Basic Research: Toward Understanding the Day-to...
Transcript of Basic Research: Toward Understanding the Day-to...
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Toward Understanding the Day-to-Day Variability in Structuring of the Nighttime
Equatorial F layer
Roland Tsunoda Center for Geospace Studies
SRI International Menlo Park, California, USA
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SRI International
• Private, non-profit research institute (staff > 2000) -- contract research; project oriented • Center for Geospace Studies (staff ~ 20) • Current Projects -- Build, deploy and operate incoherent-scatter radars (Resolute Bay, Sondrestrom, Poker Flat, Arecibo) -- Ionospheric, magnetospheric research • Personal interest: Physical processes that lead to
the structuring of ionospheric plasma
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Some Background
• Quality of radio signals is degraded while propagating through ionospheric plasma structure
• Plasma structure in nighttime equatorial F layer is referred to as equatorial spread F (ESF)
• Propagation effects most severe within plasma-depleted regions, called equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs)
• Mitigation difficult; avoidance is most viable strategy • Occurrence of ESF/EPBs can vary dramatically from
day-to-day • Reliable methods for short-term forecasting have yet to
be developed – A SPACE-WEATHER CONCERN
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How to Best Address the Day-to-Day Variability Problem
• Construct working hypothesis • Test hypothesis with well-designed experiments,
with comparisons to theories or computer simulation results
• Working hypothesis: Large-scale wave structure (LSWS) controls when and where ESF/EPBs develop Main drivers: (1) post-sunset rise (PSSR) of F layer and (2) eastward neutral wind
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What is LSWS?
• LSWS: train of upwellings in bottomside of equatorial F layer
• Example of a single upwelling from ALTAIR measurements (right figure)
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No LSWS (top), LSWS (bottom)
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Properties of LSWS
• Very little is known about LSWS -- Zonal wavelength ~ 400 km -- Upwelling amplitude can exceed 100 km • Most of information about upwelling properties
have been obtained with ALTAIR, a fully-steerable incoherent-scatter radar
• But, ALTAIR rarely available for basic research • Lack of knowledge about LSWS is a major
reason why we have not yet been able to solve the day-to-day variability problem
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Serious Obstacle to LSWS Measurement
• Upwellings are spatial structures, virtually stationary during their growth phase (PSSR)
• Hence, sensors that use temporal variation to infer spatial structure, by assuming zonal drift cannot be used
• In lieu of ALTAIR, limited information have been extracted from ionogram signatures, total electron content (TEC) derived from beacon signals transmitted by equatorial-orbiting satellite (C/NOFS), HF transequatorial propagation (TEP)
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Sketch of Working Hypothesis
• LSWS grows in amplitude such that each ‘upwelling’ becomes a regional center within which ESF develops
R.T. Tsunoda, ‘Upwelling, A unit of disturbance in equatorial spread F,’ Prog. Earth, Planet. Sci., in review, 2015.
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Ionogram Signatures of Bottomside Patches
• Ionosonde observations with angle-of-arrival
• ESF patches arrive from west, recede to east
• East-west asymmetry is evident
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Swooper: Another Bottomside Patch Signature
• Doppler shift of continuous-wave radio signals versus UT • Sequence of events: PSSR, arrival of swoopers” from west • Asymmetry prevents detection of signatures to east of station
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HF-TEP Evidence of Bottomside Patches
Multiple striations associated with off-great-circle (OGC) propagation paths
Sketch of OGC paths that could occur in a HF-TEP experiment from Australia to Japan
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EPB Clusters: In Situ Measurements
• AE-E ion-density measurements • First pass: LSWS without EPBs • Second pass: Filling of upwellings with EPBs
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Development of EPB Cluster
• Primary EPB from crest of upwelling (0907 UT)
• Secondary EPBs along west wall of upwelling
• Eastward transport of EPBs relative to upwelling
• Filling of upwelling with EPBs
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Clear Example of Upwelling Filled with EPBs
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Sketch of Working Hypothesis
• LSWS grows in amplitude and each upwelling becomes a regional center within which ESF develops
R.T. Tsunoda, ‘Upwelling, A unit of disturbance in equatorial spread F,’ Prog. Earth, Planet. Sci., in review, 2015.
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Indo-Asian-Pacific Region: Ideal Testbed
• Uniform geometry over extended (75°) longitude sector
• Sensor network includes zonal chain of 6-8 ionosondes
• Other sensors provide description of LSWS (GRBR network, all-sky imagers, GPS network, radars, HF-TEP experiment)
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One Useful Experiment
• Determine the longitudinal correlation in behavior of LSWS, PSSR, and ESF/EPB development
• On a given night, compare the above development process at longitudes spaced 1-2 hrs in LT with “expected” behavior
• Do LSWS properties explain observations? • Can we separate contributions from PSSR and
LSWS?
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New Opportunity
Formosat-7/COSMIC-2 • Constellation Observing System for
Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) – total of 12 micro-satellites
• First six will be launched in 24° inclination orbit; will carry radio beacons and VIDI (velocity, ion density, and irregularities)
• Launch: ~ May 2016; SpaceX Falcon-Heavy rocket; from Cape Canaveral, Florida (28.49°N, 80.58°W), or Brownsville, Texas (25.93°N, 97.48°W)
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Tandem Beacon Explorer (TBEx)
• Two CubeSats will be flown in near-identical orbits; each will carry a tri-frequency beacon
• 150, 400, 1067 MHz • Measurements: Total electron content (TEC),
amplitude scintillations • Objective: Description of LSWS and ESF with
higher temporal resoluton • To be launched with six COSMIC-2 satellites
in low-inclination orbits (~ May 2016) -- COSMIC-2: Ion-drift meter, radio beacons
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TBEx
• Tandem Beacon Explorer
• Two “3U” CubeSats in near-identical orbits
• Orbital inclination ~ 28° • 600 (400) km, apogee
(perigee) • Each: Radio beacons at
150, 400, 1067 MHz (identical to C/NOFS)
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Coordinated Field Campaigns Using Instrument Clusters
• Indo-Asian-Pacific Network • Conduct campaigns during ESF season, moon-
down conditions (optics), nights of favorable number of satellite passes
• Obtain comprehensive description of LSWS and ESF/EPBs
• Data analysis, model simulations, etc., for field campaign periods
• Present results at an AOSWA workshop
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Possible Collaborations • NICT -- HF-TEP, ionosondes • RISH, Kyoto University -- GRBR (GNU Radio Beacon Receiver) network -- Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) • STEL, Nagoya University -- 630 nm all-sky imagers -- 30 MHz radar (at EAR) • UKM -- GRBRs in Malaysia -- GPS receiver network in Malaysia • LAPAN -- GRBRs, ionosondes in Indonesia