Basic Operations and Terminologies

Computer – Basic operations andTerminologies

Computer

Overview –

Basic

Concepts

by

Rajesh Goyal

I am giving below the very basics of the computer. In case you

already know computers, I am sure you will find this too

elementary and may even like to skip. However, I will still like

you to go through this page quickly as there may be one or two

points which may add some knowledge / clarification as in the

race to learn higher and higher, sometimes we miss even the

basics :-

What is a computer ? Define a Computer ?

A computer is an electronic device, which can compute and

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Terminologies

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1 of 10 15-May-14 5:45 AM

process data as per the programmed set inside it. However,

these days the term is mostly used to refer to the “Desktop” and

“Laptop” computers that are used by most of us. If you have

seen inside a computer, you must have noticed that it is not a

single part machine. These machines (Desktop and laptops)

are also popularly known as Personal Computers or PC. Each

computer consists of number of technical parts which are

assembled in the required manner.

Broad Categories of Computers :-

1.Based on Uses :

1.1 Analog Computer : It measures pressure,

temperature, length, etc, of physical quantities and

converts into its numerical values. They are mainly

used for scientific and engineering purposes.

1.2 Digital Computer : It is used in counting of

numbers, words or other special symbols. It is also

used in fuel control of automobiles and banking

processes.

1.3 Hybrid Computer : It is the combined form of

analog and digital computer. Information is

continuously converted into data that are received in

the form of input. Output may be in form of analog

and digital. They are used in factories and machines.

2. Based on Sizes : computers are also classified based on their

size viz :

2.1 Micro Computer : It is the smallest computer

in which ALU and CPU are based on the same chip.

2.2 Personal Computer : It is single user system

used generally in homes and small businesses.

Desktop and Laptops are examples of PCs, as these

are best for day to day small operations.

2.3 Mini Computer : It is more powerful than micro

computer and can be used by many users at the

same time. It processes data very fast.

2.4 Main Frame Computer : They are giant in size

and of highly storage capacity. They can process an

ample amount of data very rapidly. They are used in

banks, large organization and public sectors.

2.5 Super Computer : They are capable of

processing the huge amount of data in fraction of

seconds. They are used in very complex calculation.


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What are the Major Parts of the Computer :-

Central Processing Unit (popularly known as CPU) –

it consists of different technical parts like processor,

motherboard, hard disc, RAM, CD Drive and cabinet

with SMPS.

Monitor

Keyboard

Mouse

What are major accessories of the computer system ?

In addition to the above referred major components of the

computer, we find the following accessories attached to most of

the computers :-

Speakers

Printers

Scanners

Modem

Explain the concept of CPU:

Central Processing Unit or CPU is considered as the brain of

computer. CPU consists of electronic circuits that interpret and

execute instructions. It communicates with the input, output and

storage devices. CPU, with the help of memory, executes

instructions in the repetition of machine cycles. The speed of

computer is measured in megahertz, MHz. A MHz is a million

machine cycles per second. A personal computer of 500 MHz has

a processor capable of handling 500 million machine cycles per

second. Another measure of speed is gigahertz (GHz), which

means a billion machine cycles per second.

Explain the concept of Memory – RAM / ROM :

Memory or internal memory or primary storage works with the

CPU to hold instructions and data in order to be processed. It is

in the memory that data and instructions are placed after being

input.

(a) Moreover, the information is also placed in memory after

processing so as to be returned to an output device. This kind of

memory holds data only temporarily till electrical current flow

continuously. If current is interrupted, data is lost. Random

Access memory (popularly known as RAM) is an example of this

kind of memory. Thus, in this memory when we switch off the


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computer, the data is lost. The users access data in RAM

memory randomly as per needs. RAM can be erased or written

over at will by the computer programme

(b) Another kind of memory is Read Only Memory (ROM). It

contains prorams and data that are permanently recorded when

the computer is manufactured. It is read only and is used by the

processor. It is permanent in nature. and can not be altered or

deleted by the user.

Thus, we can say that RAM is like a slate where you can write

something for immediate reference and then wipe / change data

by adding or deleting when it is not needed, but ROM is like a

printed book, where once the text is printed then it cannot be

altered.

(c) Secondary memory is also known as external memory or

storage. It consists of Hard Discs, Floppy Disc (now a days out

of fashion) , CDs and DVDs as well as pen drives. External

device consists of more storage space and most dynamic in terms

of storing data.

Memory is measured in bytes. A byte is usually made up of 8

bits and represents one character – a letter, digit or symbol. The

number of bytes that can be held is a measure of the memory

and storage capacity. Bytes are usually measured in groups of

kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes.


4 of 10 15-May-14 5:45 AM

October 17, 2013 Rajesh Goyal

What are the Functions of the major components /

accessories of the compute system:-

CPU is the main unit of processing data, a mother borad is an

electronic circuit for different functions, hard disc is for storing

the data, CD drive is to read and write data on CDs (compact

discs). Monitor is for displaying the data, and is also popularly

known as screen or display unit. Keyboard is used to input the

data. Mouse is a pointing or selection unit. Speakers, we all

know, are used to hear the sound / music. Printer is used to take

the print of the data from the computer system. Scanner is used

to scan and then store the image / pictures in the computer.

Modem is used to connect to internet.

I hope you have been able to pick up few new concepts and

explanations.

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