within 14 milesofTauranga.”

“In about a month we had 800 men comprisedof the 12 Regt. (and Waikato) Militia and nativeallies, the tribe known as the ‘Arawas’ professedto be Queen Natives, and fight for Her Majesty. Onseveral occasions sharp engagements took placeand several militia men were killed. All nativevillages that we came across were burnt and theircrops destroyed.”

“The Natives never made a stand but took to theBush and we never seen above 20 at a time. EveryEuropean in the District was compelled to takeArms and all men under 40 years of age went tothe front.The 3rd class Militia men married over40 years protected theTown. At this time I was 36although I did not belong to the force, still I had tocarry Arms and do military duty.”

“One Native settlement we looted a fine Lot ofPoultry and the best Potatoes I had seen in NewZealand. We destroyed several Villages, could nottell how many of the Enemy we killed, they beingin detached Parties, being in dense Bush.TheirPresence were made known by the Ping of theirbullets and a loud report. One of our men werekilled who had volunteered, a Storekeeper, heleft a Wife and 6 Children. I was told by a NativeChief some years after the enemy did not musterabove 50-60 and they harassed fully 800 men formonths.”

By late April fighting had mostly ended, thoughthere were occasional scares and rumours of

attacks onTauranga. Later rumours of an attackon the town byTe Kooti came to nothing. Leftmostly landless, with a subsequentloss of identity and with few prospects for their

economic future,Tauranga Maori sufferedbadly through the 1870s. Food was scarce,disease, starvation and malnutrition rife.

A hand-drawn military map of the area from the Waimapu River, including theTauranga-Rotorua Road toOkauia, Irihanga, Wairoa River andTauranga Harbour. Drawn by an unknown artist in, it includes roadsand tracks, one of which is marked as “my scouting track - there and back close on 40 miles”. Battlesites named include Gate Pa,Te Ranga, Oropi, Waehi and Whakamarama.AlexanderTurnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand

Established in 1913, we began our journeyas a Native School, there was absolutely

no speaking of the Māori language inside oroutside the classrooms.

We then merged into Bilingualism, thismeant we had a taste of both languages

this also meant there was no dominantlanguage we could grasp on to.

The shift to total immersion Māori was abreath of fresh air. This was seen as a hugeturn around which had taken our tipuna, koro,kuia, aunties, uncles, cousins and the widercommunity of Matapihi 100 years and seriousdecision making for the betterment of ourtamariki.

Since the very beginning, our kura hascontinued to provide the best education for ourcommunity in Matapihi. We have a connectionto each other that no one can break, this iscalled “Whakapapa”.

The majority of our tamariki identify with thethree main marae in our area, Waikari Marae,Hungahungatoroa Marae and Whareroa

Marae. A majority of our tamariki are identifiedas Ngai Te Rangi and who whakapapa withother Iwi within Aotearoa.

Rawiri Puhirake of Ngai Te Rangi Taurangawas the son of Ngai Tukairangi, a hapu ofNgai Te Rangi from Matapihi.

He was a Great Chief who led Ngai Tukairangiin land disputes at Tauranga from 1856 to1859.

On 13 August 1874 Puhirake’s remainswere exhumed from Te Ranga, and takento Matapihi. He was reburied in the missioncemetery at Otamataha pa.

Whatungarongaro te tangatatoitū te whenua

As man disappears from sight,the land remains

youngYEARS100

Te Kura o Matapihi

Kereopa McDonald

gY11

8 Battle of Gate Pa

Technology at theBattle of Gate PaThe American Civil War (1861-65) has

been described as the first war of theindustrial age; the first machine war.

And interestingly it was fought at the sameperiod as the Taranaki and Waikato Warsand the Tauranga Campaign (1860-64), saysTauranga military historian Dr Cliff Simons.

Mr Simons, who is also an army officer, says1850-60s was a period of rapid technologicalchange in many aspects of warfare includingweapons, transportation and communications.And even though New Zealand was soremote, the technology used at Gate Pa wassubstantially the same as in the Civil War.

“The personal weapon of the British soldiersat Gate Pa had recently changed from theolder style flintlock musket to the 1853 Enfieldrifle-musket.

“Instead of a round musket ball, the newweapon fired a cone-shaped bullet made of softlead. The barrel had grooves or rifling curvingalong the inside which spiralled the bullet outwith much greater accuracy and force.

“The Maori defenders had some of thenew technology too. They tended to use anyweapons they could get but preferred thedouble barrelled shotgun (tupara) now alsowith percussion caps.”

Mr Simons says artillery had undergone asimilar technological revolution and the threebig Armstrong guns used at Gate Pa, fromHMS Esk, were the latest breech-loading, rifledbarrel guns that fired technologically advancedshells.

The Royal Navy ships that served during thebattles at Tauranga were steam powered andscrew driven, although they still carried sails.

This meant that they were quicker and couldbe used in a much more versatile ways. Steampropulsion meant that they could even sailparallel to the shore and give fire support asthey did during a battle on the beach nearMaketu on April 27, 1864, he says.

The Maori defenders of Gate Pa occupied afortification that was the result of a 40-yearprogression in the design of fighting pa.

Pre-musket pa had relied upon height toobserve and repel attackers, but as soon asmuskets appeared the only way to defend thefortification and avoid being shot was to buildat ground level or below, Mr Simons says.

Mr Simons demonstrates the procedure for firing one of the rifles of the typeused by British soldiers at Gate Pa.

An Armstrong gun similar to those used at Gate Pa.

HMS Curacao was the flagship of the Australia Station between April 1863 and May 1866 and served in Tauranga at the time of the Battle of Gate Pa.

“Gate Pa was a clever refinement of pa engineeringtechnology that met two requirements; to allow the defendersto survive underground during a heavy bombardment and thento move through tunnels into the firing trenches in time torepulse the assaulting British.”

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9Battle of Gate Pa

Serious Impact on MissionThe battles of Gate Pa and Te Ranga

seriously affected Archdeacon AlfredBrown’s mission in Tauranga.

Not only did British and colonial troops campon mission land at Te Papa, but Brown, whohad entertained a group of British officers athis home on the eve of the Battle of Gate Pa,was called upon to minister to the woundedand bury the dead after Gate Pa and the laterBattle of Te Ranga. As a result he lost the trustof local Maori.

He also came into conflict with thecolonial government after the war whenmilitary settlers occupied mission propertywithout Church Missionary Societypermission. The CMS gave up four-fifthsof its Tauranga land to the government,

retaining one-fifth as an endowment. In1873 Brown purchased the mission houseand 17 acres.

Well into his old age, Brown spent upto four months of each year walking thetracks of the Bay of Plenty and Waikato topreach and baptise.

His aims were to protect the Maori fromEuropean influence and to convert theminto perfect Christians. However his failureto achieve this takes nothing away from hissincerity or his love for the Maori people.

