Basic Nanotechnology - psau.edu.sa · sophisticated robot small enough to wander around through...

16/27/03

© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Basic NanotechnologyBasic Nanotechnology

Commercial Activity

26/27/03


Mystery of Life SciencesMystery of Life Sciences

When we remember we are all mad

the mysteries of life disappear and life standsexplained.

-Mark Twain

36/27/03


LifeLifePerspective

Atom 0.1 nmDNA (width) 2 nmProtein 5 – 50 nmVirus 75 – 100 nm

Materials internalized by cells < 100 nmBacteria 1,000 – 10,000 nmWhite Blood Cell 10,000 nm

46/27/03


LifeLifeBiopharmaceutics

Drug DeliveryDrug EncapsulationFunctional Drug Carriers

Drug Discovery

Implantable MaterialsTissue Repair and Replacement

Implant CoatingsTissue Regeneration Scaffolds

Structural Implant MaterialsBone RepairBioresorbable MaterialsSmart Materials

Implantable DevicesAssessment and Treatment Devices

Implantable SensorsImplantible Medical Devices

Sensory AidsRetina ImplantsCochlear Implants

Surgical AidsOperating Tools

Smart InstrumentsSurgical Robots

Diagnostic ToolsGenetic Testing

Ultra-sensitive Labeling andDetection Technologies

High Throughput Arrays andMultiple Analyses

ImagingNanoparticle Labels

56/27/03


LifeLifeBiopharmaceutics

Drug Delivery

Drugs need to be protected during their transit to the target site in thebody while maintaining their biological and chemicals properties.

Some drugs are highly toxic if they decompose during their delivery.

The drug delivery material must be compatible and bind easily with thedrug, and be either metabolized or eliminated via normal excretoryroutes.

The production process must not degrade the drug, and be cost effective.

66/27/03


LifeLifeDrug Encapsulation - Tuberculosis

Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences / Department of PhysicsHarvard University

76/27/03


LifeLifeDrug Encapsulation

Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences / Department of PhysicsHarvard University

86/27/03


LifeLifeDrug Delivery

96/27/03


LifeLifeDrug Delivery

106/27/03


LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Implant Coatings

Catheters, heart valves, artificial hips

Implants confuse the cells responsible for tissue regeneration and causesthe body to react as if it had encountered foreign material.

The body's natural response to foreign material is to wall it off with scar-like tissue. This reaction can disrupt device performance.

116/27/03


LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Implant Coatings

A layer of desired proteins is spread overa smooth surface like mica.

The proteins and mica are then coatedwith a thin layer of sugar molecules,which in turn is covered with a Teflon-like polymer coating.

The coating is then peeled off the micaand dipped into a solution to dissolve theproteins.

This leaves behind a polymer coatingcontaining sugar-lined pits in the exactshape of the specific proteins.

126/27/03


LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds

Burns 1um pores

A is sponge-like collagen matrixprovides an "open scaffold"structure, which permits dermalcells to migrate into andthroughout the sponge and todeposit human collagen andglycosaminoglycans (human skin"biomatrix"). The open pores allowthe patient’s wound bed fibroblaststo migrate in and rebuild thetissue.

136/27/03


LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Bone Repair

Hydrocel

chemical vapor deposition

146/27/03


LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Bioresorbable Materials

156/27/03


LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Bioresorbable Materials

Scanning electron micrograph of human osteoblast cells attaching within a pore of a Bioglass porous foam

Professor Julia Polak, DirectorImperial College Tissue

Engineering & Regenerative Medicine Centre

166/27/03


LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Smart Materials

176/27/03



A fiber made of biodegradable memoryplastic used to tie a smart suture.After forming a loose knot, the ends of thesuture are fixed when heated.

186/27/03



Ray Baughman

196/27/03



Drug pumps

Artificial muscles

Guide wires

206/27/03


LifeLifeImplantable Sensors

CardioMEMS microchip that could beimplanted in the body to transmitinformation about blood flow andpressure wirelessly.

