Basic Substation Lecture

8/12/2019 Basic Substation Lecture

1/60


2/60

CONTENTS

Objectives

Scope and Limitations

Overview

Single Line Diagram

First Private Pole

Whats inside the Substation

Operation

Maintenance

Questions


3/60

OBJECTIVESAt the end of the lecture, the participants should be able to:

Identify the basic parts of First Private Pole

Visualize the typical substation installation that SM has.

Identify the major elements of a substation.

Know the basic monitoring and operation procedures.

Know the standard maintenance program and procedures.


4/60


5/60

OVERVIEW


6/60

Substation

A. Classification According to Requirement:

Transformer Substation

Switching Substation

Power Factor Correction Substation

Frequency Changer Substation

Converting Substation

Industrial Substation


7/60

Substation

B. Classification According to Construction Features:

Outdoor Substation

Indoor Substation

Underground Substation


8/60

SMCLS 5MVA INDOOR SUBSTATION


9/60

Aerial view


10/60

Definition

Electrical Substation:

a subsidiary station of an electricity generation,transmission and distribution system where voltage istransformed from high to low or the reverse usingtransformers

Performs switching, which is the connecting anddisconnecting of transmission lines or other components toand from the system

Used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits or lines

in and out of a system SM Calamba Electrical SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf


11/60

11 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes

Typical Single Line Diagram

SM Calamba Electrical SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf

SLD of LBS Actual Photo of LBS on FPP
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/SM%20Calamba%20Electrical%20SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf


12/60

Closer Look of the FPP

Incoming 34.5kVlines from Meralco

Suspension

Insulators

Termination Kit

XLPE (tosubstation)

a bc


13/60

Closer Look of the FPP

LBS

Power Fuse:150E, Cat#134250R4 , 34.5kV,S&C Electric Co.


14/60

Whats inside the Substation?

MVSG1

MVSG2

T1

T2

LVSG1

LVSG2


15/60

Switchgear

A switching and interrupting device combined withassociated control, regulating, metering, and protectivedevices, used primarily in connection with the generation,transmission, distribution, and conversion of electric power.

MVSG

Medium Voltage Switchgear, rated 34.5kV

Used to connect or disconnect a part of a medium-voltage

power system. directly linked to the quality of the electricity supply


16/60


MVSG

280cm

250cm

173cm

T1


17/60

MVSG: inner view

VCB PT


18/60

VCB SLD

CurrentTransformer

VCB


19/60

Representation of vaccum interrupterChamber in VCB

with rated currentup to 3000 A,interrupts thecurrent by creatingand extinguishing

the arc in a vacuumcontainer

For 34.5kV

have longer life

expectanciesbetween overhaulthan do air circuitbreakers.


20/60

MVSG Metering Devices

PQMII PQ Meter

provides meteringfor current, voltage,real power, reactive

power, apparentpower, energy use,cost of power, powerfactor, andfrequency.

True RMS monitoring of Ia, Ib, Ic, In, Van, Vbn, Vcn,Vab, Vbc, Vca, voltage/current unbalance, power factor,line frequency, watts, vars, VA, Wh, varh, VAh, anddemand readings for A, W, vars, and VA.


21/60

MVSG Metering Devices

Feeder ProtectionRelay: Features

Time delayovercurrent either

phase or groundfault

Instantaneousovercurrent

Thermal ImageProtection


22/60

Transformer

Oil Immersed PowerTransformer

transforms voltage fromhigh to low or the reverse

with the windingsimmersed in a highly-refined transformer oil thatremains stable attransformer operatingtemperatureInstantaneous overcurrent


23/60

TransformerOil Immersed Power

Transformer indoor or outdoor,

normally for temperatureno lower than -5C.

Ambient temperaturemust not exceed 40Cand minimum -5C


24/60


25/60

Transformer

The operation of the transformer is based onelectromagnetic theory proposed by Lenz and furtherdeveloped by Maxwell.

When a current flows through a conductor, a magneticfield is produced.

By placing another conductor within that magnetic field,a voltage is induced in that conductor. This principleprovides the basis for transformer action. The transformertransfers power by electromagnetic induction between

circuits at the same frequency, but at different voltageand current.


26/60

Heinrich Lenz

The induced current in the copper ring creates its

own magnetic field that opposes the magnetic fieldthat created it


27/60

Michael Faraday

faradays-law_en.jar

Any change in the magneticenvironment of a coil of wire willcause a voltage (emf) to be

"induced" in the coil. No matter howthe change is produced, the voltagewill be generated. The change couldbe produced by changing themagnetic field strength, moving a

magnet toward or away from thecoil, moving the coil into or out ofthe magnetic field, rotating the coilrelative to the magnet, etc
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/faradays-law_en.jarhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/faradays-law_en.jarhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/faradays-law_en.jar


28/60

James Clerk Maxwell

Static magnetic fields lines ALWAYSform closed loops. They encirclemoving charges according to theright hand rule.


29/60

James Clerk Maxwell

There is another source of electric andmagnetic fields, when either of thosefields changes with time:

Changing magnetic fields is asource of electric fields

Changing electric fields are a sourceof magnetic fields

The fields produced by this changeare called dynamic or induced fields


30/60


31/60

Step downtransformer:

Ns < Np

Others:

Step-down transformer

Autotransformer


32/60

1 Filling & pressure relief cap

2 oil level

3 air breather4 thermometer

5 drain valve

6 gas relay

7 mv bushings

8 lv bushings

9 tap changer

1

2

4

5

6

7

8


33/60


34/60


35/60


Gas Relay or Buccholz relay

mounted on the pipe connecting thehighest part of the transformer tankand the conservator

first stage detects the slowaccumulation of gas generated froman incipient or minor fault, such as

damaged winding or core insulation,loose connections, etc.

second stage operates on the sudden rise in oil pressure inthe main tank caused by faults of a major nature, such as

internal flash overs, short circuited turns, etc. The first stage is used for alarm, and the second stage is

used for trip.