Public theologian Alistair Reese says theimpact of the land wars and the stance ofArchdeacon Alfred Brown and others intheir perceived support of the Crown wasdisastrous for the indigenous CMS mission.

“Alfred Brown and William Williams lost muchof their credibility with Tangata whenua. WhileBrown and others continued in the ministry,their emphasis turned towards the growingneeds of the settler church while Maori lookedto other resources to make sense of thechanging times. When Alfred Brown died in1884 after 50 years of service in the region,The Bay of Plenty Times stated in his obituarythat he was:

‘One of those rare souls to whom religion wasas real and natural as the air he breathed,he came as a missionary amongst heathenpeople; young and energetic, full of zeal forhis chosen work … he was no land seeker …no breath of scandal ever fell upon his name.His one dominating thought was the welfare

of his Maori flock … and it was noted in theaccount of his funeral that there was but apoor attendance of members of the nativerace to which he had devoted his life’.

There are important lessons for contemporaryNew Zealanders to reflect on and learn fromthe stories of our past, says Reese.

“We need to recognise the ways the gospelpowerfully impacted communities and changedlives. But we need to reflect and rememberthe flawed actions of those who, despite theirbest intentions, made mistakes and causedhurt along the way.

“The complex interaction of these twoelements – the glory of the gospel and theshame of human witness – are ever present inour history as a nation.”

The first Maori teacher and his family at a cottage in the grounds of the CMS Mission Station. The photograph was taken in 1863, the year before the Battle of Gate Pa and the subsequent change inArchdeacon Alfred Brown’s relationship with local Maori.

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Grief Focuses on Land LossWhile for some in today’s Tauranga

community there is a true regret thatGate Pa ever happened, the general

view seems to be that it was not good, but withthe softening passage of time, neither was itparticularly bad, says historian Buddy Mikaere.

“But I’m not convinced we all accept that asbeing the case.

“From the Maori perspective there are muchstronger reasons for remembering the battle.There is still grief for the death and loss ofbrave and revered ancestors, but the griefand sense of loss is now more focused onland loss.”

Mr Mikaere says Gate Pa was a crucial turningpoint for Tauranga Maori and an importantpart of the chain of events that saw theimplementation of The Native Settlements Act(1863) which legitimised the confiscation ofalmost 50,000 acres of their most productivelands as punishment for rebellion.

“That land confiscation is an event which evenfrom the distance of a century and a half later,still rankles with Tauranga Maori who sawthemselves as defenders of their homes frominvasion.

“It is right that we should pause andremember events such as the battle at Gate Pabecause Gate Pa and the earlier battles foughtat Orakau and Rangiriri in the Waikato and inTaranaki are landmark events in the history ofrace relations in this country.

“Understanding the aftermath of those eventsgives us a better idea of the social forces thathave shaped the New Zealand society we havetoday.”

In the 1860s Maori were cast as rebels by thegovernment and settler society in general, MrMikaere says.

“The eventual Maori defeat in war thereforeprovided a justification for what happenedsubsequently. Maori were punished for

their “rebellion” and forced to undergo thehumiliation of surrender, suffer imprisonmentand worst of all, the confiscation of theireconomic base – their land.

“The Imperial world of Victorian Englandprovided a machinery of colonial governmentmodel and a mindset and set of valueswhich had little regard for reaching aworking accommodation with native peoples,particularly conquered native peoples.

“I wish that in the dark times of the 1860s wehad someone with the same breadth of visionto see the end of the fighting as an opportunityto build a nation and steer us to greatness.But there was no-one with that courage orthat vision and by default what we got was anational leadership that utterly failed to graspaspirations of greatness.

“We got leadership by the self-interested; agovernment of some of the people, by someof the people, for some of the people in a

narrow, selfish, exercise of the machineryof state.

That Maori might be fellow citizens andworthy opponents deserving of respect andhonourable treatment was largely brushedfrom consideration like “lint from a lapel”, MrMikaere says.

“We cannot say that was a universal view butwe can say it was the view of those who hadthe ability to influence policy and government.

“If those in power had not been motivated bypolitics, greed, cultural superiority and perhapseven racism, the world we inherited after GatePa might have been far different.”

Note: Mr Mikaere, of Ngati Ranginui hapuNgai Tamarawaho, is a professional historianand consultant. He is also the director of thePukehinahina Trust, responsible for organisingnumerous events being held this year tocommemorate the 150th anniversary of theBattle of Gate Pa

Historian and Pukehinahina Trust project director Buddy Mikaere says Gate Pa was a crucial turning point for Tauranga Maori.

Pukehina School is a small rural school catering for children through Years 1-8. Buses transportthe school population from up to 15 kilometres away. At present the roll number provides for atwo teacher school (2.54 staffing).

He Maatauranga mo te ora (Learning for Life)Huakina to Wairua ki nga akoranga Hou (Open your spirit to new Learning)

The school was opened in 1914 on land originally belonging tothe Whakahemo tribe to “whaia te matauranga”. Te RangituakohaTakuira Mita was the chief. His descendants still attend the school.There was a gazette notice in 1940 stating the land was taken by thegovernment for a school.

A history of excellentbi-cultural relationships

is evident throughout theschool and community

Welcome to Pukehina School: A country school with country values

www.pukehina.school.nz1762 Old Coach Rd, Te Puke Phone: 07 533 3869

11Battle of Gate Pa

General Lost Taste for WarThe events that took place at the Battle

of Gate Pa probably helped mouldBritish commander General Duncan

Cameron’s view that the motives for thewar in New Zealand were ill-founded,says Tauranga historian Buddy Mikaere.

Cameron subsequently resigned and in August1865 returned to England.

Mr Mikaere says the Battle of Gate Pa isremembered as one of the worst reversessuffered by an imperial force at the handsof “natives”, in the entire history of theBritish Empire.

“The Pakeha army that day was made upof a mix of soldiers, sailors and marinesbacked by a formidable artillery battery- the biggest ever assembled in colonialNew Zealand.

“The soldiers were a mix of verans ofCrimea and the Indian campaigns, whilethe sailors and marines were drawn fromthe warships that had transport the troopsfrom Auckland.

“Some of the ships had come from theBaltic via the Australian Station. This mixedfore army was in turn backed up by areserve force of some 600 ‘local’ troops,most drawn from the 1st Regiement ofthe newly-formed Waikato Militia. TheMilitia numbered in its ranks both localsand recruits from Australia drawn to NewZealand by promises of land grants inreturn for military service.”

The Maori irregulars came mainly fromthe three local iwi of Ngaiterangi, NgatiRaninui and Ngati Pukenga, reinforced

by contingents from other tribes such asWaitaha, Whakatohea from the Eastern Bayof Plenty, perennial Tauranga allies NgatiRangiwewehi of Te Arawa and an itinerantband of Maori mercenaries, Ngati Koheriki,part of the Hauraki iwi of Ngati Paoa and whocame from the East Wairoa-Hunua area. TheMaori numbers were estimated at around 230,possibly a few more, Mr Mikaere says.

