Basic Structure of the Basic Structure of the Human BodyHuman Body

CellCell

Cell ReproductionCell Reproduction

TissuesTissues

IntroductionIntroduction

Human body is an efficient, organized Human body is an efficient, organized machinemachine

Disease occurs when the machine does Disease occurs when the machine does not function correctionnot function correction

Health care workers must understand Health care workers must understand normal function of the body before normal function of the body before understanding the disease processesunderstanding the disease processes

AnatomyAnatomy

The study of the form and structure of an The study of the form and structure of an organismorganism

PhysiologyPhysiology

Study of the processes of living organisms Study of the processes of living organisms or why and how they workor why and how they work

PathophysiologyPathophysiology

Study of how disease occurs and Study of how disease occurs and response of the body to disease processresponse of the body to disease process

ProtoplasmProtoplasm

Basic substance of all lifeBasic substance of all life Material that makes up all living thingsMaterial that makes up all living things Made of ordinary elements, such as Made of ordinary elements, such as

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,sulfur, nitrogen carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorusand phosphorus

Scientist can combine these elements, but Scientist can combine these elements, but they are not able to give it the they are not able to give it the characteristics to produce life.characteristics to produce life.

CellsCells

Basic unit of structure and function of all living Basic unit of structure and function of all living things; made of protoplasmthings; made of protoplasm

Microscopic organisms that carry on all functions Microscopic organisms that carry on all functions of lifeof life Take in food and oxygenTake in food and oxygen Produce heat and energyProduce heat and energy Move and adapt to their environmentMove and adapt to their environment Eliminate wasteEliminate waste Perform special functionsPerform special functions Reproduce to create new identical cellsReproduce to create new identical cells

Human body containsHuman body contains trillions of cells. trillions of cells.

Cells vary in shape and size Cells vary in shape and size and perform many different and perform many different

functions.functions.

Basic parts of the cellBasic parts of the cellCell membraneCell membrane

Outer protective covering of cellOuter protective covering of cell Also called the plasma membrane or Also called the plasma membrane or

plasmalemmaplasmalemma Semipermeable allows certain substances Semipermeable allows certain substances

to enter and leave cell while preventing the to enter and leave cell while preventing the passage of other substancepassage of other substance

Basic cell structureBasic cell structureCytoplasmCytoplasm

Semifluid inside the cell membrane but Semifluid inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleusoutside the nucleus

Contains water (70 to 90 percent), Contains water (70 to 90 percent), proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and saltsand salts

Site for all chemical reactions in cellSite for all chemical reactions in cell

Basic StructureBasic StructureOrganellesOrganelles

Cell structure that help a cell to functionCell structure that help a cell to function Located in cytoplasmLocated in cytoplasm Main organelles include the nucleus, Main organelles include the nucleus,

mitochondria, ribosome, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosome, lysosomes, centrioles, golgi apparatus and centrioles, golgi apparatus and endoplasmis reticulumendoplasmis reticulum

Basic StructureBasic StructureNucleusNucleus

Mass in cytoplasmMass in cytoplasm Separated from cytoplasm by a nuclear Separated from cytoplasm by a nuclear

membrane and contains pores to allow membrane and contains pores to allow substances to pass between the nucleussubstances to pass between the nucleus

Often called the brains of the cellOften called the brains of the cell Controls many cell activities, including the Controls many cell activities, including the

process of mitosis or reproductionprocess of mitosis or reproduction

Basic StructureBasic StructureNucleolusNucleolus

One or more small round bodies located inside One or more small round bodies located inside the nucleusthe nucleus

Important in reproduction of the cellImportant in reproduction of the cell Ribosomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Ribosomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and

protein are manufactured in the nucleolusprotein are manufactured in the nucleolus Ribosomes move to cytoplasm to aid in Ribosomes move to cytoplasm to aid in

synthesis (production) of proteinsynthesis (production) of protein Ribosomes can exist freely in the cytoplasm or Ribosomes can exist freely in the cytoplasm or

be attached to the endoplasmic reticulumbe attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Basic StructureBasic StructureChromatinChromatin

