Bathy Surveying & Mapping

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1 Bathy Surveying & Mapping Charles E. Wiggins Director, Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise 7225 Stennis Airport Drive, Suite 100 Kiln, MS 39556 228.252.1103 tel 228.324.9477 cell [email protected]

Transcript of Bathy Surveying & Mapping

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Bathy Surveying & Mapping

Charles E. WigginsDirector, Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry

Technical Center of Expertise7225 Stennis Airport Drive, Suite 100Kiln, MS 39556228.252.1103 tel228.324.9477 [email protected]

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Bathy Surveying & MappingBathy Surveying & MappingBathy Surveying & Mapping

IntroIntro

TechnologyTechnology

Airborne OpsAirborne Ops

OutlineOutline

ExamplesExamples

USACE LidarUSACE Lidar

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Bathy Lidar Technology

Goal: Introduce topo & bathy lidar, the physics, and the technology

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USACE Navy

Operations

Coastal Measurements& Data Usage

Sensors & Systems NOAA

Technology Evolution

JALBTCX

Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise

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What is LIDAR?What is LIDAR?

• LIght Detection And Ranging• 2 general types:

– Topographic– Bathymetric

New Pass, FL

Toronto, ON,CA

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What is LIDAR?What is LIDAR?

• The first question might be “What is LIDAR?” Very similar to radar, lidar is a tool to measure a range. However, lidar uses light instead of radio waves to measure the range. Knowing this, the acronym lidar, LIghtDetection And Ranging, is easier to understand.

• Lidar units designed for accurate ranging fall generally into one of two categories - topographic and bathymetric. Usually the topographic units use only an infrared wavelength and operate at 10 - 50 kHz. In contrast, the bathymetric units use green and infrared wavelengths and operate between 200 and 1000Hz. Also note that the energy output from the topographic systems is significantly lower than that from the bathymetric.

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Airborne Enabling TechnologiesAirborne Enabling Technologies

Diode-pumped solid state lasers

Accurate optical scanners

KGPS

Inertial measurement units

Accurate single-shot timing

electronics

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Bathymetric Lidar - 1Bathymetric Lidar - 1

Puerto Rico

• Produces water elevations– Rapid, high density coverage– Yields elevation and

reflectance for each measurement

• Survey Products– Bathymetry / water depths– Navigation hazards– Navigation structures– Regions

• Requires– DGPS or KGPS– Large area

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Bathymetric Lidar - 2Bathymetric Lidar - 2

• The bathymetric lidar is capable of covering a large area with dense measurements in a short time. The depths obtained from the system meet the IHO Order I survey accuracy requirements.

• Because of the advancements made while operating SHOALS, elevations can be measured for the emergent structures and beach. This capability allows the collection of one data set that contiguously covers the beach and near-shore depths.

• More details will be discussed later regarding these capabilities and specific applications.

• In this image, the brown represents elevations above 0 and the red through purple colors represent shallower to deeper depths, respectively.

Puerto Rico

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Near shore

Coastal Mapping & ChartingCoastal Mapping & Charting

Deep water

On shore

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NASA EAARL

TopoTopo LidarLidar10k 10k –– 20k 20k ppsppsscanning laserscanning laservery low energy IRvery low energy IR11--5m postings5m postings1010--15 cm footprint15 cm footprint100m 100m –– 1,000m alt1,000m alt

Bathy Bathy LidarLidar1k 1k –– 3k 3k ppsppsscanning laserscanning laserhigher energy greenhigher energy green1 1 --5 m postings5 m postings2 m footprint2 m footprint300m 300m –– 500m alt500m alt

Topo / Bathy LidarTopo / Bathy Lidar

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Elevation Measurements

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G= ([2AVf tan (ϕ/2)]/ Rp )1/2

Where: G = Spot Spacing (m)A = Altitude (m)Vf = Velocity (ms-1)ϕ = Scan Angle (°)Rp = Repetition Rate

