Project Report

On LOCALIZATION & RECTIFICATION

OF OPTICAL FIBER

Under the Guidance of Mr. S. KHANDELWAL(S.D.E.)

Submitted by: J AGRITI SAHU BHARTI SAHU NISHA TARAM

RAKHI DESHMUKH BHARTI SAHU

BATCH 03-A

LOCALIZATION & RECTIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER FAULT

OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBER CONSTRUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBER PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL FIBER TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER OPTICAL FIBER FAULTS RECTIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER INSTRUMENT USED IN RECTIFICATION OF

OPTICAL FIBER ADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER DISADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER

OPTICAL FIBER An optical fiber is a flexible,

transparent fiber made of very pure glass(silica).

It acts as a “wave guide ” or “light pipe” to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.

Optical fibers are widely used in fiber optics communication.

CONSTRUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBER

The main purpose of a fiber optic cable is to protect the fiber core inside the cable that carries the light signal transmission.

OPTICAL FIBER

CORE:- The fiber core is made of silica glass and is the

central part of the optical cable that carries the light signal.

Diameter – 8 micro meter for single mode fiber

- 50 meter or 62.5 meter for multi

mode fiber

CLADDING:- The cladding is also made of glass, and is

the layer that surrounds the fiber core. Together, they form a single solid fiber of gless that is used for the light transmission. The diameter of the cladding is typically 125micro meter.

BUFFER The is third layer, buffer coating are UV-

curved urethane composite materials applied to the outside of the fiber during the drawing

process.

JACKET

The last layer is the cable jacket, which are comprised of different materials depending on the choice of the end user and the application in use. Like the primary coating, they serve only a mechnical protection ti the fiber core and cladding inside.

PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL FIBER An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric

waveguide (nonconducting waveguide) that transmits light along its axis, by the process of total internal reflection.

The fiber consists of a core dielectric materials.To confine the optical signal in the core,the refrative index of the core must be greater than that of the cladding.

TYPES OF OPTICAL FIEBER Single mode optical fiber:- Multi mode optical fiber:-

Single Mode Optical Fiber In fiber optics communication, a single mode optical

fiber is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single ray of light.

Single mode fibers can have a higher bandwidth than multimode fibers.Equipment for single mode fiber is more expensive than equipment for multimode optical fiber, but the single mode fiber itself is usully cheaper in bulk.

MULTI MODE OPTICAL FIBER

Multi mode optical fiber(MM fiber) is a optical fiber mostly used for communication over short distance such as within a building or on a campus.

The equipment used for communications over multimode optical fiber is much less expensive than that for single mode optical fiber.

OPTICAL FIBER FAULTS The physical cable or connector

damage The cable physical damage Partial failure of the connector Line graph error The local cable damage.

Reason for fault Mostly due to improper constrution methods or

accidental damage to network cables and other causes.

Mainly due to the tight binding between the short circuit caused the cable,because cable nails embedded in gold scrap, stripping header damaged insulation and cable multi-conductor lead wire insulation faults exposed.

Mainly as a result of the cable twisted , bending radious is too small the drag force exceeds the mechanical strength of the cable cause by cable damage, and many more appear in the new wiring project.

RECTIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER As mention above, optical fiber has different types of

fault, and techniques which are for recovering the dameges of optical fiber are known as Rectification of optical fiber.

Some specific instrument are used for rectification of optical fiber fault are as follows:-

Optical time domain reflectometer(OTDR) Fusion splicing Optical power meter.

INSTRUMENT USED FOR RECTIFICTION OF OPTICAL FIBEROptical time domain

reflectometer(OTDR)

An OTDR is an

optoelectronic instrument used to characterise an optical fiber.

FUSION SPLICINGFution splicing is the act of

joining two optical fiber end to end using heat.

The goal is to fuse the two fiber together in such a way that light passing though the fibers is not scattered or reflected back by the splice.

OPTICAL POWER METER (OPM)An optical power meter (opm) is a

device used to measure the power in an optical signal. The term usually refers to a device for testing average power in fiber optic systems.

A typical OPM consists of a calibrated sensor, measuring amplifier and display. The sensor primerily consists of a photodiode selected for the appropriate range of wavelenths and power levels.

PEN TYPE VISUAL FAULT LOCATOR

Pen type visual fault locator FLP-3312 is simple, easy to use instrument with stable output designed to locate faults on fiber optical cables.

When a break or sharp bend exists in a fiber ,the red light from the visible fault locator will indicate the trouble spot .

Application of pen type visual fault locator:-

Locating troubles in splice trays Patch panels Cable splice points Tracing fiber runs

ADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBERThe advantage of optical fiber is:- Enormous Bandwidths Low transmission loss Immunity to cross talk Electric isolation Small size and weight Signal security Ruggedness and flexibility Low cost and availability

DISADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBERThe disadvantage of optical fiber are:-

High cost of installation Fragility- optical fiber are more fragile than

electrical wires.

Requires special skill- Optical fibers can not be joined together as a easily as copper cable

Affected by chemicals.