The code of conduct observed by Maori duringthe battle may have been instrumental informing the Imperial regular force soldiers’later opinion that Maori were worthyopponents and deserving of respect, he says.

“Fifty years after the battle in 1914 atthe unveiling of a stone monument to theNgaiterangi leader at Gate Pa, RawiriPuhirake, these words were spoken:

‘The warriors of the native race werealways noted for great physical courage. Inaddition to this, Rawiri held a still greaterattribute. He had the moral courage to dowhat he considered right… He insisted thatthe prisoners of war should be treated withmercy, and at Gate Pa he himself saw to it thathis orders were carried out. It is difficult toestimate the moral courage required for anaction of this sort…’”

Mr Mikaere says the British clearly saw GatePa as a defeat, but in the shock of defeat, alegend about the chivalrous conduct of theMaori participants was born.

“So much so, that in subsequent years theaftermath of the battle was thought by Pakehain particular to be worth of remembrance,even celebration.”

The chivalrous behaviour of Maori at Gate Pa is remembered on this memorial to Rawiri Puhirake at the historic Tauranga Mission Cemetery

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Significant Landmark BethlehemThe Maori name for what is now one of

Tauranga’s most popular and fast-growing suburbs is Peterehema.

Bethlehem received its scriptural name afterthe Land Wars from missionaries responsiblefor resettling Maori whose land had beenconfiscated.

The area has been settled by Maori forcenturies and was the scene of much inter-tribal and inter-hapu fighting before the firstEuropeans arrived.

The people of Ranginui conquered thepeople of Ngamarama and consolidated theirposition in the coastal lands of TaurangaHarbour, establishing a number of newvillages. By the 1880’s the main NgatiRanginui settlements included those atBethlehem.

There are two Ngati Ranginui marae inBethlehem: Peterehama which belongs to theNgati Hangarau hapu, and Wairoa belongingto Ngati Kahu hapu.

The land where Bethlehem is now situatedwas originally purchased by GordonCummings and consisted of 820 acres of landfrom Cambridge Road to the sea. He leasedsome land back to local Maori. Harold Oliverfrom Taranaki purchased the block in 1899,and after moving there with his family in1909, subdivided it amongst his sons.

There was a Maori school at Peterehema,known as the Paeroa Native School, andchildren from far afield as Huria (Judea)attended. The first shop was built inBethlehem in the 1930s and in 1956 the

community hall was built.

With its warm micro climate, Bethlehem waspopular with horticulturalists and farmersfrom the time of the first European settlers,with tobacco among some of the moreexotic crops trialled. Dairy farms and citrusorchards were prolific, later giving way tokiwifruit orchards.

The area changed quickly from the late1980s when residential development beganin earnest. The centre now boasts some

of Tauranga’s best schools as wellas retirement villages, churches,Mills Reef Winery, an award-winning restaurant and the bustlingBethlehem Town Centre.Sources:

"Tauranga 1882-1982, the Centennial of GazettingTauranga as a Borough", edited by A C Bellamy, publishedby Tauranga City Council 1982. "A History of TaurangaCounty" by Evelyn Stokes, Dunmore press 1980.

Source: Archive press clippings from the Mirror and theBay of Plenty Times.

www.bethlehem.net.nz/history

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The AvenuesThe Avenues are some of

Tauranga’s earliest and bestknown streets.

Today, they are favoured locationsfor people to live or establishbusinesses, but they haven’talways been known by theirpresent names.First to Eleventh Avenues are said to have been named at thesuggestion, of John Harris McCaw – a member of the 1st Waikatoregiment who settled in Tauranga, became clerk for the HighwaysBoard and first town clerk for the borough.Avenues 12 to 23 originally had names which commemoratedearly settlers. However the Tauranga Borough Council made thedecision to change from names to numbers in 1956. It wasn’t atotally popular move, the Bay of Plenty Times noting somewhatsarcastically that the council seemed bent on further emulatingthe city of New York by designating more of its streets asnumbered avenues.12th Avenue was formerly Briarley Street, named after the Briarleyestate along which it ran.13th Avenue was Morris Street, remembering Captain GeorgeBentham Morris.

14th Avenue was previously known as Roberts Street afterLieutenant-Colonel John Mackintosh Roberts.15th Avenue was originally known as Hunter Street and 18th Avenueas Pitt Street. Hunter was probably Inspector William Hunter of theArmed Constabulary and Pitt the Inspector Cholwell Dean Pitt whocommanded the Poverty Bay District of the Armed Constabulary.16th Avenue was first named Wrigley Street, named for the Wrigleyfamily.There were two unrelated Wrigley families in the area at the time,but the name is most likely connected toThomas Wrigley who was electedto the first town board and was twice elected mayor ofTauranga. Heestablished a store in Maketu in 1861 and another inTauranga in 1863,and also owned other stores and a flax mill. HisTauranga store wasdestroyed by fire in 1881 when theTauranga Hotel also burned down.17th Avenue as called Hospital Street, despite the fact that therewas no permanent hospital in Tauranga until October 1913.19th – 23rd Avenues received names relating to well knownTauranga families. Tanner Street, (19th Avenue) was named after theTanners, who were butchers, while a well-known local doctor gavehis name to Macdiarmid Street (21st Avenue). The Tebbs family wasremembered by Tebbs Street (22nd Avenue). Sellars Street is probablynamed for the family of John Lees Faulkners’ son-in-law, DanielSellars, the captain of some of Faulkner’s coastal trading ships.www.econtent.tauranga.govt.nz

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3Battle of Gate Pa

Opportunity forbetter understanding

Looking to a brighter future

History can provide uswith explanations and anunderstanding of why things are

as they are.

The commemoration of the Battle ofPukehinahina (Gate Pa) and the Battleof Te Ranga is a chance to bring aboutbetter understanding and awarenessof the historical events that haveinfluenced our city over the past 150years.

The battles were significant forTauranga and for the whole country formany reasons. The Battle of Te Rangabrought to an end the land wars in the

area. After the battle large tracts of landwere confiscated and this forms part ofthe treaty claims which are only beingaddressed now.

In my role as Mayor of Tauranga City Iam confronted by our history on a dailybasis. For better or for worse, our cityand its surrounds have been shapedby the decisions of all those who camebefore us. As we plan for the future,every decision we make today is madein the context of events and decisionsthat were made in the past.

I am greatly encouraged by thegenerous, collective work that has

been put in by different members of thecommunity for these commemorations.It is important for the future ofTauranga that we build a city whereour shared past is acknowledged andwhere, together, we can celebrate ourcultural diversity.

Tauranga is rich with heritage. Thecommemoration of Gate Pa and TeRanga is an opportunity to explorethe richness of that heritage as onecommunity.

Stuart CrosbyMayor of Tauranga

Mayor Stuart Crosby

Mayor Ross Paterson

Tauranga Moana iwi have madesignificant progress in thepast 15 years to reach redress

and resolution for the Crown’s pastinjustices.