36/60

LVSG


37/60


Inner view of LVSG


38/60



39/60

LVSG

Used to connect ordisconnect a part of alow-voltage powersystem.

tie breaker

ATS

Normal CB

Emergency CB

Feeder CBs

Capbank CB

Metering devices


40/60

ATS and Tie CB


41/60

ATS and Tie CB


42/60


43/60

Air Circuit Breakers

rated current up to 10,000 A

trip characteristics are often fully adjustable includingconfigurable trip thresholds and delays.

Usually electronically controlled, though some models aremicroprocessor controlled via an integral electronic tripunit.

Common Brand installed: GE (Powerbreak II andEntelliguard)


44/60

Air Circuit Breakers for LVSG


45/60

Entelliguard: Tie, Normal & Emergency


46/60

Power Break II: Feeder CBs


47/60

Power Break II: Manual Operation

The circuit breaker closing spring

is energized by the size operationof the retractable pump handle

Depress the PUSH ONbutton to close the breaker

contact

The circuit breaker openingspring are automatically charged

when the breaker is closed Depress the PUSH OFF

button to open the breakercontact


48/60

ON/OFFINDICAT

OR

MAIN BREAKER

CONTACTS

CHARGING

SPRINGINDICATOR

CONDITIONOF

CHARGINGSPRING

NEXT PERMISSIBLE OPERATING

FUNCTION

OFF OPEN DISCHARGED DISCHARGEDCLOSING SPRINGS MAY BECHARGED

OFF OPEN CHARGEDFULLYCHARGED

CONTACTS MAY BE CLOSED

ON CLOSED DISCHARGED DISCHARGEDCONTACTS MAY BE OPENED, ORCLOSING COIL MAY BE CHARGED

ON CLOSED CHARGEDFULLYCHARGED

CONTACTS MAY BE OPENED

OFF OPEN CHARGEDFULLYCHARGED

CLOSING SPRING MAY BEDISCHARGED WITHOUTCLOSING CONTACTS BYDEPRESSING OFF BUTTONWHILE PUSHING ON BUTTON

Power Break II: Manual Operation

G E S b t ti M it i


49/60

Communication Wire (Twisted Pair)

Feeder (MVT)

Meter & Relay

Concentrator

Multinet

MultilinkPMCS/CIMPLICITYEnervista ViewpointMonitoring

G.E. Substation Monitoring


50/60

What data do we get from the substationmonitoring?

Phase and Line Voltages, Currents

kVA, kW, kWH (with min, ave and max values)

Trending reports (graph of the parameters)

Per minute, hourly, daily

Trip unit set points/settings


51/60

Sample data


52/60

Substation MonitoringThough there is Enervista, Substation electricians shalllog / monitor the following:

MVSG and LVSG readings phase and line currents,kW, kWH, kVA, pf

Daily kwH reading of Main Meter and feeder metersinside substation

CB tripping

Fluctuations

Interruptions

Abnormalities: oil leak, burnt bus bars/wires, hightemp, water leak, busted pilot lamps

Housekeeping


53/60

How to start the Genset in Auto using MVSG

Toggle selector toTRIP; toggle toCLOSE to normalize

Used during Genset loadtest

Used only when there isa need to isolate thenormal supply

Note: no synchronizingpanel for gensets


54/60

How to start the Genset in Auto using LVSG

Select Emergency toAUTO

Toggle Normal to Test

Used only during no

load test Note: no synchronizing

panel for gensets


55/60

When to use the tie CB at Normal Power

When one Bank is down (no power supply to oneMVSG; one transformer is down)

When to use the tie CB at Emergency Power

At night, when load is too low to be supplied by alltwo gensets (e.g. for a substation with two banks)

When one genset is down


56/60

How to use the tie CB (Emergency Power)

Select the flow of the power on the tie CB (e.g. from LVSG

1 to LVSG 2) Unlock the LOTO of the tie CB

Open Normal CB of LVSG 2

Select Manual for the Emergency Selector

Charge the tie CB

Depress button CLOSE of tie CB

Note: you may also turn-off all CBs of bank 2 before

energizing the tie CB, then select which among the feedersyou desire to energize


57/60


58/60

How to return to

Select the flow of the power on the tie CB (e.g. from LVSG

1 to LVSG 2)

Unlock the LOTO of the tie CB

Open Normal CB of LVSG 2

Select Manual for the Emergency Selector

Charge the tie CB

Depress button CLOSE of tie CB

Note: you may also turn-off all CBs of bank 2 beforeenergizing the tie CB, then select which among the feedersyou desire to energize


59/60

Substation Preventive Maintenance

MVSG, Transformer, LVSG, Cap Banks

Semi-annual Thermal Scanning

Retightening / correction to be done only when criticalhotspot is detected

Cleaning to be done only when dirty along with theretightening


60/60

Substation Preventive Maintenance

Transformer

Annual DGA

Correction to be done only when anomaly is observedon DGA result

Basic Substation Lecture

Documents

Transcript of Basic Substation Lecture