Baterías de flujo: conceptos y aplicación futura Catalonia Institute ... · Semi solid Flow...
Transcript of Baterías de flujo: conceptos y aplicación futura Catalonia Institute ... · Semi solid Flow...
Catalonia Institute for Energy Research
Baterías de flujo: conceptos y aplicación futura
Cristina Flox
26 de Mayo del 2016, Barcelona
ÍNDICE
1. DEFINICIÓN: Conceptos y arquitectura 2. VENTAJAS3. APLICACIÓN4. MERCADO5. EJEMPLOS6. FUTURO
Flow Batteries: Basic Concepts
REDOX FLOW BATTERY
Reduction and oxidacion reactions
STORE ENERGY in
LIQUID ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTION
CONVENTIONAL BATTERY
Lithium ion battery
e-
e-
Anolyte Catholite
LOAD OR POWER SOURCES
e- (Discharge) e- (Discharge)
AnodeCatode
Ion exchange membrane
An+ /A(n-1)+ B(m+1)+Bm+ /
Carriers
e-
e-
Flow Batteries: Architecture and Components
A(n-1)+
An+
B(m+1)+
Bm+
CONVENTIONAL Li-ion BATTERYGOING WITH THE FLOW
Advantages of flow batteries
�Power rating and energy rating decoupled: versatility�Redox reactions are fast in most cases: fast response time� Long cycle life: durability�Allow full discharge without suffering damage: robustness�Self-discharge can be minimized since electrolytes are stored separately�Modularity: easy upgrading�Allows instant recharge (mechanical)
W Δh = E
Anolyte CatholiteAnolyte Catholite
Δ Volumen
Anolyte Catholite Anolyte Catholite
kW100kW…..MW
Main parameters: Cell voltage and Energy density
e-
e-
LOAD OR POWER
SOURCES
e- (Discharge) e- (Discharge)
Carriers
AnodeCathode
Anolyte Catholite
e-
e-
A(n-1)+
An+
An+ /A(n-1)+
B(m+1)+
B(m+1)+
Bm+
Bm+ /
Ion exchange membrane
Ec=Ec-Ea
Flow Batteries performance is depended on the reaction between electroactive species/ electrode
C : Concentration
n: number of electrons
involved in redox reaction
V: potential of cell (depending
of equilibrium potentials of
active species in the cathodic
and anodic half cells)
Flow battery scheme for chemistries
Classification flow batteries
Timeline of the development of RFB over the past 40 years
NASAM. Skyllas-Kazakos
25-30 WhL-1
40 WhL-1
50 WhL-1
100 -200 Wh L-1
60 kWh
v
v
v
1,000
PSH
0.001 1
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0.01 0.1 10 100
CAES
Na-S
Li-IonVR
Zn-Br
Ni-Cd
FW
Na-S
EDLC
Ni-MH L/A
Rated Power (MW)
Dis
char
geTi
me
(Hr)
SYSTEM RATINGS
CAES Compressed AirEDLC Dbl-Layer CapacitorsFW FlywheelsL/A Lead-AcidLi-Ion Lithium-IonNa-S Sodium-SulfurNi-Cd Nickel-CadmiumNi-Mh Nickel–Metal HydridePSH Pumped HydroVR Vanadium RedoxZn-Br Zinc- Bromine
PSH
Local back up Transmission&Distribution
back up
Energy management
Peak shaving, load leveling and price arbitrage
Stability
Power Quality
All-liquid flow batteries
Inorganic flow batteries
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRB)
side Redox process Ered°ocv/V (vs SHE)
+ VO2+ + 2H+ + e ���� VO2+ + H2O 1.00
- V2+ ���� V3+ + e 0.26
Cell voltage: 1.26V
Characteristics
- same metal used in both compartments: no
crossover contamination
- catholyte (1-2 M VOSO4 + 2-5 M H2SO4),
anolyte (0.5-1 M V2(SO4)2 + 2-5 M H2SO4),
proton – or anion-exchange membrane
- V2SO4 solution protected with N2
atmosphere
SINCE SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION is used as
supporting electrolyte, carbonacuos material
are preferaly chosen as electrode for :
-high surface area-chemical stability
-wide potential window
Market overview: RFB large – scale application
300 kWh
60 kWh
2 200 mm
(7ft)4 500 mm (15 ft)
2 5
00
mm
(8ft)
10kW/100kWh
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Market overview: VRFB for self-consumption (home application)
10 kWh, 2 kW
15/20/25/30 kWh , 5 kW10 kWh, 2 kW15,30 KWh, 5kW
2.08 m
1.33 m
2.15 m
• Almost unlimited energy storing• Safe and environmental• Flexible energy storage device• Robust and durable (up to 20 year) with low maintenance requirements• Low self-discharge
Ambient temperature range: -20 to 55ºC
(6.4 kWh, 3.3 kW)100 kg
1300 mm
860 mm
180 mm
Prototype :25 KW/52 KWh
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery: REDOX 2015 project
Source: EERA Joint Programme “Smart Grids”, Deliverable D4.1Source* : 2011 Technology Map of the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-PLAN)
Comparison of technology feature
Levelized Cost of storage energy: LCOSE
Flow Batteries: Versatile energy storage solution
Timeline of the development of FB over the past 40 years
2014 2015
Metal-free RFB
Li metal
Li-S
Na SSFB
All-Cu
1.4 WhL-1
20 WhL-1
25-30 WhL-1
50 WhL-1
40 WhL-1
100 -200 Wh L-1
Ejemplos bibliográficos:
SistemaVoltaje de
descarga (V)
Densidad de
energía teórica
(WhL-1)
Densidad de
energía teórica
(Wh kg − 1 )
Li Co O 2
Li 4Ti5 O12
2,35 397 168
Li Ni 0.5 Mn1.5 O4
Li 4Ti 5O 12
3,2 353 150
Li Co O 2
grafito3,8 615 309
Costes : SSFB 10-20 euros/kg en material de electrodo
30- 40 euros /Kg en electrolito
40-70 euros kWh en suspensiones
VFRB 90-120 kWh (EASE- EERA road map)
Semi solid Flow Batteries:
Lithium ion batteryTehachapi, California 32 MWh 6,300 square-foot
20 ft8 ft
19
ft
VFRB1,6 MWh
3040 m3
Baterías de flujo de vanadio 1 L ~ 40 kWh
Baterías de flujo semi solidas 1 L ~ 100- 200 kWh
1 MWh
VFRB 25000L
SSFB 6666L
Power (kW/m2)PbAcid 0.22Li-ion 0.01 (Gf/LFP)VFRB 2.85
Darling. et al Energy and Environmental Science, 2014, 7 3459
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