Located inside the nucleusLocated inside the nucleus Made up of deoxyribonucleic aid (DNA) Made up of deoxyribonucleic aid (DNA)

and proteinand protein Chromatin condenses to from rod-like Chromatin condenses to from rod-like

structure called chromosomes during cell structure called chromosomes during cell reproductionreproduction

ChromosomesChromosomes

Human cell has 46 chromosomes or 23 Human cell has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairspairs

Each chromosome contains between Each chromosome contains between 30,000 and 45,000 genes, the structures 30,000 and 45,000 genes, the structures that carry inherited characteristicsthat carry inherited characteristics

Each gene has a specific and unique Each gene has a specific and unique sequence of about 1000 base pairs of sequence of about 1000 base pairs of DNADNA

GenesGenes

Each gene has a specific and unique Each gene has a specific and unique sequence of about 1000 base pairs of sequence of about 1000 base pairs of DNADNA

• DNA carries genetic coding that allows for exact DNA carries genetic coding that allows for exact duplication of the cellduplication of the cell

• DNA sequence on genes is unique for each DNA sequence on genes is unique for each individualindividual

• DNA is used as an identification tool similar to DNA is used as an identification tool similar to fingerprints but much more exactfingerprints but much more exact

GenomeGenome

Total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit Total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit from their parentsfrom their parents

Consists of strings of DNA nucleotidesConsists of strings of DNA nucleotides Human beings have about 3 billion nucleotides Human beings have about 3 billion nucleotides

in their genomein their genome Order of nucleotides on DNA sequences provide Order of nucleotides on DNA sequences provide

instructions for body to build all of its parts, instructions for body to build all of its parts, everything from permanent structures such as everything from permanent structures such as teeth and brain cells to short lived substances teeth and brain cells to short lived substances such as blood and hormonessuch as blood and hormones

Basic Structure Basic Structure CentrosomeCentrosome

Located in cytoplasm near the nucleusLocated in cytoplasm near the nucleus Contains two centrioles important in Contains two centrioles important in

reproductionreproduction During mitosis, or cell division, the centrioles During mitosis, or cell division, the centrioles

separateseparate Thin cytoplasmic spindle fibers form between the Thin cytoplasmic spindle fibers form between the

centrioles and attach to the chromosomescentrioles and attach to the chromosomes Creates an even division of the chromosomes in Creates an even division of the chromosomes in

the two new cells.the two new cells.

Basic StructureBasic StructureMitochrondriaMitochrondria

Rod-shaped organelles located throughout the Rod-shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasmcytoplasm

Called furnaces or powerhouses of the cellCalled furnaces or powerhouses of the cell Break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats to Break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats to

produce adenoside triphosphate (ATP) which is produce adenoside triphosphate (ATP) which is major energy source of the cellmajor energy source of the cell

Cell can contain just 1 to over 1000 Cell can contain just 1 to over 1000 mitochrondria depending on how much energy mitochrondria depending on how much energy the cell requires.the cell requires.

Cell StructureCell StructureGolgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Stack of membrane layers located in Stack of membrane layers located in cytoplasmcytoplasm

Produces, stores, and packages Produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cellsecretions for discharge from the cell

Cells of salivary, gastric, and pancreatic Cells of salivary, gastric, and pancreatic glands have large numbers of Golgi glands have large numbers of Golgi appartusappartus

Cell StructureCell StructureEndoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum

Fine network of tubular structures in cytoplasmFine network of tubular structures in cytoplasm Allows for transport of materials into and out of Allows for transport of materials into and out of

the nucleusthe nucleus Also aids in synthesis and storage of proteinsAlso aids in synthesis and storage of proteins Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains

ribosomes which are the sites for protein ribosomes which are the sites for protein synthesissynthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes and is not present in all cells; but it ribosomes and is not present in all cells; but it does assist with cholesterol synthesis, fat does assist with cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugsmetabolism and detoxification of drugs

Cell StructureCell StructureVacuolesVacuoles

Pouch like structures found throughout Pouch like structures found throughout cytoplasmcytoplasm

Have a vascuolar membrane with same Have a vascuolar membrane with same structure as cell membranestructure as cell membrane

Filled with watery substances, stored food Filled with watery substances, stored food or waste productsor waste products

Cell StructureCell StructureLysosomesLysosomes

Oval or round bodies found throughout the Oval or round bodies found throughout the cytoplasmcytoplasm