The loss of land through illegalconfiscations, acts of Parliament anddubious dealings under the guise of theCrown, gave rise to theTreaty of Waitangiclaims process - without doubt the mostsignificant event for Maori in the 20thcentury.

At the signing of the Treaty of Waitangiin 1840 more than 26,825,600habelonged to Maori. By the end of thatcentury this had reduced to 1,212,000ha.Injustices by the Crown continued intothe 20th Century.

In 1998 the Waitangi Tribunal beganhearing all claims in Tauranga andWestern Bay. This was the dawn of anew era for race relations in this part ofthe Bay of Plenty.

The Waitangi Tribunal,headed by JudgeRichard Kearney, began the first claimsof the three Tauranga Moana iwi - Ngai

Te Rangi, Ngati Ranginui and NgatiPukenga - on Huria Marae, Judea on 23February 1998.

The Tauranga Moana collective claimshave been one of the largest groups ofrelated claims heard by the Tribunal. Ithas been a long and harrowing processfor tangata whenua to seek justice forthe loss of resources and status and forthe consequent impact still felt today.

In the past two years their journey hasbeen rewarded with the signing of threedeeds of settlement by the Crown.

In June 2012, the Minister for Treatyof Waitangi Negotiations, ChristopherFinlayson, signed the first deed ofsettlement with Ngati Ranginui.The signing took place on Te Rangabattlefield in Pyes Pa.

Minister Finlayson signed the deed ofsettlement with Ngati Pukenga on the TeWhetu o Te Rangi Marae in Welcome Bayin April 2013

In December 2013 the Minister came toWhareroa Marae in Mount Maunganui

to sign the deed of settlement betweenthe Government and Ngai Te Rangi andNga Potiki.

This year we commemorate the Battleof Gate Pa in which 1700 British troopssuffered defeat by the tactics of Maorichief Rawiri Puhirake and his 230warriors.

However we commemorate this battlenot as foes, but as a sign that we haveprogressed to a mutual respect for theevents of that most significant battlebetween the British and Maori.

Government continues to seek resolutionofTreaty grievances and to advancesettlement of claims.

Acknowledging and taking steps to putinjustices right has made our communitystronger and gives us every reason tohope for a closer relationship betweenPakeha and Maori and a mutual desirefor a better future.

Ross PatersonWestern Bay of Plenty Mayor

69 9TH AVENUETAURANGA

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4 Battle of Gate Pa

Maori fared badlyover early land issues

Throughout the 1880s there was a steadydecline in Maori numbers at Taurangafrom about 1,245 in 1874 to 1,020 in

1881 and 963 in 1886. It was not until the1920s that there was any real sign of recovery.

In 1925 the Sim Commission looked into landconfiscations around New Zealand, but itsconclusion that theTauranga confiscation wasneither unjustified nor excessive, was repeatedby a succession of Native/Maori AffairsMinisters to turn down petitions and appeals.

Through the 1940s,however, appeals toParliament over the confiscations gainedmomentum. Nine were received Taurangatribes in 1944 alone. At their core was theissue that relatively few Ngati Ranginui hadtaken part in the land wars, but their landshad still been confiscated for the rebellionof others. Ngai Tamarawaho claimed tobe practically landless and destitute andrequested an enquiry.

In September 1961 the Tribal Executives ofNgaiterangi, Ngati Ranginui, Matakana andKatikati formed the Tauranga Tribal Executive,aimed at presenting a combined iwi raupatuclaim to Government.

The centenaries of the battles of Gate Pa andTeRanga in 1964 provided an opportunity for landissues to be aired and atTe Ranga, historianPeiTe Hurunui Jones OBE said it would be afitting climax to the centenary celebrations

if Government set up a MaoriTrust Board toadminister compensation for confiscated lands.

Up until the 1960s theTauranga confiscationclaim had to a large extent been a NgatiRanginui and NgaiTamarawaho, one. But fromthe 1970s a concerted pan-tribal effort wasmade to overturn the Sim Commission’s verdict.

The Tauranga Moana Maori Trust Board Act(1981) was a flawed effort to come to gripswith the consequences of the confiscationand caused widespread dissatisfaction. Just$250,000 was to be paid, “in full and finalsettlement of all claims of whatever naturearising out of the confiscation or otheracquisition of any of the said lands bythe Crown.”

In 1987 representatives of Ngai Tamarawahooccupied the old Tauranga Town Hall to protestthe confiscations. Meanwhile, the Treaty ofWaitangi Amendment Act provided renewedefforts to increase the level of compensation.

The Waitangi Tribunal held a two-stage inquiryinto over 60 claims concerning the militaryoperations in Tauranga, the associated landconfiscations and their aftermath.

Stage one found that the Crown hadunjustifiably attacked Tauranga Maori at GatePa and Te Ranga, and confiscated their land.Crown actions in the 1867 Tauranga BushCampaign, the compulsory Te Puna-Katikatipurchase, the acquisition of the Te Papa block,and the return and subsequent alienation ofmuch of the district were also unjustifiable.

Stage two found that following the raupatuand its aftermath, land loss had continuedthrough Crown purchasing, public works,pressure caused by actual and potential ratesdebt, and Tauranga’s rapid urbanisation.

The Tribunal recommended substantialredress for post-1886 Treaty breaches, aswell as redress for the raupatu.

Ngati Ranginui’s Deed of Settlement with theCrown was marked by a poignant ceremonyat theTe Ranga battleground hosted by NgaiTamarawaho.

It took place on June 21, 2012, 148 yearsafter one of the bloodiest battles of theNew Zealand Wars. The treaty settlementwas the first in which properties, cash andcommercial rights were transferred toindividual hapu rather than the umbrella iwiorganisation.

Maori women outside a whare on Motiti Island. The photo was taken in 1901.

The scene pictured at the 100th anniversary of theBattle of Gate Pa, where a plaque was unveilednext to St George Church to mark the battle.

Ngai Tamarawaho protest the 19th centuryland confiscations on the steps of the oldTauranga Town Hall in 1987.

Tauranga master carver the late Tuti Tukaokaopictured during the 1987 town hall occupation.

Tauranga’s Maori population was still declining in 1910 when this postcard photo of poi dancerswas sent by Annie Hodges of Oropi to her mother Mrs Amos in Sydney. Tauranga City Library

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5Battle of Gate Pa

Settlement included payment of $38 millionas financial compensation, the vesting of51 Crown-owned properties as commercialcompensation and the return of 14 sites ofcultural and spiritual significance.

The signing of a Deed of Settlementat Whareroa Marae on December 14,2012 ended Ngaiterangi and Nga Potikinegotiations with the Crown overcompensation for historical acts andomissions that saw both tribes face loss oflife, lands and resources.

