BATTLE OF DECADES 40S & 50S

Group 1: Macon , Ooksang , June

Key Issues of these two decadesKey Words:

WWII,1st Generation of computer, Mass Instruction, Instructional Television, Teaching Machines, Sputnik

20’s - 30’s Formative Period

40’s - 50’sConsolidation Period

Post-war Period

Association for Educational Communications and Technology

Outline

1940s Media? 1940s Design?

1950s Design? 1950s Media ?

Media in 1940s

Division of Visual Aid

Audio-Visual Instruction

World War II

Audio-Visual Instruction

Visual Aid Devices

Military

School

Industry

Overhead Projector Slide Projector Audio Equipment

■ Individuals

Visualizing Curriculum (Charles et al) Edgar (1946) “Cone of Experience”

■ Individuals

Visualizing Curriculum (Charles et al) Edgar (1946) “Cone of Experience”

■ Events■ Events

Electronic Computer Systems

• vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.• Punch cards to input and store data.

• Machine language

First Generation:1943-1956

ENIAC

• 17,468 vacuum tube• 8 feet (2.4 m) by 3 feet (0.9 m) by 100 feet (30 m)

Design in 40s 50s

Robert B. Miller Robert B. Miller

Robert Gagne

Robert Gagne

[ Developing Tests ]

[ Research and Theory on Instruction ]

LeslieBriiggs

LeslieBriiggs

JohnFlanagan

JohnFlanagan

Psychologists & Educators

Successful Educational Technology

Failure Rate

Successful Rate

Design in 50s

Influential Learning Theory---Behavioral View of Learning

Key people: Robert Miller, B.F. Skinner Training as a system (Miller) Programmed Instruction Movement

(Skinner) Robert Gagne, Leslie Briiggs, John

Flanagan

Robert Miller & B.F. Skinner

1953 Miller developed a detailed task analysis methodology for military.

1954 “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching”

B.F. Skinner had presented his first teaching machine, based on operant conditioning principles, in 1954 and major school demonstration projects were underway between 1957 and 1962.

Sputnik in1957 and NDEA in 1958 Cold War The National Defense Education Act

(NDEA) of 1958, which provided funding for equipment, materials, research, and college scholarships intended to improve the nation’s competence in math, science, and modern foreign languages. Many of the sections of the act specifically referred to radio, television, film, and audiovisual media.

Federal government put more funding in educational technology

Some Key Act & Organizations National Defense Education Act (NDEA) Department of Audio Visual Instruction :As schools and

colleges purchased more Audio Visual equipment and materials they needed specialized professional staff to oversee and promote their use. Thousands of new jobs were created, and many of the job holders joined DAVI.

In late1950s, National Special Media Institutes, which not only provided training in the use of the new technologies but also attracted many of the participants into the field as audiovisual specialists.

University of Chicago: The first true educational television program was Sunrise Semester, based in Chicago. From 1959 into the early Sixties, Sunrise Semester featured a single broadcaster, a teacher, standing before a class with a camera shooting over the heads of the students.

And more…

As 40s was the origin of educational technology, the 50s marked the beginning of federal support in Education Technology targeted at mass education.

Application of early instructional design instruments laid foundation for more innovation technology in education.

Researches from NEDA make instruction more effective

1952

1951

1950 WOI-TV – first educational TV station

1958

1955

1959

Media in 50s

Midwest Program of Airborne TV Instruction

National Defense Education Act 1958

St. Louis Public Schools

San Diego Public Schools & Alabama

Ford Foundation – FAE & TFAE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJeZw65sscY

Group Reflection

We learned …1.the importance of evaluating the program

for instructional use. 2. politics, world events, culture does

influence the educational technology field. 3. that it is important to have a global view in

this field.4. cross-cultural and interpersonal

communication skills are very important in group work.

Thank you!

Group 1: Macon, Ooksang, June

Presented 9.6.2007