Basic Life Support Course

7/30/2019 Basic Life Support Course

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Basic Life Support

Training Course


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Course Administration

Emergency procedures

Facilities

first aid, prayers, refreshments and toilets

Documentation:

class roster and HSE passports

Restrictions:

smoking, telephones and pagers

Introductions:

name, company, position and expectations of course


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Course Aims

The aims of the course are to provide attendees

with knowledge, understanding and skills: of basic life support

use of first aid equipment and materials

to administer first aid to stabilise casualties


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Course Objectives On completion of the course attendees will be able to:

recognise a medical emergency

list three general steps in an emergency plan

describe how to summon help by telephone demonstrate casualty vital signs checks

demonstrate victim conscious and unconscious checks

explain breathing and heart emergencies signs

demonstrate care for victims not breathing, obstructedairways, or in cardiac arrest


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Course Objectives (continued)

demonstrate placing casualty in recovery position

demonstrate use of pocket mask

demonstrate control of bleeding

recognise an injury or sudden illness explain burns injury care

describe heart emergency care

demonstrate muscle, bone and joint injuries care

describe sudden illness care demonstrate movement of casualty from accident

site to nearest medical facility


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First Aid

Definition:

First aid is the immediate buttemporary assistance or treatment

provided to a person injured or

suddenly becoming ill


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First Aid

The principles of first aid are to:

preserve life

prevent deterioration of casualty

promote recovery of casualty


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Precautions

Treating a casualty:

wash hands before and after treatment

wear protective latex gloves

cover cuts or abrasions with waterproofplasters

avoid touching open wounds or wound

dressings

place soiled dressings in plastic bagclearly marked contaminated waste


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Immediate Response

Initial actions in event of casualties:

remain calm

assess situation

control situation

comfort casualties

check vital signs

diagnose injury or illness

evaluate situation summon assistance

provide treatment and or transportation


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Urgency

Immediate attention essential if nobreathing and no pulse

Otherwise within: 4 - 6 minutes brain damage

possible

6 - 10 minutes brain damageprobable

more than 10 minutes severebrain damage or death


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Sudden Illness

Sudden illness may be caused by:

brain stroke

epilepsy

diabetes

hysteria or fainting


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Primary Assessment

Assessment:

Safety of site

Casualty: consciousness

airway

breathing

circulation bleeding

injury


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Vital Signs

Primary assessment vital signs:

Breathing cycles per minute :

Adult 10 - 20

Child 20 - 30 Infant 30 - 40

Pulse beats per minute :

Adult 60 - 80

Child 80 - 100

Infant 100 - 140


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Pulse

The rhythmic pulsation of the arterieswhich can be felt where an arterypasses over a bone:

radial pulse felt at the wrist

carotid pulse felt at the neck


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Consciousness

Levels of consciousness:

fully conscious

drowsy

stupor

coma


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Unconsciousness Causes of unconsciousness:

diabetes, heart attack or stroke

head injury

asphyxia

shock, seizure or convulsions

bleeding

poisoning or allergies heat stroke or hypothermia

alcohol or drugs


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Secondary Assessment Head to toe assessment:

Injury or bleeding to:

head and neck

chest

abdomen

upper limbs

lower limbs and signs of

abnormal temperature or

skin colour and sweating


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Respiratory Failure

Respiratory failure may be caused by:

lack of oxygen

airway obstruction

swallowing tongue or foreign body

chest compression

stab wound

strangulation or suffocation


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Choking

Choking conscious:


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Choking

Choking unconscious:


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Artificial Respiration

How to perform

artificial respiration: 1 breath every 5

seconds

(12 per minute)


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Heart Attack

Signs and symptoms of

heart attack:

severe chest pain radiating

to neck, arm and jaw sweating

pale, cold, clammy skin

rapid, shallow breathing

nausea or vomiting

sudden collapse


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Heart Attack Treatment for heart attack:

lay casualty down

make comfortable and provide reassurance immediately summon medical assistance

if unconscious check airway, breathing and pulse

if not breathing commence artificial respiration

if no pulse commence cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

transport casualty to hospital as soon as possible


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Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation

Airway Breath

Circulation (pulse)


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Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation

How to perform CPR:

15 chest compressions

and 2 breaths

summon medical

assistance when

casualty stable


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Recovery Position


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Stroke Stroke is:

a cerebral haemorrhage

caused by blocked blood vessel in brain or burst blood vessel

casualty losses consciousness

probable slurred speech

possible impaired limb movement possible partial paralysis


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Stroke Treatment for stroke:

lay casualty down

loosen tight clothing immediately summon medical assistance

if unconscious, check airway breathing and pulse

if not breathing, commence artificial respiration

if no pulse, commence cardio-pulmonary resuscitation transport casualty to hospital as soon as possible


