Basics Research

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RESEARCH METHODS

LECTURE 1


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RESEARCH

Careful, critical, disciplined inquiry,varying in technique and methodaccording to nature and conditions of

the problem identified, directedtowards the clarification or resolution(or both) of problem ( Good, Carter

V., 1972) The systematic search for pertinent

information on a specific topic or

problem (Aquino, Gaudencio V.,


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RESEARCH

The process of gathering data orinformation to solve a particular ofspecific problem in a scientific

manner (Bienvenido Manuel and PazC. Medel, 1976)

A systematic study or investigation

of something for the purpose ofanswering questions posed by theresearcher ( cited by quoted by

Custodia A. Sanchez from Cristina P.


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PURPOSES OF RESEARCH

PRESERVATION and IMPROVEMENT ofthe quality of human life

Other purposes1. Discover new facts about known

phenomenon.

2. Find answers to problems which areonly partially solved by existingmethods and information


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3. Improve existing techniques anddevelop new instruments orproducts.

4. To discover previously unrecognizedof substances or elements.-ex.periodic table

5. Discover pathways of action ofknown substances and elements.

6. To order related, valid generalizationinto s stematized science.-ex. a


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7. To provide basis for decision-makingin business, industry, education,government, and in other

undertakings.

8. To satisfy the researchers curiosity.

9. To find answers to queries by meansof scientific methods.

10. To acquire a better and deeper

understanding about onehenomenon that can be known and


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CHARACTERISTICS OF AGOOD RESEARCH

1. Research is an original work

-Gathers new knowledge or data fromprimary or first hand sources

-emphasizes upon the discovery ofgeneral principles

2. Research is systematic.

-orderly and sequential manner

2. Research is empirical

-all procedures employed and the data


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4. Research is analytical .

-there is a critical analysis of data

used so there is no error in theirinterpretation.

5. Research is objective, unbiased, and

logical-all the findings and conclusions arelogically based on empirical data

and no effort is made to alter theresults of the research.


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6. Employs hypothesis

-hypothesis guides the investigationprocess

-Objective or subproblems to be solved

7. Employs quantitative or statistical

methods-data are transformed intonumerical measures and are treatedstatistically to determine theirsi nificance or usefulness.


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8. Research is original work.

9. Research is done by an expert.

10. Research is accurate investigation,observation, and description.

11. Research is patient and unhurried

activity.12. Research requires an effort-making

capacity.

13. Research requires courage.


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Scientific Methods ofResearch

1. Determining/recognizing theproblem.

2.

Forming a hypotheses3. Doing a library research.

4. Designing the study.

- Deciding the methods of research to beused

- Study population

5. Developing the instruments for


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Scientific Methods ofResearch

6. Collecting the data.

- Analyzing the data

-

Determining the methods of collectingdata such as interview, questionnaires,observation, etc.

7. Determining implications andconclusions for findings.

8. Making recommendations for furtherresearch.


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CLASSIFICATIONS OF

RESEARCH1. According to purposea) Predictive or Prognostic Research

-Has the purpose of determining the futureoperation of the variables under investigationwith the aim of controlling or redirecting suchfor the better

-purposes to give the result from one specificeducational practice or pattern and seeks toestablish a close statistical connection betweencharacteristics of students and a prediction ofeducational outcome


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CLASSIFICATIONS OF

RESEARCH1. According to purposeb) Directive Research

-determines what should be donebased on the findings

- to remedy an unsatisfactorycondition, if there is any

c) Illuminative research

-concerned with the interaction of thecomponents of the variable being

investigated (ex. interaction of the


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CLASSIFICATIONS OF

RESEARCH2. According to goala) Basic or Pure research

-done for the development of theoriesor principles

-conducted for the intellectual pleasureor learning

-mostly done in psychology andsociology

b) Applied Research

-the a lication of the results of ure


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CLASSIFICATIONS OF

RESEARCH3. According to the levels ofinvestigation

a) Exploratory Research

-the researcher studies the variablespertinent to a specific situation

b) Descriptive Research

-the researcher studies therelationships of variables

c) Experimental Research

-


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CLASSIFICATIONS OF

RESEARCH4. According to the type of Analysisa) In Analytic Approach

-the researcher attempts to identify and isolatethe components of the research situation

b) Holistic Approach

-begins with the total situation,focusing attention on the system first andthen on its internal relationships


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CLASSIFICATIONS OF

RESEARCH5. According to Scope-under this category is action research

-done on a very limited scope to solve aparticular problem which is not so big

-almost problem-solving

-in education, it is a firing-line or on thejob type of problem-solving or researchused by teachers, supervisors, andadministrators to improve the quality of

their decisions and actions


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CLASSIFICATIONS OF

RESEARCH6. According to Choices of Answers toProblems

a) In evaluation research, all possiblecourses of action are specified andidentified and the researcher tries tofind the most advantageous.

b) In developmental research, the focus ison finding or developing a moresuitable instrument or process than hasbeen available.


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CLASSIFICATIONS OF

RESEARCH7. According to Statistical Contenta) Quantitative Research or Statistical

Research is one in which inferential

statistics are utilized to determine theresults of the study

Inferential statistics such as correlation,chi-square, analysis of variance are used to testhypothesis

This type includes comparison studies,cause-and-effect relationships, etc.

b) Non-quantitative Research


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CLASSIFICATIONS OF

RESEARCH8. According to Time Element/MajorResearch Methods

a) Historical Research what was

b) Descriptive Research-describe what is

c) Experimental Research describes whatwill be

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