EXAMPLE:Given:

Vf = 66 m/s (127 kts)A = 400 mϕ = 9.23° (swath width = 130 m)Rp = 1000 Hz

Resulting Spot Spacing (m) = 2.9m

(Note: 1 ms-1 = 1.924 kts)

Spot Spacing Calculation (Bathymetry Laser Systems)

Spot Spacing Calculation (Bathymetry Laser Systems)

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Hydrographic Survey ParametersHydrographic Survey ParametersNominal Spacing

(m)(Nadir)Altitude

(m)Swath

(m)Spacing

(m,lateral)Spacing

(m,forward)Speed

(kn)

Scanner Frequency(

Hz)

Coverage (km2/hr)

2 x 2 400 161 2 2 125 16.2 37(20°) 300 149 2 2 130 16.8 36

3 x 3 400 303 3 3 125 10.7 70(22°) 300 226 3 3 164 14.1 69

4 x 4 400 301 4 4 219 14.1 122(22°) 300 225 3.5 4 254 16.4 106

5 x 5 400 297 4.5 4.2 262 16.1 144(22°)

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Lidar Bathymetry PrinciplesLidar Bathymetry Principles

Surface Spot Diameter

(2.0m approx)

Beam Divergence(3 - 12 mrad)

50% Energy Footprint (0.5 x Depth)

Nadir Angle20º

Typically Measures2 to 3 × Secchi Depth RECEIVER FIELD OF VIEW

INCIDENTLASER PULSE

SEA SURFACE

SCATTERING ANDABSORPTION

DIFFUSE BOTTOMREFLECTION

ILLUMINATEDBOTTOM REGION

MEAN WATERNADIR ANGLE

ILLUMINATEDSURFACE AREA

VOLUMEBACKSCATTER

RETURNING BOTTOM REFLECTEDSIGNAL

UN

SCA

TT

ER

ED

RE

F PA

TH

VE

RT

ICA

L D

EPT

H

SURFACE REGIONIN RECEIVER FOV

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Lidar Bathymetry PrinciplesLidar Bathymetry Principles

Surface Spot Diameter

(2.0m approx)

Beam Divergence(3 - 12 mrad)

50% Energy Footprint (0.5 x Depth)

Nadir Angle20º

Typically Measures2 to 3 × Secchi Depth RECEIVER FIELD OF VIEW

INCIDENTLASER PULSE

SEA SURFACE

SCATTERING ANDABSORPTION

DIFFUSE BOTTOMREFLECTION

ILLUMINATEDBOTTOM REGION

MEAN WATERNADIR ANGLE

ILLUMINATEDSURFACE AREA

VOLUMEBACKSCATTER

RETURNING BOTTOM REFLECTEDSIGNAL

UN

SCA

TT

ER

ED

RE

F PA

TH

VE

RT

ICA

L D

EPT

H

SURFACE REGIONIN RECEIVER FOV

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SHOALS 4 Waveforms per Pulse SHOALS 4 Waveforms per Pulse

020406080

100120140160

1 51 101

151

201

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351

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451

020406080

100120140

1 51 101

151

0

50

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151

010203040506070

1 26 51 76

IR Surface Raman

APD Green PMT Green

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LIDAR Equation – Water ClarityLIDAR Equation – Water Clarity

K - diffuse attenuation at 532nm

D - depth

02

2 ( , , ) sec2

( ) cos( )

n s kDT P rr

w

m P F AP en H D

ω θ φηρ θπ

−=+

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Bathy Bathy lidarlidar is limited by water clarity and is limited by water clarity and the laws of physicsthe laws of physics

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Deep Depths / Bottom targets

Shallow Depths /Mid-water targets

Depth & Target DetectionDepth & Target Detection

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Airborne Operations Considerations

