Basic Processes and Principles

Rationale and Foundation of Current Behavior Analysis and Management

Techniques and Methods

Types of Behavior

Behavior: anything a person "does"– not a person's "deportment"

Two types of behavior (Skinner, 1938)

– RESPONDENT involuntary behaviors (responses) elicited by known stimuli eye dialation, shivering, sweating, blinking, etc.

– OPERANT voluntary behaviors (responses) elicited by learned stimuli completing homework, fighting, talking, etc.

Operant Behaviors Influenced by events that follow the behavior

– learned as a function of consequences positive - a consequence that increases the

likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future negative - a consequence that lowers the likelihood

that a behavior will occur in the future contingent - a consequence that follows a behavior

conditionally noncontingent - a consequence that follows

behavior without conditions

Moral of the Story

Number of Tantrums 9:00 A.M. - 11:00 A.M.

05

1015202530

M W F M W F T R M W F M W F T R

Day of Week

Nu

mb

er o

f R

efu

sals

BASELINE IGNORING PUNISHMENT Line 4

Reinforcers A reinforcer is a consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again in the future

– Positive Reinforcement - the contingent presentation of a consequence that increases behavior

smile, candy, grade, recess, pay check, etc.– Negative Reinforcement - the contingent removal of

some unwanted stimulus that increases behavior homework, school work, bathing

Contingency Table - Reinforcers

Stimulus, event, Present Removeor condition

Positivecondition

Aversivecondition

Attract

Escape

Moral of the Story

Proportion of Time On-Task: Reading

0

20

4060

80

100

M W F M W F M W F M W F

Day of Week

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f T

ime

BASELINE SCREAMING AT CHILDGIVE SNACK DECREASE HOMEWORK

Categories of Reinforcers Primary

– edible foods, liquids– sensory visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory,

kinesthetic Secondary

– tangible certificates, badges, stickers– privilege monitorships, group leader– activity special play, access to media,

extra work– generalized tokens, points, credits– social expressions, proximity,

contact, feedback,

Why does it work?

Concept Analysisof Behavior Change

Theory and Techniques

A

B

C

ANTECEDENT A stimulus that precedes a behavior

BEHAVIOR Any observable and measurable act

of an individual (also called a response)

CONSEQUENCE Any stimulus presented contingent on a

particular behavior (response)

A CB

Antecedent Behavior Consequence

A B1

B2

B3

A B1

B2

B3

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

A B1

B2

B3

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

A B1

B2

B3

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

A B C

Learning History

A B1

B2

B3

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

A30%

65%

5%

B1

B2

B3

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

40%

85%

A30%

65%

5%

30%

30%

40%

85%

60%

B1

B2

B3

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

10%

40%

5%

AC1

C2

C3

C4

C5

65%

B1

B2

B3

85%

Principles of Discrimination The ability to tell the difference between

environmental events or stimuli

Discrimination develops as a result of differential reinforcement

SR+SD

S

B

B

Establish Increase orMaintain

Decrease

INCREASE OR

MAINTAIN A

BEHAVIOR

REDUCE A

BEHAVIOR

ESTABLISH

A

BEHAVIOR

Haus & Polsgrove, 1980

Antecedents Consequences Antecedents Consequences Antecedents Consequences

Instruction

Modeling

GuidedParticipation

Shaping Cueing Contingency

PremackPrinciple

ManagementStimulusControl

Extinction

Punishment

ReinforceCompetingBehavior

CONCEPT ANALYSIS OF

BEHAVIOR CHANGE