“For almost 150 years, more than fivegenerations of our people have been carryingan unbearable pain that this weekend willend and allow us to get on with the workof moving forward,” said Ngaiterangispokesperson Charlie Tawhiao.

As well as the land confiscations, Nga Potikihad suffered from further land loss throughwholesale implementation of the PublicWorks Act, said Nga Potiki spokespersonColin Reeder.

Western Bay of Plenty iwi Ngati Pukengasigned their deed of settlement for historicaltreaty claims at Te Whenu o Te Rangi Maraeon April 7, 2013. The iwi was given $5 millionand had four land blocks totalling more than400ha returned.

Ngati Pukenga negotiator Rahera Ohia saidthe settlement was especially significant “inthat it’s a package of resources that we’venever had before”.

While today’s society would notcontemplate the conquerersscenario that followed the Battle of

Gate Pa 150 years ago, it is not yet time forpeople to pat themselves on the back, sayshistorian Buddy Mikaere.

“We still have to deal with the fallout ofthat land theft those decades ago,”says Mr Mikaere.

“We still have to deal with the consequencesof a society that had its economic baseripped from under its feet and the legacyof that loss being passed down fromgeneration to generation and which isreflected in any social indicator you careto use, whether it be disparities in health,education, employment, or ratesof imprisonment.”

After the fighting of the 1860s-1870s theMaori population accelerated to a low pointin 1878 and never really recovered rightthrough the economic depression of the1890s, he says.

“For Maori, these are the ‘disappeared years’.”

Deprived of much of their land, TaurangaMaori became the hewers of wood, thefetchers of water and the labourers onwhose backs the fledgling Taurangaeconomy was built.

“They were pushed to the edges of thegrowing town and being devoid of capital,what land remained to them was unableto be properly utilised. More land was lostthrough the machinations of the NativeLand Court and other measures designed toseparate Maori from their remaining lands.”

“It was all part of the infamous processwhich Maori described as being the ‘nibble,bite and swallow’.”

People of his great-grandfather andgrandfather’s generation were poorlyeducated, lived in sub-standard housing,were poorly fed, suffered from healthproblems with little or no access to medicalfacilities and lived lives of poverty, he says.

“It is not that they were lazy or lacked awork ethic. What they lacked was far moresoul-destroying: they lacked opportunity.

“In effect, they were trapped in aneconomically-deprived cage.”

This arrested social and economic developmentis the true legacy of not just Gate Pa, but all thewars of the 1860s, Mr Mikaere says.

Fallout from land loss continues

Buddy Mikaere…Maori still dealing withconsequences of losing their land.

Local Maori welcome the Maori King to the Ngati Ranginui hapu’s treaty settlement, held at the Te Ranga battleground on June 21, 2012. A_210612jb09bop

The Ngati Ranginui settlement is signed by members of hapu anddignitaries. A_210612jb07bop

Kaumatua, Kihi Ngatai, speaks at the Ngati Ranginui's treaty settlement,held at theTe Ranga battleground. A_210612jb03bop

Former Ngati Ranginui iwi chairman Huikakahu Kawe flanked by NgaiTamarawaho hapu kaumatua DesTata (left) and Peri Kohu at theTe Rangabattlefield as theTreaty settlement signing began. A_200612jf04bop

Tuesday 29 April 2014 marks 150 years since the Battle of Gate Pa. The Battle was a pivotal moment inthe founding of our city and commemoration activities have been taking place over the last year throughthe Pukehinahina Charitable Trust and the Battle of Gate Pa Trust.

Over the next four weeks there will be a number of commemoration events as we build up to the anniversaryon 29 April. For more information on the Battle of Gate Pa and how you can be involved in the events go towww.battleofgatepa.com.

THE BATTLE OF GATE PAE PA

Kapa Haka Diorama model display ExhibitionsArmstrong Cannon display

NZ String Quartet and NZ Army Band concerts

Military Memorial Service Dawn blessing

A re-enactment of the Firing of Salutes -NZ Armed Constabulary Re-enactment Unit

contingent plus 68th/43rd Regiments

Supported by

6 Battle of Gate Pa

In the year 2064 the place we all live in andcall home will be known far and wide withpride asTauranga Moana.

Our harbour will have been restored to itstrue pristine glory and our mokopuna willbe sharing in the bounty of our clean andwholesome kaimoana with the children ofall families living in Tauranga. Our mokopunawill be able to swim in and drink directly fromevery waterway in our region.

The memories of the Rena will be positiveas our whole community benefits from theworld-leading marine studies and researchinstitute that was set up as a legacy of themost damaging environmental event to havehit our oceans.

Our port will be the primary import and exportpoint for the whole country and will by then beacknowledged as the world leader in culturaland environmental sustainability.

The legacy and pain of invasion, raupatu andcolonisation will have been displaced by apositive environment of inclusive and growthdevelopment in which our collective storiesare known and remembered with pride.

Tauranga Moana, the city, will be a vibrantMaori-speaking city in which the value of tereo Maori will be evident in the languageused in our communities and businesses andin traditional place names that have beenrestored and are used with pride. Iwi andMaori-owned enterprises will be the major

contributor to a vibrant economy that is basedon our unique strategic advantages as aregion.

Our attractions as a place to live and raisefamilies will have drawn the very best ofinnovators from across the globe to join withour own innovators to fully capitalise on thenatural advantages that we have alwaysenjoyed. Our climate, our land and our harbourwill all play a much greater role in supplyingAotearoa and our trading partners withenvironmentally sustainable water and food-based products.

Ngai Te Rangi will be a global participantin trade and will be producing thinkerswho deliver world-leading ideas on social

organisation and community cohesion. Wewill be major players on the global stage asmajor exporters in our own right, supplyingknowledge-based products as well as land andsea based products to a world market that hasexhausted its capability to do so for itself.

Our Ngai Te Rangi schools will be producinghigh quality graduates who are achieving ineverything they do as Ngai Te Rangi citizens.

The ideals of Whanau Ora will have becomeembraced by the whole of our society who willby then have integrated these values into theireveryday life. Our communities will be livingthese values and in doing so, leading the worldon a whanau and value-based society. Ngai TeRangi will be a stronger and united people.

The 150th commemoration of theBattle of Gate Pa, one of the mostimportant events in Tauranga’s history, is

supported by a huge range of activities thathave already begun in Tauranga. Highlightsinclude an exhibition of drawings by HoratioRobley at the Tauranga Art Gallery, as well as

a lecture series by historians Cliff Simons andDes Tata on St George’s Church, Gate Pa. Alsoplanned is a powerful re-telling of the storyof the Battle of Gate Pa in an exhibition at theGreerton Community Hall.

Education and reconciliation play a large partin the various activities, which also include a

strong cultural component. There's everythingwriting competitions, drama, speech contestsand music, including a series of NZ StringQuartet concerts at Huria Marae, sponsoredby the Pukehinahina Trust.