Goal: Highlight the differences in airborne vsshipborne survey operations

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Near shore

Coastal Mapping & ChartingCoastal Mapping & Charting

Deep water

On shore

Airborne vs Boats

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Survey ConsiderationsSurvey Considerations

• Climatology– Wind– Rainfall– Temperature (ice)– Sea heights (wind waves

and swell)

• Usually an Internet source with this information

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• Obstructions– Cliffs / Mountains– Man-made structures– Airspace restrictions

AirportsMilitary exercisesWildlife protection

Survey ConsiderationsSurvey Considerations

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Vertical Control is Critical - 1

• Tide zones defined• Determine if existing gage

data are available• Estimate number of

additional gages needed

Survey ConsiderationsSurvey Considerations

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Vertical Control is Critical - 2

• For DGPS mode of data collection, lidar bathymetry relies on tide observations to control the vertical data. If tide zones do not exist, gages must be set and data recorded for 30 days (minimum) to establish tide zones for the survey area. If the survey area is large, multiple zones may need to be established. If gages are already in place in the area, determination should be made of the operability of the gage and the availability of its data. Time should be allowed for any survey work and collection times necessary for establishment of the vertical control.

Survey Considerations - 2Survey Considerations - 2

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Logistics - 1

• Acceptable airport facilities near project area

• Airport must have:– Jet fuel available– Ground power supply– Storage area for spares– Ease of shipping– Occasional hangar space– Hours of operation to match

production needs– Fast takeoff and landing

clearance

Survey ConsiderationsSurvey Considerations

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Logistics - 2• An airport with sufficient

service capability should be selected near the survey area. The airport should have proper fuel, ground power supply for the aircraft, hours of operation that will not impact the collection schedule and rapid clearance for take-off and landing. Additional features that benefit the operation include secure storage space for spares, hanger space available for occasional use, and shipping facilities (FedEx or similar) on-site or nearby. For large survey requirement locations, the airport selection is critical in determining the length of survey because the transit time to and from the airport occur on every flight.

Survey ConsiderationsSurvey Considerations

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USACE Lidar History & Programs

Goal: Provide background information and highlight USACE expertise

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SHOALS 200Bell 212Jan 94 – Nov 98

SHOALS 200Bell 212Jan 94 – Nov 98

Lidar Program HistoryLidar Program History

SHOALS 400DHC6 Twin OtterNov 98 – Sep 2003

SHOALS 400DHC6 Twin OtterNov 98 – Sep 2003

CHARTS 1,000T10 King Air 200 Sep 2003 – Mar 2005

CHARTS 1,000T10 King Air 200 Sep 2003 – Mar 2005

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Bottom Aircraft PortBottom Aircraft Port

System SpecificationsSystem Specifications3,000 Hz Pulse Rate (hydro)3,000 Hz Pulse Rate (hydro)20,000 Hz Pulse Rate (topo)20,000 Hz Pulse Rate (topo)1 Hz Digital camera (~20 cm pixel)1 Hz Digital camera (~20 cm pixel)CASICASI--1500 Hyperspectral Imager1500 Hyperspectral Imager

•• 1500 pixels1500 pixels•• 380 380 –– 1500 nm wavelength1500 nm wavelength•• 288 possible bands288 possible bands

IHO Order 1 Surveys capableIHO Order 1 Surveys capable2x2 2x2 –– 4x4 meter spot density4x4 meter spot density125 125 -- 240 kts aircraft speed240 kts aircraft speedPortable ground processing systemPortable ground processing system

Integrated Laser Integrated Laser SystemSystem

Digital CameraDigital Camera

CASICASI--1500 1500 Hyperspectral Hyperspectral

ImagerImager

Merged Hydo & Topo DataMerged Hydo & Topo Data

Digital ImageDigital Image

The CHARTS System

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• > 5,500 km surveyed to date