Contain digestive enzymes that digest and Contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materialsmaterials

Fuse with stored food vacuoles to convert Fuse with stored food vacuoles to convert food to a form that can be used by food to a form that can be used by mitochondria mitochondria

Cell StructureCell StructurePinocytic vesiclesPinocytic vesicles

Pocketlike folds in the cell membranePocketlike folds in the cell membrane Allow large molecules such as protein and fat to Allow large molecules such as protein and fat to

enter the cellenter the cell When molecule is inside the cell, the pocket When molecule is inside the cell, the pocket

closes to form a vacuole, or bubble, in the closes to form a vacuole, or bubble, in the cytoplasmcytoplasm

When cell needs energy, vesicles fuse with When cell needs energy, vesicles fuse with lysosomes to allow proteins and fats to be lysosomes to allow proteins and fats to be digested and used by mitochondria to produce digested and used by mitochondria to produce ATP(energy).ATP(energy).

MitosisMitosis

Asexual reproduction process used by most cellAsexual reproduction process used by most cell Cells reproduce by dividing into two identical cellsCells reproduce by dividing into two identical cells Skin, blood forming, and intestinal tract cells reproduce Skin, blood forming, and intestinal tract cells reproduce

continuouslycontinuously Muscle cells reproduce only every few years, but muscle Muscle cells reproduce only every few years, but muscle

tissue can be enlarged with exercise.tissue can be enlarged with exercise. Some specialized cells do not reproduce after birthSome specialized cells do not reproduce after birth

Includes nerve cells in brain and spinal cordIncludes nerve cells in brain and spinal cord If these cells are damaged or destroyed, others are not formed If these cells are damaged or destroyed, others are not formed

to replace themto replace them

Process of mitosisProcess of mitosis

MeiosisMeiosis

Process by which sex cells (gametes) Process by which sex cells (gametes) reproducereproduce

Process uses two separate cell divisions Process uses two separate cell divisions to produce four new cellsto produce four new cells

When female cells (ova) or male cells When female cells (ova) or male cells (sperm) divide by meiosis, the number of (sperm) divide by meiosis, the number of chromosomes is reduced to 23 or one half chromosomes is reduced to 23 or one half the number found in cells created by the number found in cells created by mitosis.mitosis.

When oven and sperm join, zygote or new When oven and sperm join, zygote or new cell, has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairscell, has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

-- 23 chromosomes from ovum or -- 23 chromosomes from ovum or maternal cellmaternal cell

23 chromosomes from sperm or paternal 23 chromosomes from sperm or paternal cellcell

Creates new individual with 23 pairs half Creates new individual with 23 pairs half from mother and half from father.from mother and half from father.

MeiosisMeiosis

Zygote begins period of rapid Zygote begins period of rapid mitotic divisionmitotic division

Within four to five days, the zygote is a Within four to five days, the zygote is a hollow ball like mass of cells called a hollow ball like mass of cells called a blastocystblastocyst

Within this blastocyst are embryonic stem Within this blastocyst are embryonic stem cellscells

Stem cells have the ability to transform Stem cells have the ability to transform themselves into any of the body’s themselves into any of the body’s specialized cells and perform many specialized cells and perform many different functions.different functions.

Controversial area of researchControversial area of research

Scientists attempting to determine whether Scientists attempting to determine whether stem cells can be transplanted into the stem cells can be transplanted into the body to cure diseases such as diabetes body to cure diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Parkinson’s, heart disease, mellitus, Parkinson’s, heart disease, oseteoporosis, arthritis and spinal cord oseteoporosis, arthritis and spinal cord injuriesinjuries

Stem CellsStem Cells

Embryonic cellsEmbryonic cells Umbilical cord blood cellsUmbilical cord blood cells Adult tissues such as bone marrow and Adult tissues such as bone marrow and

liver (but these cells do not have the ability liver (but these cells do not have the ability to evolve into every kind of cell; these to evolve into every kind of cell; these stem cells evolve into more cells of their stem cells evolve into more cells of their own kind.)own kind.)