All these events are a lead-up to the big day -the commemoration on April 29, starting with

Vision of a proud futureTe Runanga o Ngai Te Rangi Iwi chairman Charlie Tawhiao looks into the future and describes an idealtransformation of Tauranga Moana, from the iwi's point of view

150th commemoration eventsa dawn blessing of the Gate Pa poi andflagpole.

The 150th anniversary of the Battle of TeRanga will be held on the battle site atPyes Pa on June 21.

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7Battle of Gate Pa

Date Event and Location10 March Installation of Diorama model - Battle of Gate Pa – Tauranga Airport. Sponsor: Sunrise Rotary; Rob Hicks

12April to June 8. Robley: A Lasting Legacy – Exhibition of drawings by Horatio Robley, Tauranga Art Gallery, Spring Street, Tauranga

17 April (from 6.30pm) Finals – Secondary Schools speech competition – Tauranga Girl’s College. Sponsor: ANZ Bank

17 April – 4 May Art Competition Exhibition – St George’s Church Hall. Sponsor: Simpson Grierson; Countdown Gate Pa; Mitre 10/Mega; Tower Scaffolding

18-19 April Gate Pa Voices drama – St George’s Church. Sponsor: Pukehinahina Charitable Trust

21 April Announcement of winners of Secondary Essay Competition. Sponsors Bayleys Realty - Eves

21-22 April Lecture series Cliff Simons and Des Tata – The Battle of Gate Pa - St George’s Church. Sponsor: PukehinahinaCharitable Trust

23-24 April (from 6pm) NZ String Quartet concerts – Music from 1864 – Huria Marae; Sponsor: Pukehinahina Charitable Trust

25 April ANZAC DAY

26 April (from 9am) Firing of Salutes NZ Armed Constabulary Re-enactment Unit contingent plus 43rd

Regiment Re-enactment group –static display. Sponsor: Pukehinahina Charitable Trust

27 April (from 6pm) A story of Gate Pa: Te Auetu and David Hall – told by the Hall Family – LDS chapel, Cameron Road

27 April to April 30 Exhibition and audio-visual presentation at Greerton Hall Community Hall,

May Battle of Gate Pa Trust.

28 April 9 (from noon) NZ Army Band Lunchtime concert – The Strand

28 April Judging of Senior Art Competition – St George’s Church Hall

28 April (from 6.30pm) Gate Pa Comm. Dinner – announcement of Art Competition winners

29 April (from 6am) Dawn Blessing of Gate Pa Pou and Flagpole. Sponsors: Farmers Auto Village, Farmer Whanau, Ullrich Aluminium,Mitre 10/Mega; CGC Construction; Stresscrete; Iwi O Tauranga Moana

29 April (from 9am) Military Memorial service – Otamataha/Mission cemetery followed by morning tea at Trinity Wharf. Sponsor:Otamataha Trust

29 April (from 2pm) Commemoration March, Wero, Reconciliation service and ceremony. Sponsors: Pukehinahina Charitable Trust; IwiO Tauranga Moana, TrustPower, Powerco, Audio Solutionz, Waipa DC, Te Puni Kokiri,

30 April (from 2pm) Thank-you afternoon tea at The Elms for sponsors and volunteers

4 May (from 10am) Judging of Junior Art competition – St George’s Church Hall, Gate Pa

21 June 2014 (from 7am) Te Ranga battle site service and ceremony – Pyes Pa Road

TE MANU TOROA TRUSTKaupapa Maori Health Care ServicesTe Manu Toroa Health Trust was established in 1997 to provide a Kaupapa Model of Health Care that linked andintegrated services to Maori in the Tauranga and Western Bay of Plenty area.

Te Manu Toroa GP clinics offer high quality,low cost services to whanau within theWestern Bay of Plenty area.General Practitioners and nurses can offer low cost and in some circumstances, free health checks for TMT enrolees.

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8 Battle of Gate Pa

Battle goes toclassroom

War throughthe eyes of‘ordinary’ folk

Church markshistoric site

The Battle of Gate Pa has been takento the classroom courtesy of aneducation pack put prepared by a

group of volunteers for the 150thanniversary of the Battle of Gate Pa.

Created by the education subcommittee of theBattle of Gate Pa Trust. the pack was sent to65 schools in the Tauranga and Western Bayarea. It contains activities and informationsheets to appeal to a wide range of ages. Itcontains instructions on how to make a scale

model of the battle site, a map of the battlesite laid over the Greerton and Gate Pa areasas they are now, a flag-making activity anddetails for students to make a play of thebattle.

Subcommittee chairwoman Patricia Brookssaid the information pack would make it easyfor teachers to teach their students about thebattle, even those new to town who did notknow about the battle.To find out more see://tauranga.kete.net.nz.

The dramatic events that took place atthe battles of Gate Pa and Te Ranga willbe brought to life in an exhibition at the

Greerton Hall from April 27 to May 30

Organised by the Battle of Gate Pa Trustand project-managed by Tereora Crane, theexhibition is being staged in the spirit ofreconciliation, says Mr Crane.

Including a strong audio-visual element, it willtell the stories of the “ordinary” people fromboth sides - the British soldiers and sailorsand Maori warriors who took part in thebattles, rather than simply focusing on iconicfigures from both battles whose stories arealready comparatively well known.

It is built around the concept of twopathways winding into the hall with storyboards, music, voice and light expressingstories of the 1864 events from a range ofperspectives.The pathways will merge in frontof the commemorative area and there will beopportunities for the public to join in discussionsaboutTauranga’s history.There will also be anart competition for schools and adults, andperformances by school groups, says Mr Crane.

“It will give people a real lead into the storyof Gate Pa - not only a Maori story, but ‘our’

story. In effect, it contextualises everythingall the other organisations involved in the150th commemoration will have already doneby the time this exhibition starts.

“It will be one place where people who mightnot know anything about the battle can go toput the big pieces of the puzzle together.

“Its major and intended legacy is theincreased respect and understanding thatthe community will gain about our beginningsas a result of our efforts. It will be engagingand entertaining and will increase localknowledge for a wide range of people.”

Featuring a professional audio-visual installationsupported by imagery and text, the exhibitionmay even feature an original Armstrong gunwhich was used during the battle.

The commemoration provides a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for Tauranga to markwhat happened in the momentous days of1864, says Mr Crane.

“Greerton is a particularly appropriate placeto hold a commemorative event as it liesbetween the two battle sites and was namedafter Colonel Greer, who led the British intobattle at Te Ranga.”

The spot where desperate hand-to-handfighting took place during the Battleof Gate Pa is marked by St George’s

Anglican church which stands at the summit ofthe pa site.

The first St George’s church was built in 1900as a memorial to the battle. The church wasextensively damaged by fire in 1982, andalmost destroyed in another fire in 1992. Thepresent building dates from 1993.

Land east of the main highway was gazettedas a domain and on August 23 1880, CanonJordan requested part of it be made availablefor a church. Land was also made available forthe Gate Pa Tennis Club in 1953 and the GatePa Bowling Club.