• Topo/Bathy/Ortho/Spectral

• 2005

• > 6.5 Billion LIDAR Shots

• > 3 Terabytes of products

• > 5,500 km surveyed to date

• Topo/Bathy/Ortho/Spectral

• 2005

• > 6.5 Billion LIDAR Shots

• > 3 Terabytes of products

Background from:MS Streets & Trips 2006

Legend

2004

2005

2006

2007

2004 – 2007 NCMP Efforts

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(1,000 m)(1,000 m)…………………………………………..Hydro & Topo..Hydro & Topo………………(500 m)(500 m)

USACE Coastal MappingUSACE Coastal Mapping

Hydro – waterline to 1,000 m @ 4 m spacingTopo – waterline to 500 m @ 1 m spacingImagery @ 20 cm resolutionHyperspectral - TBD

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Post-Hurricane ReconstructionPost-Hurricane Reconstruction

NASSAUDUVAL

ST. JOHNS

BREVARD

MARTINPALM BEACHBROWARD

DADE

MANATEE ST. LUCIEPINELLAS

SARASOTA

LEE

FLAGLER

VOLUSIA

BAY

16 federal projects $200,000,000 reconstruction

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1. Topo-bathy elevations2. LAS format elevations3. Ortho RGB imagery4. 1-m grid for GIS5. Shoreline vector6. Building footprint7. Bare earth DEM8. Bottom reflectance9. Hyperspectral cube10. Environmental TBD

Product Specifications

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Data & ProductsData & Products

• Elevations, XYZ ascii files• Land @ 1m x 1m 200%• Hydro @ 4m x 4m• ~250 Meg / mile• geodetic (NAVD88 & NAD83)

• Ortho RGB Imagery (Mr. Sid)• 1-m Grid for GIS (Raster GIS)• Shoreline vector (“0” NAVD88)• Building footprint• Bare Earth• Bottom Reflectance• Hyperspectral Cube• Vulnerability Index

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Bathy Examples

Goal: show examples of bathy lidar surveying & mapping

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Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers SurveySurvey

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Corps of Engineers Corps of Engineers SurveySurvey

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Ponce de Leon Inlet, FL

Navigation Projects

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Topo & Hydro ElevationsTopo & Hydro Elevations

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Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise ++Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise ++Technical Center of Expertise ++

EAARL Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar

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Bathy Data

• Panama City Beach• Pre / Post Ivan

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24

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26

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33 2

4

41

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169

2419

21

18

31

46

73

93

99

165

289

21

33

23

244

33

15

65

66

212

267

311

338

08

08

07 7

1

105

118

151

159

176

1904

52

82

85

139

19

18

28

36

33

134

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258

22

25

07

53

173

28

08

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33 358

31

08

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173

246

281

293

19

17

08

2 64

68

271

13

81

81

89

126

146

216

05

28 1

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142

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25

31

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1 09

52

13

26

28

6 104

111

137

167

175

262

321

344

2000

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

SHOALS(SCANNING HYDROGRAPHIC OPERATIONAL AIRBORNE LIDAR SURVEY)

THE COMMANDING OFFICER, NAVALOCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE.

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE;DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED,

REQUESTS SHOULD BE REFERRED TO

DATUM NOTEPositions obtained from satellite navigation systems

referred to the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84)can be plotted directly on this chart.

UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM) GRID

WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 (WGS-84)

ZONE 4, WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 (WGS-84) DATUM AND ELLIPSOID

HEIGHTS IN METERS ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 meter depth contours delineated

HAWAII

SOUNDINGS IN METERSreduced to the approximate level of Mean Lower Low Water.

UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION

SCALE 1:10,000

PRELIMINARY SHEETNOT FOR NAVIGATION

21°10'

21°20'

21°30'

21°40'

21°50'-158°30' -158°20' -158°10' -158°00' -157°50' -157°40' -157°30'

21°10'

21°20'

21°30'

21°40'

21°50'

-158°30' -158°20' -158°10' -158°00' -157°50' -157°40' -157°30'

1 2

3

4

5

6

7 8

910

11

1213141516

17181920212223

24

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2930

31

32

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37

BELLOWSOAHU

NAVO Smooth Sheet vs.Shaded Relief of High Density DataNAVO Smooth Sheet vs.Shaded Relief of High Density Data

Page 48: Bathy Surveying & Mapping

00US16UNCLASSIFIED

0060900US16

UNCLASSIFIED

00609

21°18'45"

21°19'00"

21°19'30"

21°20'00"

21°20'30"

21°21'00"

21°21'30"

21°22'00"

21°22'30"

21°23'00"-157°43'00" -157°42'30" -157°42'00" -157°41'30" -157°41'00" -157°40'30" -157°40'00" -157°39'30" -157°39'00"

21°18'45"

21°19'00"

21°19'30"

21°20'00"

21°20'30"

21°21'00"

21°21'30"

21°22'00"

21°22'30"

21°23'00"

-157°43'00" -157°42'30" -157°42'00" -157°41'30" -157°41'00" -157°40'30" -157°40'00" -157°39'30" -157°39'00"

2358000m 2358000m

2359000m 2359000m

2360000m 2360000m

2361000m 2361000m

2362000m 2362000m

2363000m 2363000m

2364000m 2364000m

2365000m 2365000m

634000m

634000m

635000m

635000m

636000m

636000m

637000m

637000m

638000m

638000m

639000m

639000m

640000m

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1

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2000

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

SHOALS(SCANNING HYDROGRAPHIC OPERATIONAL AIRBORNE LIDAR SURVEY)

THE COMMANDING OFFICER, NAVALOCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE.

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE;DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED,

REQUESTS SHOULD BE REFERRED TO

DATUM NOTEPositions obtained from satellite navigation systems

referred to the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84)can be plotted directly on this chart.

UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM) GRID

WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 (WGS-84)

ZONE 4, WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 (WGS-84) DATUM AND ELLIPSOID

HEIGHTS IN METERS ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 meter depth contours delineated

HAWAII

SOUNDINGS IN METERSreduced to the approximate level of Mean Lower Low Water.

UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION

SCALE 1:10,000

PRELIMINARY SHEETNOT FOR NAVIGATION

21°10'

21°20'

21°30'

21°40'

21°50'-158°30' -158°20' -158°10' -158°00' -157°50' -157°40' -157°30'

21°10'

21°20'

21°30'

21°40'

21°50'

-158°30' -158°20' -158°10' -158°00' -157°50' -157°40' -157°30'

1 2

3

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7 8

910

11

1213141516

17181920212223

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BELLOWSOAHU

NAVO Smooth Sheet vs.Shaded Relief of High Density DataNAVO Smooth Sheet vs.Shaded Relief of High Density Data

Page 49: Bathy Surveying & Mapping

020406080

100120140

1 51 101

151

“bottom peak signal”

Reflectance

Page 50: Bathy Surveying & Mapping

Sandy Bottom Spectra

Rocky Bottom Spectra

Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise

Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise

CHARTS Hyperspectral/Reflectance (Portsmouth, NH)

Page 51: Bathy Surveying & Mapping

Sandy Bottom Spectra

Rocky Bottom Spectra

Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise

Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise

CHARTS Hyperspectral/Reflectance (Portsmouth, NH)

Page 52: Bathy Surveying & Mapping

Invasive Flora Species ID’d:• Australian Pine (Green)

• Brazilian Pepper Tree (Yellow)

Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise

Automated Classification Map

Classification Zoom

Hyperspectral Camera

• Classified Dry Beach (Brown)

• White Caps (Orange)

Delineation of Invasive Plant Species

Page 53: Bathy Surveying & Mapping

W. Jeff LillycropUS Army Corps of Engineers

7225 Stennis Airport DriveKiln, MS 39556

[email protected]

Thank You!Thank You!