216/27/03


LifeLifeImplantible Medical Devices

CoatingsSensorsDrug & other delivery

Primarily MEMS Medtronic, Inc

226/27/03


LifeLifeSensory Aids

Retina Implants

236/27/03



Retina Implants

Makoto IshidaDepartment of Electrical & Electronic Engineering,Toyohashi University of Technology

246/27/03



Retina Implants

Makoto IshidaDepartment of Electrical & Electronic Engineering,Toyohashi University of Technology

256/27/03


LifeLifeCochlear Implants

Coatings (rejection/infection)

Finer electrode arrays

Better on board signalprocessing

266/27/03


LifeLifeSmart Instruments

can learn individual preferencesand tendencies to provideautomated assistance, therebyacting as an "intelligentassistant"

i.e. biochips

276/27/03


LifeLifeSurgical Robots

Scales the surgeon'shand into precisemicro-movementsat the operativesite.

286/27/03


LifeLifeUltra-sensitive Labeling and

Detection Technologies

Electrical impedancemeasurements of the livemicroorganism, Listeriainnocua, injected into thechip demonstrate aneasy method fordetecting the viability ofa few bacterial cells.

Rafael Gómez, D. Akin, Rashid Bashir, School of Electrical andComputer Engineering

T. Huang, M. Ladisch, Department of Agricultural and BiologicalEngineering

T. Geng, A. Bhunia, Department of Food SciencesPurdue University

296/27/03


LifeLifeHigh Throughput Arrays and

Multiple Analyses

Affymetrix arrays hold over500,000 DNA probelocations within 1.28square centimeters

306/27/03


LifeLifeImaging

Nanoparticle Labels

analytical electrophoresis

colorimetric labels enzymaticdiagnostic procedures

DNA array testing

Clinical DNA assays for drugefficacy

Clinical DNA assays fornucleotide polymorphisms

common DNA sequence variations among individuals

Clinical DNA assays formultifactorial disease

Chad A. MirkinDepartment of ChemistryNorthwestern University

316/27/03


LifeLifeMarket Size

>$68 billion

Watch:AgendaPartekCeleraAgilent

CalipertechMikrotechnik

AclaraAffymetrixArraying

BiodiscoveryGenelogic

Molecular-sensingRii

AxonNanogenLumicyte

326/27/03


LifeLife454 CORPORATION

Accelrys Inc.

ADVANCED MAGNETICS, INC.

ADVECTUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC.

Advion BioSciences Inc.

ALCATEL Micro Machining Systems

Alnis BioSciences, Inc.

American Pharmaceutical Partners, Inc.

AMERSHAM BIOSCIENCES

ANSON NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) Co.LTD.

APPLIED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, INC.

ARGONIDE CORP.

ARTIMPLANT AB

ASYLUM RESEARCH

ATOMIC FORCE F&E GmbH

BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORPORATION

BAYER CORP.

BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc.

BioForce Nanosciences, Inc.

Biomix Network Ltd

BIOPLEX CORP.

BIOSANTE PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

BIOSOURCE INTERNATIONAL, INC.

BIOTOOLS INC.

BIOTROVE INC.

BTG plc

C SIXTY INC.

CANTION A/S

Capsulution NanoScience AG

CELL ROBOTICS INTERNATIONAL INC.

Competitive Technologies, Inc.

CYTIMMUNE SCIENCES, INC.

Dendritic Nanotechnologies Limited

DYNAL BIOTECH ASA

Eiffel Technologies Limited

ELAN CORPORATION, PLC

Emergency Filtration Products Inc.

ENGENE OS, INC.

EnviroSystems, Inc.

Evident Technologies, Inc.

F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE LTD.

FERX, INC.

Flamel Technologies, Inc.

GENEFLUIDICS

GENICON SCIENCES CORP.

GENORX

GILEAD SCIENCES

IMEDD INC.

IMPLEX CORP.

Innovative Micro Technology

INSERT THERAPEUTICS, INC.

INSTITUT STRAUMANN AG

INTEGRATED NANOSYSTEMS, INC.

ISOTRON CORPORATION

ItN Nanovation GmbH

JPK INSTRUMENTS AG

KnowmTech, LLC

LIPLASOME PHARMA A/S

METALLICUM LLC

MICROCHIPS

MICROMOD PARTIKELTECHNOLOGIEGMBH

MOLECUBOTICS, INC.

NANO-X GmbH

NanobacLabs Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

NANOBIO CORPORATION

NanoBioMagnetics, Inc. (NBMI)

NanoCarrier Co., Ltd.

NANODELIVERY, INC.

Nanofilm Technologie GmbH

NanoGram Devices Corporation

NANOLYTICS, INC.

NANOMED PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NANOMEDICA INC.

