Basin and petroleum systems modeling
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Transcript of Basin and petroleum systems modeling
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R. Blakey Cretaceous Paleogeography
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Petroleum Systems
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Definitions
What is a Petroleum System? (** Emphasis is on
conventional petroleum systems!)
A Petroleum System is defined as a natural system
that encompasses a pod of active source rock and all
related oil and gas which includes all of the geologic
elements and processes that are essential if ahydrocarbon accumulation is to exist. Magoon and Dow, 1994
Slides courtesy of Matthias Greb, Apache
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Petroleum
A mineral oil occurring in subsurface rocks and at the surface which is a naturally
occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds. It may occur
in the gaseous, liquid, or solid state depending on the nature of these compounds
and the existent conditions of temperature and pressure. Common synonyms are
hydrocarbons and oil and gas.
System
A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole
whose organization forms a network for distributing something, for example;
telephone, highway, blood, or petroleum.
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Definitions
(after Magoon and Dow, 1994)
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Source Rock
A rock unit containing sufficient organic matter (kerogen) of suitable chemical
composition to biogenically or thermally generate and expel petroleum.
Pod of Active Source RockA contiguous volume of source rock that is generating and expellingpetroleum at the
critical moment and is the provenance for a series of genetically related petroleum
shows, seeps, and accumulations in a petroleum system. A pod of mature source rock
may be active, inactive or spent.
Reservoir Rock
A subsurface volume of rock that has sufficient porosity and permeability to permit
the migration and accumulation ofpetroleum under adequate trapconditions.
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Source / Reservoir / Seal / Overburden (+trap)
(after Magoon and Dow, 1994)
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Source
Rock Eval + Pyrolysis
-Source type
and maturity
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Reservoir
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Seal
A shale or other imperviousrock that acts as a barrier to the passage of petroleum
migrating in the sub-surface; it overliesthe reservoir rock to form a trap or conduit.
Also known as roof rock and cap rock.
Overburden Rock
The sedimentary rock above which compresses and consolidates the material
below. In a petroleum system the overburden rock overlies the source rock and
contributes to its thermal maturation because of higher temperatures at greater
depths.
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum SystemSeal / Overburden
(after Magoon and Dow, 1994)
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2 Processes are essential for a working Petroleum System
Trap Formation (structural evolution or stratigraphic framework)
GenerationMigration Accumulation
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Petroleum System Elements
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Traps
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Traps
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Traps
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from TISSOT & WELTE (1984)
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Migration
(Expulsion)
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Why do hydrocarbons migrate?
Fluids migrate along a pressure gradient
pressure driven
Density contrasts between hydrocarbons and water
buoyancy driven
Diffusion due to concentration differences
chemical gradient driven
Hydrocarbons migrate as a separate phasefrom the higher potential to a lower potential
via the most efficient way
topography driven
How do hydrocarbons migrate?
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Migration
Generated HC Massesfrom Source
Topography driven
buoyancy driven
fromHantschel&Kauerauf(2009)
cpwwp phguu )(
Overpressure Buoyancy Capillary Pressure
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Migration Mechanism Migration Rate
Hydrodynamic (pressure driven) 10-3 to 1000 m/a
Compaction (drainage) 10-5 to 1 m/a
Buoyancy Meters per day (gas)Diffusion 1 to 10 m / Ma
Petroleum Migration Rates
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Migration
Fluid velocity [m/a]
1 10 102 103 1040.110-210-410-510-610-7 10-3
Buoyancy GAS
Hydrodynamic?
?Compactionally driven flow
Diffusion
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5000m
4500m
2500m
2000m
3000m
2000m
2500m
BA C
A
A
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Hydrocarbons migrate as a
separate phase from the
higher potential to a lowerpotential on the direct way,
usually from the deepest to
the shallowest part of the
basin, depending on the
drainage area.
1) Identify the drainage area
for trap A, B & C
2) Draw the hydrocarbon flow
lines towards each trap
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
A A
Petroleum SystemExercise
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5000m
4500m
2500m
2000m
3000m
2000m
2500m
BA C
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Migration - Exercise
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
BA C
Petroleum System Migration - Solution
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Geographic Extent
The area over which the petroleum system occurs, defined by a line that
circumscribes the pod of active source rock as well as all the discovered petroleum
shows, seeps, and accumulations that originated from that pod. The geographic
extent is mapped at the critical moment. Also the known extent.
Burial History Chart
A burial history curve or geohistory diagram constructed to show the time over which
hydrocarbon generation occurs. Depicts the essential elements and the critical
moment for the petroleum system.