TissueTissue

Cells of the same type join together for a Cells of the same type join together for a common purposecommon purpose

60 – 99 percent water with various substances 60 – 99 percent water with various substances dissolved in itdissolved in it Fluid called tissue fluidFluid called tissue fluid Slightly salty by natureSlightly salty by nature Dehydration: insufficient amount of tissue fluidDehydration: insufficient amount of tissue fluid Edema: Excess amount of tissue fluid; swellingEdema: Excess amount of tissue fluid; swelling

Four groups of tissuesFour groups of tissues

Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue Connective tissueConnective tissue Nerve tissueNerve tissue Muscle tissueMuscle tissue

Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue

Covers surface of body and main tissue in Covers surface of body and main tissue in skinskin

Forms lining of intestinal, respiratory, Forms lining of intestinal, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary tracts and other circulatory, and urinary tracts and other body cavitiesbody cavities

Forms body glands where it specializes to Forms body glands where it specializes to produce specific secretions for the body, produce specific secretions for the body, such as mucus and digestive juicessuch as mucus and digestive juices

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Supporting fabric of organs and other body Supporting fabric of organs and other body partsparts

Soft connective tissueSoft connective tissue Adipose or fatty tissue: stores fat as reserve Adipose or fatty tissue: stores fat as reserve

food or source of energy, insulates the body, food or source of energy, insulates the body, fills the area between tissue fibers, and acts fills the area between tissue fibers, and acts as paddingas padding

Fibrous connective tissue: includes ligaments Fibrous connective tissue: includes ligaments and tendons that help hold body structures and tendons that help hold body structures togethertogether

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Hard connective tissueHard connective tissue

- Cartilage: tough, elastic material found - Cartilage: tough, elastic material found between bones of spine and at end of long between bones of spine and at end of long bones where it acts as a shock absorber and bones where it acts as a shock absorber and allows for flexibility; also found in nose, ears, allows for flexibility; also found in nose, ears, and larynx to provide form or shapingand larynx to provide form or shaping

- Bone: similar to cartilage but has calcium - Bone: similar to cartilage but has calcium salts, nerves, and blood vessels; frequently salts, nerves, and blood vessels; frequently called osseous tissue; helps form body structurecalled osseous tissue; helps form body structure

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Blood and lymph (liquid connective tissue Blood and lymph (liquid connective tissue or vascular tissue)or vascular tissue) Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to body Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to body

cells and metabolic wastes away from cellscells and metabolic wastes away from cells Lymph transport tissue fluid, proteins, fats and Lymph transport tissue fluid, proteins, fats and

other materials from the tissues to the other materials from the tissues to the circulatory systemcirculatory system

Nerve TissueNerve Tissue

Made of special cells called neuronsMade of special cells called neurons Controls and coordinates body activities Controls and coordinates body activities

by transmitting messages throughout the by transmitting messages throughout the bodybody

Nerves, brain and spinal cord are Nerves, brain and spinal cord are composed of nerve tissue.composed of nerve tissue.

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

Produces power and movement through Produces power and movement through contraction of muscle fiberscontraction of muscle fibers

Three main kinds:Three main kinds: Skeletal: attaches to bones and provides Skeletal: attaches to bones and provides

movementmovement Cardiac: causes the heart to beatCardiac: causes the heart to beat Visceral: located in walls of the respiratory, Visceral: located in walls of the respiratory,

digestive, urinary tract and blood vesselsdigestive, urinary tract and blood vessels

OrgansOrgans

Two or more tissues join together for a Two or more tissues join together for a specific functionspecific function

Examples include: heart, stomach, lungs, Examples include: heart, stomach, lungs, and kidneysand kidneys

SystemsSystems

Organs and other parts that join together Organs and other parts that join together for a particular functionfor a particular function

Includes: integumentary, skeletal, Includes: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary or excretory, respiratory, digestive, urinary or excretory, endocrine, and reproductiveendocrine, and reproductive

SummarySummary

Protoplasm is basic substance of lifeProtoplasm is basic substance of life Protoplasm forms structural units called Protoplasm forms structural units called

cellscells Cells combine to form tissuesCells combine to form tissues Tissues combine to form organsTissues combine to form organs Organs and other parts combine to form Organs and other parts combine to form

systemssystems Systems work together to create miracle of Systems work together to create miracle of

human body.human body.