NANOMEDICA, INC.

NANOMEDX GmbH

NANOMIX INC.

NANOPHARM AG

Nanoprex, Inc.

NanoPro Corp.

NANOPROBES, INC.

NANOSCALE COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS,INC.

NANOSPECTRA BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NANOSPHERE, INC.

NANOSTREAM INC.

Nanostructures, Inc.

Nanotherapeutics, Inc.

NANOTYPE GmbH

NOVAGEN, INC.

NP NANOPRODUKTER AB

NPOINT, INC.

NPR HEALTHCARE

ODYSSEY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

ORTHOVITA, INC.

OXFORD BIOSENSORS LTD.

OXONICA, LTD.

PHARMASEQ, INC.

Picoliter Inc.

POTENTIA PHARMACEUTICALS

Power Paper Ltd.

PROLUME LTD. (NANOLIGHTTECHNOLOGIES)

PROTEOME SYSTEMS

PROTIVERIS

pSivida Limited

QinetiQ Group PLC

Quantum Dot Corporation

Quantum Insight

QUANTUM LOGIC DEVICES, INC.

QUANTUM POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES

RELAB AG

Robiobotics, LLC

SCHERING AG

SENSE PROTEOMIC LIMITED

SKYEPHARMA

SOLEXA LTD.

Solubest Ltd.

SPHERICS, INC.

STAR INC.

STARPHARMA GROUP

SuNyx Surface NanotechnologiesGmbH

Surface Logix, Inc.

SURROMED, INC.

Syrrx Inc.

TAKARA BIO INC. (TAKARAHOLDINGS INC.)

TARGESOME, INC.

TECAN GROUP AG

Teragenics, Inc.

Thales Nanotechnology Ltd

Triton BioSystems, Inc.

U.S. Genomics

Velbionanotech

WESTAIM BIOMEDICAL CORP.

ZEPTOSENS AG

ZYOMYX, INC.

ZYVEX CORPORATION

336/27/03


BreakBreak

346/27/03


Basic NanotechnologyBasic Nanotechnology

Commercial Activity

356/27/03


The FutureThe FutureThe future,

according to some scientists

will be exactly like the past

only far more expensive.-John Sladek

366/27/03


The FutureThe FuturePundits vs. Science

Intel will be manufacturing devices by 2007 with feature sizes about 20 nanometers across.

A red blood cell is on the order of 10,000 nanometers across.

In 2 dimensions we could stack about 250,000 components in the same space as a red blood cell.

If the trends continue as far as 2017, which may be the end-point of “Moore’s Law” we could be lookingat a manufactured device the size of a red blood cell with 256,000,000 components.

If we add the third dimension, that could translate into 65,536,000,000,000,000 components.

Somewhere along the way, we’re talking about the raw technical capability to produce a rathersophisticated robot small enough to wander around through your body doing whatever it has beenprogrammed to do.

If we make the robot 1/10,000th the volume of a red blood cell, we’re still talking about 655,360,000components, which is arguably perhaps enough to embody this machine with the ability to think,move, and do whatever we have programmed it to do.

376/27/03


The FutureThe FutureWhat do we need?

386/27/03


The FutureThe FutureWhat do we need?

Power SystemsLocomotion SystemsControl SystemsSensor SystemsActuator SystemsDisposal Systems

396/27/03


The FutureThe FuturePower Systems

B a t t e r i e s E l e c t r i c a l C h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n M i c r o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e f o r a l l a p p l i c a t i o n s .

T h e r m o e l e c t r i c E l e c t r i c a l H e a t d i f f e r e n t i a l M i c r o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e f o r e x t r e m e e n v i r o n m e n t t e c h n o l o g i e s .

S o l a r E l e c t r i c a l o r m o t i o n

L i g h t N a n o a n d m i c r o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e f o r e x t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s

S t e a m M o t i o n E l e c t r i c i t y M i c r o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e f o r i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s

A d e n o s i n e T r i p h o s p h a t e ( A T P )

M o t i o n o r e l e c t r i c a l

C h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n N a n o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e : I d e a l f o r o p e r a t i o n w i t h i n t h e h u m a n b o d y .

B r o w n i a n M o t o r s

M o t i o n W e i r d p h y s i c s N a n o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e : P o t e n t i a l l y i n f i n i t e p o w e r .

