BASICS OFBIO-TECHNOLOGY–IIConcepts, Tools & Applications

R.C. SOBTI Professor

M.Sc.(Hons. School), Ph.D, FAMS, FNASc, FZS, FSCG, FPASc.

Dept. of Biotechnology,Panjab University,

CHANDIGARH

VISHAL PUBLISHING CO.Future for WINNERS

(Particularly for Students with Non-Medical Background)

CONTENTS

1. BIOTECHNOLOGY 1–30Ancient and modern biotechology, Discovery of Microorganisms, Early evidence ofinvolvement of microorganisms in fermentation, Evolution of induced biotechnologyfrom natural biotechnology, Advent of surface culture, Discovery of penicillin,Strain selection procedure, Milestones in Biotechnology, Current biotechnology, Whatis biotechnology ?, Core components of biotechnology processes, Catalyst, Containmentsystem (bioreactor) for the proper function, Downstream processing, Technologiesthat led to the development of biotechnology, Basic technologies : advent of modernbiotechnology, single cell proteins (SCPS), Bioprocess technology, Protein engineeringtechnology, Cell culture technologies, Recombinant DNA technology, Microarray orchip technologies, Biosensor technology, Abzyme engineering, Antisense technology,Embryonic stem cell culture, Tissue engineering technology, Bioinformatics technology,Biotechnology : an inter-disciplinary product oriented approach, Applications ofbiotechnology, Agriculture, Medical biotechnology, Environmental biotechnology, Foodsbiotechnology, Other applications, Economics and biotechnology : advent of econo-biotechnology, Other technologies : material, nano- and bio-technologies, Productsafety, Public perception and social acceptance of biotechnology, Scope and importance,Biotechnology in India and global trends, Indian scenario, Indian biotech industry,State level initiatives, Global scenario.

2. SPECIALIZED TOOLS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY - I :CELL CULTURE TECHNOLOGIES 31–55Cell and tissue culture technology, Culture of microorganisms, Classification ofmicrobes on the basis of nutritional requirements for growth, Types of growthmedia, Factors influencing growth, Growth of bacteria, Metabolism of bacteria,Culturing cells from higher eukaryotes, Animal cell culture, Requirement of cellculture laboratory, Media, Cryopreservation, Use of animal cell cultures, Plant cellculture, Methods of plant cell culture, Materials and equipment, Cell cultures,Transformation.

3. SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY - II :NUCLEIC ACID BASED TECHNOLOGIES 56–113Recombinant DNA technology, A DNA Library, Human DNA Library, Identificationof genes of interest, Amplification of selected DNA sequences in the library,

Detailed technique for genetic engineering in bacteria, Obtaining a copy of therequired gene, Introduction of genes into a vector, Introduction of vector DNA intothe host cell, Cloning the DNA, Selection of transformed bacteria, Selection oftransformed bacteria (with the required gene), DNA chip technology, Antisensetechnology, Metabolonomis (metabolic engineering), Transgenics, Production oftransgenic plants, Vector mediated transformation, Non vector gene transfer inplants, Production of transgenic animals, Transfection of fertilized egg may involvethe following techniques, Cloning, Introduction, Cloning procedures, Adult DNAcloning, Human cloning, Therapeutic cloning, Embryo cloning, In vitro fertilizationand embryo transfer (IVF-ET), History, Definition, Eligibility for IVF, Steps involvedin IVF, Genomics and bioinformatics, Genomics, Human genome project, Generalorganization of the human genome, Proteomics, Bioinformatics, A brief history ofthe field, Sequences and nomenclature, The concept of directionality, Differenttypes of sequences, Main databases, Database retrieval tools, Sequence similaritysearching, Analyses using bioinformatics tools, Information from stored data.

4. SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY - III :PROTEIN BASED TECHNOLOGIES 114–164Protein engineering, Enzyme engineering, Introduction, Biocatalyst immobilization,Biosensor technology, Components of a biosensor, Types of biosensors (accordingto biocatalyst used), Types of biosensors (according to transducer used), Applicationsof biosensors, Bioprocess technology, Upstream process, Selection of microorganisms,Media formulation, Sterilization, Fermentation, Bioreactors, Requirements ofbioreactors, Bioreactor systems, Agitation (stirring and mixing), Aeration, Types ofbioreactors, Selection of bioreactor, Downstream processing, Pretreatment, Solid-liquid separation, Release of intracellular components, Concentration of biologicalproducts, Purification, Immunoaffinity purifications, Formulation of product.

5. APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE 165–211Introduction, Diagnostics, Immunological diagnostic procedures, Radioimmunoassay,Precipitation reactions, Immunoelectrophoresis, Counter immunoelectrophoresis,Agglutination Reactions, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Complement fixationtest, Monoclonal antibodies, Western blotting, Immunofluorescence, Flow cytometryand fluorescence, Diagnostics based on nucleic acid hybridization, Preparation ofnucleic acid probes, Probe target, Principle of nucleic acid hybridization, Meltingtemperature and hybridization stringency, Hybridization formats, Preparation of probeand its labeling, Limitations of usages of probe, Polymerase chain reaction, Molecularbeacon system, Uses of DNA probes, Therapeutics, Antisense oligonucleotides,Human therapeutics based on triple helix technology, Developing rDNA productsfor treatment of various ailments, Biotherapy and pharmaceutical products, Endogenous

therapeutic agents, Natural products as pharmaceuticals, Biopolymers as medicaldevices, Designer drugs, Vaccines, Transgenic animals as a source ofbiopharmaceuticals, Genetically engineered plants as a source of pharmaceuticalsand edible vaccines, Targeted drugs, Modified proteins, Gene therapy, DNAfingerprinting and biometrics, Biomaterials and stem cells,

6. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE 212–232Introduction, Plant tissue culture and its applications, Micropropagation, Somaticembryogenesis, Modifications by somaclonal variation, Protoplast fusion, Viruselimination, Embryo rescue, Haploid production, Production of chemicals by culturedcells, Plant transformation, Genetic engineering of plants, Applications of geneticengineering of plants, Herbicide resistance, Resistance to insects, Engineering viralresistance, Non-biotic stress tolerance, Hormone engineering, Genetic manipulationof flower pigmentation, Nitrogen fixation, Increasing shelf life, Production of drugs: biopharming, Improvement of food quality, Biological methods to protect crops,Dangers of genetic engineering of the plants, Animal agriculture, Transgenic animalsand their uses, Examples of the transgenic animals and their applications, Transgeniclivestock, Transgenic sheep, Transgenic goats, Transgenic pigs, Transgenic rabbit,Transgenic chicken, Mules and horses, Transgenic fish, Applications of transgenicanimals.

7. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENT 233–254Introduction, Management of waste, Point source reduction, Bioremediation,Phytoremediation : smart plants, Utilization of byproduct, Whey, SCPS (single cellproteins), Molasses, Disposable plastic starch, “End of pipe” treatment (i.e., wastedestruction technique). Gaseous waste treatment, Liquid wastes, Solid wastes,Landfill technologies, Soil treatment, Role of microbes in geological process, Bioleaching,Energy, Biogas production, Large scale growing of energy crops, Short rotationforestry, Hydrogen gas production by microorganisms, Environmental sustainability.

8. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 255–264Introduction, Various areas of concern in developing world, Agri-food production,Food products, Medicine and public health, Environment bioconversion and recyclingof materials, Conversion of waste into useful products, Biofertilizers and biopesticides,Biofuels, Priorities in biotechnology of various developing countries, Ethanol productionin Brazil, Palm oil in Malaysia, Industrial and environmental biotechnology in IslamicRepublic of Iran, Agricultural biotechnology in eastern and central Africa.

INDEX 265–271