Events Chart
A chart for a petroleum system showing when the essential elements and processes
took place as well as the preservation time and critical moment of the system.
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Definitions
(after Magoon and Dow, 1994)
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Critical Moment
The time that best depicts the generation migration accumulation of
hydrocarbons in a petroleum system. A map and a cross section drawn at the critical
moment best shows the geographic and stratigraphic extent of the System.
The four elements Source Rock, Reservoir Rock, Seal Rock and a sufficient Amount of
Overburden have to be in place before the Critical Moment.
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Age
The time over which the process of generation-migration accumulation of
hydrocarbons in the system takes place on the events chart.
Preservation Time
The time after generation-migration-accumulation of petroleum takes place and
encompasses any changes to the petroleum accumulations up to present day.
Petroleum System Timing!
(after Magoon and Dow, 1994)
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Deer Boar Petroleum System
@ 250 Ma -> Critical Moment:
generation started
traps exist
migration possiblePod of Active
Source Rock
Reservoirs
A-A Cross Section
Petroleum System Definitions
(from Magoon and Dow, 1994)
Geographic Extent
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Burial Chart
Events Chart
Deer Boar Petroleum System
@ 250 Ma -> Critical Moment:
generation started
traps exist
migration possible
Petroleum System Definitions
(from Magoon and Dow, 1994)
Combined with Events Chart
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Petroleum SystemExercise
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Follow the below listed instructions to analyze the Paris Basin petroleum system
1. Draw a line (map) around the pod of active source rock (green-colored pencil).
2. Draw a line (map) around the geographic extent of the petroleum system (red-colored pencil).
3. Draw a line (map) of cross-section on the map (brown-colored pencil) that
would best show the relation of the pod of active source rock to the petroleum
migration paths and accumulations.
4. Draw an asterisk on the map (brown-colored pencil) where a burial history
chart would best show the onset and end of petroleum generation and the
critical moment.
5. Draw a few arrows (green-colored pencil) to indicate the directions of oil and
gas migration.
PARIS BASIN Petroleum System Analysis
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Pod of active source rock
Geographic extent
Cross section location
Burial history chart location
Petroleum migration
Petroleum SystemExercise
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Use the following symbols to analyze the
Paris Basin Petroleum System
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Petroleum SystemExercise
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Paris Basin, from Tissot & Welte, 1978
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Petroleum SystemExercise
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Paris Basin, from Tissot & Welte, 1978
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Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum Systems Model
APetroleum Systems Modelis a digital data model of
an entire petroleum system in which the interrelated
processes and their results can be simulated in order to
understand and predict them.
The model is dynamic and provides a complete record
through geologic time.
from Magoon and Dow, 1994
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Key Questions and Tasks of Petroleum Systems ModelingPetroleum Generation
Have hydrocarbons been generated?
Resource assessment studies and initial charge risking. There are basins in which no oil and gashave been generated!
Where were hydrocarbons generated?
If hydrocarbons were generated, we can define their locations quite accurately.
When were hydrocarbons generated?
There are many clear examples of where basins/plays/prospects have failed due to timingproblems. For example, when oil and gas was generated early and the structures were createdmuch later:
Petroleum Migration & AccumulationCould they have migrated to the prospect?Modeling of the dynamic process of generation, expulsion and migration makes it possible todetermine if the oil and gas charge could reach the trap.
What are the properties of the hydrocarbons?Modeling of the phase behaviour of the hydrocarbons during migration, accumulation and lossmakes it possible to determine oil vs. gas probabilities and even predict properties such as API
gravities and GORs.
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum Systems Model
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Allen, P.A. & Allen, J.R. (2005): Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications, Blackwell Science, Malden, MA, USA; 560pp.
Hantschel, T., Kauerauf, A.I. (2009): Fundamentals of Basin Modeling, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 476pp
Magoon, L.B. & Dow, W.G. (1994): The Petroleum System from Source to Trap, AAPG Memoir 60, Tulsa, OK, USA; 655pp.
Tissot, B.P. & Welte, D.H. (1984): Petroleum Formation and occurrence. 2ndEdition, Springer Verlag
Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System - References
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
A Fully-Integrated Oil Company
Getting RefinedProducts to
the Consumers
Getting RawOil & Gas tothe Refinery
Refinery
http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/img_400/oilrig.gif
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Components of the Upstream
How to Get It Out where, in detail, are the reserves?
what to build (facilities)?
will it be profitable?
Find Oil & Gas Pools which regions and basins?
which blocks?
where on the block?