406/27/03


The FutureThe FutureBatteries

416/27/03


The FutureThe FutureThermoelectric

426/27/03


The FutureThe FutureSolar

78 atoms – record is 58

436/27/03


The FutureThe FutureSteam

446/27/03


The FutureThe FutureAdenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Hongyun Wang

456/27/03


The FutureThe FutureBrownian Motors

466/27/03


The FutureThe FutureLocomotion Systems

Legs Micro & nano machines: Propulsion in almost any environment.

Spiders

Wings Micro machines: Propulsion in airborne environments.

Insects

Rockets Micro machines: Propulsion in outer space Octopus Tails Micro and nano machines: Propulsion in liquid

environments including within the human body. Escherichia coli

476/27/03


The FutureThe FutureLegs

486/27/03


The FutureThe FutureWings

Dicopomorpha echmepterygis 0.139 mm

496/27/03


The FutureThe FutureRockets

TRW

506/27/03


The FutureThe FutureTails

516/27/03


The FutureThe FutureControl Systems

Micro processor Turing Machines: Computation through a series of steps through a small set of instructions.

Analog Control Control systems: Computation through dynamic seeking of equilibrium through continuous measurement of status.

Qubit Quantum mechanics: Computation by having multiple simultaneous outcomes with a means to select the desired outcome.

526/27/03


The FutureThe FutureMicro processor

536/27/03


The FutureThe FutureAnalog Control

546/27/03


The FutureThe FutureQubit

556/27/03


The FutureThe FutureSensor Systems

Vision Eye Photoelectric or Photochemical: Usable for most MEMS environments to see objects.

Chemical Gradient Smell or taste

Chemical: Usable in MEMS or nanotechnology environments, especially in medical diagnostic and repair devices.

Atomic Force Touch Various: Limited primarily to precision atomic or molecular manufacturing or research.

566/27/03


The FutureThe FutureVision

576/27/03


The FutureThe FutureChemical Gradient

olfactory nerve fibers from the garfish

586/27/03


The FutureThe FutureAtomic Force

596/27/03


The FutureThe FutureActuator Systems

Erosion Drilling, cutting: Production of micro-channels and specialty semiconductors

Friction, etching

Genetic Enzyme & Protein Expression: Chemical means of assembling valuable molecules and expressing or changing genetic traits.

DNA/RNA modification

Assembler Nanofabrication: Building something one atom at a time.

Unknown

606/27/03


The FutureThe FutureErosion

616/27/03


The FutureThe FutureGenetic

626/27/03


The FutureThe FutureAssembler

DNA replication operates at a rate ofapproximately 180,000 atomic assemblies persecond with an error rate that is astonishinglylow.

The standard mole weighs about 0.012 kilogram(about .4 ounce – ro4 carbon) and containsabout 6 X 1023 atoms.

600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms.With an assembly rate of 180,000 atoms persecond, the high-speed assembler in DNA couldmake half an ounce of something in about105,699,306,612 years.

If the atoms don’t stick together.

636/27/03


The FutureThe FutureDisposal Systems

Taggant Identifying targets of disease or locations to be sought by nano/micro devices.

Antibodies

Biodegradation Eliminating aberrant machines or machine parts from inside the body.

Digestion

Scavenging Eliminating aberrant machines or machine parts from inside the body.

Phagocytes

646/27/03


The FutureThe FutureTaggant

Code: M0929F5Size: 75-150 microns

656/27/03


The FutureThe FutureBiodegradation

666/27/03


The FutureThe FutureScavenging

676/27/03


Other FuturesOther Futures

computing

manufacturing

life sciences

aerospace and defense

686/27/03


Other FuturesOther Futurescomputing

The Law of Accelerating Returns

Ray Kurzweil

696/27/03


Other FuturesOther Futuresmanufacturing

706/27/03


Other FuturesOther Futureslife sciences

Carnegie Mellon

716/27/03


Other FuturesOther Futuresaerospace and defense

Grey Goo

Blue Goo

726/27/03


Other FuturesOther Futures?

Any sufficiently advancedtechnology is indistinguishablefrom magic.

- Arthur C. Clark

736/27/03


Thank youThank you

http://www.glennfishbine.com

[email protected]

Basic Nanotechnology - psau.edu.sa · sophisticated robot small enough to wander around through...

Documents

Transcript of Basic Nanotechnology - psau.edu.sa · sophisticated robot small enough to wander around through...