The bodies of Maori killed duringthe Battle of Gate Pa buried onthe western slopes below where thebowling green is now situated. St George’sMemorial Church was constructed in 1900virtually on the site of the pa.

The church features a colourful stainedglass window designed by Rita Haagh.Situated on the west wall, it depicts HeniTe Kiri Karamu giving water to woundedBritish soldiers.

Heni Te Kiri Karamu’s story is told in thethird in the Bay of Plenty Times’ seriesof tabloid newspapers commemoratingthe 150th anniversary of the Battle ofGate Pa.

St George’s Church vicar Rev John Hebenton next to a plaque in the church grounds commemoratingthe actions of Heni Te Kiri Karamu who took water to wounded soldiers during the battle.

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9Battle of Gate Pa

Historic JourneryInterested in finding out more about the Battle of Gate Pa and the history of Tauranga? Here are some places you must visit:

Watercolours by Major-General Horatio Gordon Robley(1840-1930) feature in the exhibition Robley: A LastingLegacy at the Tauranga Art Gallery. Known as “the soldierwith the pencil”, Robley fought at Gate Pa as a Lieutenantwith the 68th Durham Light Infantry. A talented sketcherand watercolourist, he stayed in Tauranga for 19 monthsuntil the beginning of 1866, drawing a series of detailedsketches of the Maori defences at Gate Pa, the surrenderfollowing the Battle of Te Ranga and other contemporaryscenes. Keenly interested in Maori language and customs,he also recorded intimate details of early Maori life.

Robley Exhibition: April 12 to June 8

Seldom-seen works by Horatio Gordon Robley feature atthe Tauranga Art Gallery from April to June.

Tauranga Art Gallery:cnr Wharf & Willow Sts

Commissioned especially for the gallery, this workacknowledges the 150 year milestone since the Battle ofGate Pa, showing the geography of the area today. Bob Kerris a Wellington-based painter, writer and illustrator with aspecial interest in New Zealand history and landscape.

Bob Kerr: Gate Pa Now: 12 April - 8 JuneThe Monmouth and nearby Durham redoubts were constructedearly in 1864 by British forces, sent toTe Papa to stem localsupport for the Maori King movement.The redoubts werenamed after the 43rd Monmouth and 68th Durham lightinfantry regiments.The Durham Redoubt has long since beenbuilt over but the Monmouth Redoubt remains as a reminderofTauranga’s turbulent past.The former site of a barracksbuilding is marked by a plaque paying homage to the womenand children of early settlers who sheltered there as rumoursof war escalated. Remains of the earthworks, which stand onthe site of an ancient pa, are clearly visible. Carvings on theeastern wall of theTauranga Police Station opposite, providea symbolic connection with missionary Archdeacon Brown,Taumatakahawai Pa and the Battle of Gate Pa.

Monmouth Redoubt

The story of European settlement of theTauranga districtbegins with the establishment the Church Missionary Society’sstation atTe Papa.The first building to be completed in 1838was the library and what later became known asThe Elms, thehome of Archdeacon Alfred Nesbitt Brown and his family, wascompleted in 1847. Now preserved as a museum,The ElmsisTauranga’s most important historic building. Visitors arewelcome and guides are available at the mission house andlibrary between 2 pm and 4 pm on Wednesdays, Saturdays,Sundays and public holidays. Groups should book in advanceby phoning 07 577 9772 or by email: [email protected]

Allow about an hour to tour the home together with NewZealand’s oldest free-standing library and the extensive gardens.The Elms is located at 15 Mission St.

The Elms

The Tauranga Public Library has comprehensive informationand other resources relating to Tauranga’s history and theBattles of Gate Pa and Te Ranga. Well informed staff canhelp you search the library’s extensive collections or onlinedatabases. For online resources, a good place to start ishttp://www.library.tauranga.govt.nz/local-history.aspx.Wide-ranging information on the Battle of Gate Pa can befound at http://tauranga.kete.net.nz/en/battle_of_gate_pa_1864

Tauranga Public Library

Past meets present on The Strand, where Tauranga got offto a hesitant start in the 1860s. Here, facing the tranquilharbour, some of the town’s first shops, businesses andhotels were established. While many have fallen preyto progress a sprinkling of early buildings remains. TheStrand’s long history of hospitality continues, much of itslength now occupied by restaurants, bars and cafes, withlong-established fishing boat wharves nearby. It’s a shortstroll from the northern end of the street to another historicpoint of interest, the Monmouth military redoubt at thenorthern base of The Strand, or stop and enjoy the gardensat Herries Park, with lovely views of the harbour bridge andhistoric Mauao (Mt Maunganui).

The Strand

At the northern end of The Strand is a shelter housingTauranga’s Awanui waka. This beautifully-carved Maoriwar canoe was built in the 1970s by the late Tuti Tukaokaoa master carver and long-time Tauranga resident withaffiliations to Tauranga Moana and Te Arawa. Launched in1973, the ceremonial waka has been used on numerousspecial occasions celebrating the history of Tauranga.

Te Awanui Waka

HISTORY REPEATED: Stephanie Smith and Wayne McIndoe,playing Charlotte and Reverend Alfred Brown, celebrate themissionary couple's first visit to the Te Papa Mission Station(now The Elms) at the 175th anniversary last year


The Battle of Te Ranga site is located in a paddock on PyesPa Road (SH36) near the corner of Joyce Road, about 10 kmsouth of Tauranga. The location of the rifle pits where someof the bloodiest encounters of the entire New Zealand Warstook place are marked with a simple plaque, but there isvery little sign of the original simple earthworks that Maoridefended so bravely against overwhelming odds. Like theGate Pa site, this is sacred land – many of the Maori deadwere buried in the trenches they themselves had dug.

Battle of Te Ranga

A low rise on Cameron Rd about 4kms north of Barkes Cnr atthe southern entrance to Tauranga, marks the site of the Battleof Gate Pa. The top of the rise is occupied by St George Churchand a carved entranceway on the northern side provides awelcome to this sacred spot. Sprinkled with flourishing trees,the tranquil grounds contain well designed signs providing an

insight into the events that occurred 150 years ago when asmall group of Maori successfully defended their well-designedpa against the might of the British military. Little sign remainsof the original earthworks, largely destroyed when a Britishredoubt was built on the site and later when Cameron Rd wasconstructed and progressively widened.

Battle of Gate Pa

St George Church stands at the top of a rise at the Gate Pa battle site.

North of Herries Park off Marsh St on a promontoryoverlooking Tauranga Harbour is the old Mission Cemetery.It’s a fascinating spot, headstones and monuments making agraphic connection with the lives of Tauranga’s first residentsand those who died in the battles of Gate Pa and Te Ranga.Only half the number of original headstones remain but iconicfigures from both battles are remembered here, as well asBritish soldiers and sailors, Maori warriors and members ofthe Colonial Forces. One monument marks the mass graveof 14 Maori warriors who fell in the battle of Te Ranga whileothers mark the last resting places of Archdeacon AlfredBrown, trader John Lees Faulkner and other early notables.Also known as the Old Military Cemetery, the burial groundwas established on the site of Ngaiterangi Pa Otamataha.Access from Marsh St up a driveway to the right headingtowards the Sulphur Point/Harbour Bridge roundabout.

