Basic Parts of Speech It’s Monday…where do I begin? So, you’re staring at the sentence and wondering what to label first. Try following these steps:

Monday Daily Grammar Practice Notes

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n – common noun N – proper noun poss n – possessive noun per – personal pronoun nom – nominative obj – objective poss – possessive ref pron – reflexive pronoun rp – relative pronoun ind pron – indefinite pronoun int pron – interrogative pronoun dem pron – demonstrative pronoun adj – adjective art – article av – action verb lv – linking verb hv – helping verb Tenses – past (past), present (pres), and future (f) adv – adverb prep – preposition cc – coordinating conjunction sc – subordinating conjunction cor conj – correlative conjunction int - interjection

Abbreviations for Monday

Look

inside!

1. Label any nouns (are they common, proper, or possessive?).

2. Label any pronouns (see pronoun section for types and cases).

3. Label any adjectives (you know, those words describing the nouns and pronouns, including articles).

4. Label any verbs (see verb section for types, and don’t forget about tense).

5. Label any adverbs (they describe the verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs).

6. What’s left? Prepositions? Conjunctions? Interjections?

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Pronoun – takes the place of a noun

Noun – a person, place, thing, or idea

Common noun - names a general noun and begins with lowercase letter (Examples: cow, c ity, desk, happiness) Proper noun - names a specific noun and begins with a capital letter (Examples: Pennsylvania, Mrs. Brown, Apple Inc.) Possessive noun – a noun which shows ownership (Examples: dog’s, Mindy’s, boys’, Mrs. Evans’s)

Personal Pronouns - Case? Case shows the relationship of the

pronoun to the rest of the sentence. Nominative case: is a pronoun used as a subject Possessive case: is a pronoun that shows ownership Objective case: is a pronoun used as a direct or indirect object, object of a preposition, or appositive

Persona l pronouns – refers to a particular person, place, or thing 1st person pronouns—having to do with “ me ”

(I, me, mine, we, us, our, ours) 2nd person—having to do with “ you ” (you, your, yours) 3rd person—having to do with “everyone else”

(he, she, it, him, her, his, hers, its, they, them, their, theirs)

Reflexive pronoun – ends in –self or –selves and refers back to a noun or pronoun in the sentence (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)

Ex. John bakes all the bread himself.

Relat ive pronouns - start dependent clauses; relate them to the rest of a sentence (that, which, who, whom, whose)

Interrogative pronouns - Ask a question (Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who?) Demonstrat ive pronouns - Demonstrate which one (this, that, these, those) Indef in ite pronouns - do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing Examples: each, either, neither, few, some, all, most, several, many, none, one, someone, no one, everyone, anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, anybody, more, much, another, other, any, etc.

Nominative Objective Possessive

Sin

gula

r I , you, he , she, i t

me, you, him, her , i t

my, your, his , her, i ts , mine , yours

Plu

ral

we, you, they

Us, you, them

our, your, their , ours, yours, theirs

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Modifiers!

Degrees of Comparison

Positive = pretty, nice, fun

Comparative = prettier, nicer, more fun

Superlative = prettiest, nicest, most fun

Predicate adject ives

-Found in the predicate

-Follows a linking verb

-Refers back to the

subject of the sentence Proper adject ives

Proper noun being used as an adjective

*Capitalize only the adjective (Ex. Mexican food, Spanish music)

Adjective – word that modifies a noun or

pronoun; answers: Which one? What kind? or How

many?

Adverb – word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb;

answers: How? When? Where? or To what extent?

Adverb tips: ~often end in –ly ~very, not, & never are always adverbs

Yes, they modify, or describe, nouns. They answer the questions,

WHICH ONE? WHAT KIND? and HOW MANY?

Yes, they modify, or describe, nouns. They answer the

questions, WHICH ONE? WHAT KIND? and HOW MANY?

Adjectives add

description, right?

But look what happens when you add some

ADJECTIVES! Tall dog

Mean dog

Dirty dog

But look what happens when you add some ADJECTIVES!

This dog is TINY.

And possessive nouns can be adjectives too!

This is Joe’s dog.

Hey! Look at all this

food! And what a great way to start talking

about adverbs!

Articles are Adject ives a, an, the

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Verbs - Action, Linking, & Helping

Verb Tenses 3 Basic Tenses: past – happened previously

( jumped, ran, fel l ) present - happening now

(jump, run, fal l) future – wi l l happen in the future

(wi l l jump, wi l l run, wil l fall )

Regular = add –ed to past tense jump = jumped hop = hopped I rregular = changes form run = ran teach = taught

VERB – words that show action or help to make a statement Action verb - shows action

Example: She wrote a note. Sarah smelled the flower.

Linking verb - l inks two words together Commonly used linking verbs: am, is, was, were, be, being, been, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste Examples:

Jenn is a cheerleader. *”is” links subject (Jenn) to the predicate nominative (cheerleader)

The flower smells nice.

*”smells” links subject (flower) to predicate adjective (nice) The dog smells the flower. *BE CAREFUL - smells is an action verb in this sentence

Helping verb - a verb that combines with another verb in a verb phrase Commonly used helping verbs: am, is, was, were, be, being, been, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, have, has, had, do, does, did, ought

Examples: hv hv av

We have been taking notes all day. *have and been are helping; taking is main verb

hv lv

She will be cold without a jacket. *will is helping; be is main verb

I f a verb phrase has four verbs, the f irst three are helping. If it has three, the f irst two are helping, etc.

*Linking verbs can also be

called state-of-being verbs

when nothing is being

linked.

We are at our school.

Basic sentence: We are.

*Shows a state of existence

Regular vs. Irregular

Interjections, Conjunctions, & Prepositions

INTERJECTION - an exclamatory word that has no direct relationship to any other word in the sentence but modifies the sentence as a whole. *It can be fo llowed by an exclamation mark or by a comma. Wow! That was amazing. Wow, that was amazing.

CONJUNCTION - joins words, phrases, and clauses Coordinating conjunction – connects words, phrases, and clauses of equal rank

FANBOYS – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so We want soda or ice cream. (joins words) I cleaned in the house and on the deck. (joins phrases) She ran home so he walked to the store. (joins clauses) Subordinating conjunction - starts dependent clauses (and therefore must be followed by a subject and verb) Examples: after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc. I want to play ball unti l it gets dark tonight/ Tom will travel to Europe if his parents allow it. *Sometimes the dependent clause comes first, so the sentence actually starts with the subordinating conjunction. It is st i l l being used to jo in the two ideas. Whenever we lose, I practice more the next day. Since I like eggs, I love to cook breakfast. Correlative conjunctions - Work in pairs Examples: both/and, neither/nor, either/or, not only/but also Both Sheila and I are going to the dance.

PREPOSITION - shows a relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence; i t always begins preposit ional phrases and takes an object of the preposit ion (OP) Commonly Used Prepositions: aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, near, of, off, on, onto, outside, over, past, per, plus, regarding, since, than, through, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without

prep OP Examples - We went (to school).

prep OP We went (up the stairs).