From the Ground, to the Refinery how to manage the field?
how to deliver the crude?
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Oil Company Targets
To maintain a healthy petroleum company,one would want to:
Replace production (what you take out of the
ground) with new reservesExploration Finds Volumes Produced
Keep finding costs below $1 per barrel
Exploration Costs
New Barrels< $1/barrel
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
We Need to Drill Wisely
Wells can be very expensive, some many hundreds
of millions of dollars, a lot even for a major oilcompany
Well placement and well path can be critical to
success So ..
How can we determine where to drill and predictwhat we will find BEFORE we start drilling?
This leads to the need for geologists,geophysicists, and other specialists focused on
imaging and interpreting the subsurface
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Explorations Task
SuccessUneconomic
Drill
Wildcats
Assess
Prospects
DropProspect
Confirmation
Well
SuccessFailureInterpret
Seismic Data
ProcessSeismic Data
Acquire
Seismic Data
Capture
Prime Areas
Identify
Opportunities
To DevelopmentOr Production
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
An Exploration Success
The Bonanza Basin, offshoreSomewhereia, was deemedto have high potential.
We leased the two highest-ranked blocks in the lastlicensing round.
Block
1
Block
5
Block
4
Block
3Block
2
Block
8
Block
7Block
6
Somewhereia
Bonanza Basin
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
An Exploration Success
The Bonanza Basin, offshoreSomewhereia, was deemedto have high potential.
We leased the two highest-ranked blocks in the lastlicensing round.
8 leads were identified, 3passed economic screeningand were matured intoprospects.
Bonanza Basin
Block
8
Block
7
Lead
A
Lead
B
Lead
C
Block
8
Block
7
Alpha Prospect
l i S
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
An Exploration Success
The Bonanza Basin, offshoreSomewhereia, was deemed
to have high potential.
We leased the two highest-ranked blocks in the lastlicensing round.
8 leads were identified, 3passed economic screeningand were matured intoprospects.
We drilled a wildcat at the
Alpha Prospect & found oil.
Alpha Prospect
Block
7
Bonanza Basin
DiscoveryWellBlock
8
SaltDiapir
A E l i S
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
An Exploration Success
The Bonanza Basin, offshoreSomewhereia, was deemed
to have high potential.
We leased the two highest-ranked blocks in the lastlicensing round.
8 leads were identified, 3passed economic screeningand were matured intoprospects.
We drilled a wildcat at the
Alpha Prospect & found oil.
A confirmation well provedthat there are significantvolumes of oil.
Alpha FIELD
EUR = 200 MBO
.95 TCF
Block7
Bonanza Basin
DiscoveryWell
ConfirmationWell
Block
8
SaltDiapir
Our estimate of ultimaterecovery is 200 MBO.
G&G i D l t
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
G&G in Development
Can we refine our picture of the distribution of oil
at Alpha?
Is the reservoir a single unit, or is it segmented(separate regions to drain)?
How many wells/where should they be drilled?
What sort of facilities (platform?) will we need?
How can we speed-up time to first oil?
What uncertainties remain?
Exploration has drilled a discovery and a confirmation well.
The ultimate recover for Alpha is estimated to be 200 MBO,which greatly exceeds the economic threshold of 100 MBO
Questions:
W N d M D t il
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
We Need More Detail
Reservoir Mapat the end ofExploration
Reservoir Mapat the end ofDevelopment
W M N d B tt D t
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
We May Need Better Data
Data Used for Exploration
Data Reprocessed or
Reshot for DevelopmentAnd Production
G&G i P d ti
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
G&G in Production
How should we manage the field so as to maximizeour investments?
Can we monitor how oil is being swept out of thereservoir?
What about injection wells and enhanced recovery?
Is there more oil in the vicinity either at deeper
depths or in nearby traps?
Can we build a computer model of the field thatmatches existing production data? If so, we can testfuture recovery with different drilling scenarios.
Production has begun at Alpha.
The initial production rates are as expected.
Questions:
R i Si l ti
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F W Schroeder 04 L 1 - Focus of IndustryCourtesy of ExxonMobil
Reservoir Simulation
Geologic Model
Reservoir Simulation
OilProduction
Time
HISTORY
MATCH
Th V l f G&G t Oil C
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The Value of G&G to an Oil Company
G&G work is done to add HC reserves(volumes)
New discoveries
More from discovered producing zones
Additional producing zones
Get the most reserves at the lowest cost
Invest in the right basins
Drill in the optimum locations Correctly assess what can be recovered
Avoid unnecessary wells