Mission Cemetery

Built in 1881 by Joseph Brain, Brain Watkins House wasoccupied by one family for nearly 100 years. Complete withoriginal contents, and now a house museum, the residenceaccurately depicts the life of a middle class European familyof the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Brain Watkins House: 233 Cameron Rd, Tauranga 3110, ashort distance north of the Elizabeth St intersection.

Brain Watkins House:

Brain Watkins House at 233 Cameron Road, Tauranga

11Battle of Gate Pa

Significant LandmarksCameron RoadCameron Road was named after General Sir DuncanAlexander Cameron who was a key figure in the Battle ofGate Pa (Pukehinahina) on April 29, 1864.

Signifi cant Landmarks

General Sir Duncan Alexander Cameron

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Kia ū ki te kaupapa o Ngāi Te Rangi– taking our iwi into the future

Ngāi Te Rangi Deed of Settlement Signing, 14 Dec 2013

Ngāi Te Rangi’sSymbol Uenuku“Ko Uenuku koe tawhana i te rangi, (‘You are Uenuku,bow-like in the heavens’)Ko Ngāi Te Rangi e”Prior to Tāne ascending into the heavens, in search ofknowledge, he climbed Maunganui where he was purified forhis journey and baptised Tāne-nui-a-rangi (Great Tāne-of-the-Heavens).Tane climbed to the 12th heaven, where he retrieved three baskets of knowledge: tekete-tuatea (basket of light), te kete-tuauri (basket of darkness) and te kete-aronui (basketof pursuit) and the Whatukura (stones) Hukatai and Rehutai which held the mauri of thewananga. Tane deposited the three baskets of knowledge and the stones at Wharekura.Rainbows and the Whatukura, Rehutai (sea spray) & Hukatai (sea foam)Hukatai depicts a canoe heading into the sunrise. The waka is like a person’s life journey,sea foam is life experiences learning and Ngāi Te Rangi culture and as the sea foam isthrown up by the bow, the rays of the sun piercing the foam creates a rainbow effect as youpeer through it. The sun’s rays are new learning or outside knowledge. The rainbow effect(Rehutai) is innovation and development of new knowledge.To develop a knowledge economy and make Ngāi Te Rangi an “Innovation Nation” weneed to look at our lessons from the past. To utilise Hukatai, new learning needs to berelevant and able to be integrated to create the rainbow effect of rehutai. To continuallyproduce rehutai, we need to normalise integration of Ngāi Te Rangi knowledge withoutside knowledge. The uenuku is an important symbol to Ngāi Te Rangi, its recognition isacknowledged in our waiata.

Uenuku is the rainbow atua

Ngāi Te Rangi’s Future Linked to the Battle of Gate

It’s a play on words, but the recent appointmentof Hemi Rolleston (Te Whanau a Tauwhao) as itsGeneral Manager, Maori Economy to CallaghanInnovation, the government’s new high-tech HQ forkiwi business is innovative and we are all over themoon about that.

He’s better known for his role as CEO for Te AwanuiHukapak Ltd, where he spent eight years workingat the helm of kiwifruit development across our localMaori land trusts. But now in the role as the GM,Māori Economy, local translates to national.

In his new role, Hemi will lead efforts to support andaddress the needs of Māori business to grow and becompetitive in the global market. He began workingat Callaghan Innovation’s Gracefield InnovationPrecinct, in Wellington, earlier in the month wherewhanau and colleagues attended his pohiri.

He is expected to work closely with several government agencies, iwi, Maori incorporationsand trusts around the country. He says, “the opportunity to lead and partner with sizeableMāori exporting businesses and then assist with raising their level of innovation capabilityis exciting. He says, “being an innovative, proactive and agile tribe will help us make adifference in the future, and I am here to help. Our future is going to be great”.

The Battle of Gate Pa - Pukehinahina represents animportant event in the history of iwi and tauiwi. We celebratethis occasion as one of our defining moments in time.This event demonstrated innovation, combativeness,resilience and strategic “know how” of our tipuna ofyesteryear. It was a battle for which any outside militarycommentator would have considered a push over for thecolonials. History confirms that the reverse was true.So, what then is the purpose of history if we do not learn andapply the same innovative strategies to reverse the odds thatpresently play havoc with our ability to reach our potentialand leave a new legacy in the way that our tipuna achievedat Pukehinahina.We must use the knowledge of that battle to fight a newcampaign for equity and justice, like a modern battle thatpositions Ngāi Te Rangi with the same pride and honour thatoccurred at Pukehinahina 150 years ago.The new trenches of the future will be carved through ourlandscape to allow our thinkers and game changers to rollout a programme of justice that ensures our people arewell housed, free from poverty, are culturally and tikangarich, motivated by the relevance of a vibrant education,able to participate in the economic wealth of the nation, and

moreover, to be part of a country where Te Reo is a normalpart of this nation’s everyday language.Our biggest enemy to achieving these lauded aspirationsis often ourselves. We need to rediscover the belief andconfidence that drove our tipuna to unearth a new way asthey did at Pukehinahina. If it happened then, why can’t it bepossible now?Let’s think about this a bit more – let’s visualize that ourmanuhiri and visitors who pass through our precious harbouras each cruise liner berths will leave knowing that Ngāi TeRangi is etched in their memory as that extraordinary placeand people where they achieved success against the odds,because it was always part of their DNA to do so.We will need to simply amaze ourselves to be the newsoldiers and warriors of change and not be trapped byhardened attitudes and the narrowing of possibilities.With what we know of our history, we can continue to defineourselves as an iwi where our imagination is realised, wheretogether we will explore the stars, re-assert ourselves, tap theocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.With a good conscience as our only sure reward, with historythe final judge of our deeds, we need to go forth to lead our

people and this place we truly love, knowing we have theblessing of our kuia and koroua to do the work that must bedone.The recent signing of the Deed of Settlement by our tribe,helped forge a greater sense of unity and pride amongst ourpeople. It also helped draw a line in the sand with regards toaddressing many of the grievances we have had in relation tothe Treaty. With the collective negotiations near conclusion,the world is truly our oyster.

OUR PEOPLE ARE IMPORTANTIn the future, Ngāi Te Rangi is committed toensuring that:• every Ngāi Te Rangi pepi is participating inpreschool education to prepare for kura.• every Ngāi te Rangi rangatahi succesffully gainsNCEA Level 3• every Ngāi Te Rangi person is equipped to take upnew job opportunities• every community hauora has the necessary supportto cater to the needs of our koroua and kuia.

Battle of Gate Pa

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