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Diabetes

Diabetes is inability of pancreas to create sufficient

insulin to transfer sugar from blood to cells:

diabetics require insulin intravenously to balance bodyssugar requirement

if diabetic has too little sugar, can cause insulin shock

if diabetic has too much sugar, can cause diabetic coma


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Diabetes

Diabetes signs and symptoms:

pale skin colour and sweating

rapid pulse

confused or aggressive behaviour

unconsciousness

look for cards, tags or bracelets identifyingcasualty as diabetic


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Diabetes

Treatment for diabetes

lay casualty down make comfortable and provide reassurance


if conscious, treat for shock

transport to medical assistance


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Shock

Shock caused by:

blood or fluid loss

heart attack

electrocution

lung damage

chest injury

choking

toxic atmosphere

allergic reaction


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Shock Shock signs and symptoms:

pale cold skin colour and sweating

weakness or giddiness

nausea or vomiting

thirst

rapid shallow breathing

rapid weak pulse

anxious or confused

unconscious or dead


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Shock

Treatment for shock:

lay casualty down

elevate lower limbs above level of heart

make comfortable and providereassurance

loosen clothing

summon medical assistance

do not give casualty anything to drink avoid overheating or cooling


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Seizure

Seizures are:

epileptic fits or convulsions

characterised by twitching spasms:

can be inherent brain abnormality or caused by:

head injury

narcotics


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Seizure Signs and symptoms:

unconsciousness

falls to ground

rigidity

jaw spasm

temporarily stops breathing

in cycles over several minutes with varying degrees of severity


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Seizure

Treatment for seizure:

lay casualty down

protect casualty from harm

check airway, breathing and pulse

loosen tight clothing

place casualty in recovery position

do not place any object between teeth

summon medical assistance if casualtydoes not recover within ten minutes


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Head Injury

All head injuries are serious even ifcasualty appears normal because:

condition may change

casualty may become unconscious

concussion may develop accumulating blood may cause brain

compression

all head injury casualties losing

consciousness even briefly, must betaken to hospital


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Head Injury

Head injury signs and symptoms:

Concussion Compression

Skin Cold or clammy Hot or dry

Skin colour Pale Flushed

Pupils Equal Unequal

Pulse Weak, rapid movement Full, slow movement

Breathing Shallow, rapid Deep, slow, noisy

Consciousness Temporary loss Deteriorating

Recovery Gradual Deteriorating


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Head Injury Treatment for head injury:

check airway, breathing and pulse

if breathing, place casualty in recovery position if not breathing, commence artificial respiration

if no pulse, commence cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

if bleeding from ear occurs, place head on side to drain

transport casualty to hospital in recovery position


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Skin

Skin:

epidermis

dermis

fatty tissue


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Blood

Blood circulates the body through:

arteries

veins

capillaries

Bleeding occurs when arteries,

veins or capillaries are damaged


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Bleeding Signs and symptoms of external

bleeding:

bleeding apparent at the source

arterial bleeding - bright red, spurts to thepulse rate

venous bleeding - dark red, constant flow

capillary bleeding mid red, oozes to the

wound surface


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Bleeding

Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding:

from orifices

pale, clammy skin

possible bruising and swelling

rapid, weak pulse

shallow, rapid breathing

possibly in pain

excessive thirst confusion


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Bleeding

Treatment for external bleeding:

apply direct pressure to wound for at least 10minutes to stop bleeding

elevate source of bleeding above level of heart to

reduce blood loss excessive bleeding apply pressure to pressure point

apply dressing

treat for shock

monitor pulse, respiration and consciousness transport casualty to medical attention


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Internal Bleeding

Internal bleeding may be caused by:

fractured bones

skull fractures

penetrating trauma

crush or compression injury to internal organs

medical conditions such as ulcers


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Internal Bleeding

Treatment for internal bleeding:

lay casualty down

make comfortable and provide reassurance

elevate lower limbs above level of heart

check for other injuries

monitor pulse and breathing

transport to medical assistance


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Bleeding from Ears

Bleeding from the ears is indicative of a:

blast

head injury

skull fracture

Signs and symptoms:

pain inside the ear

history of head injury

small amount of blood, may beaccompanied by straw coloured fluid


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Bleeding from Ears

Treatment for bleeding from the ear:

DO NOT stop the bleeding

position casualty so that blood can flow out freely

cover the ear with a clean pad securing lightly

with bandage of adhesive strapping


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Nose Bleed

Bleeding from the nose is indicative of:

sneezing, picking or over enthusiastic nose blow

a blow to the nose, or

a fractured skull


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Nose Bleed

Treatment:

sit casualty down with head well forward

pinch the soft part of the nose for 10 minutes

instruct casualty to breathe through the mouth and to spitout any blood in the mouth


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Pressure Points


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Wounds

Wound is a break in skin exposing

tissue to risk of infection:

Wound types:

contused

laceration

incised

puncture


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Wounds

Types of wound:

Contused Laceration

Incised Puncture


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Burns

Skin burn injury may be caused by:

Thermal burns

hot dry burns from naked flames, cigarettes or friction

cold burns from liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide

wet scalds from hot liquids or steam

Electrocution from electricity or lightening strikes

Acid or alkali chemical burns


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Burns

Degree of burn injury:

superficial burns

partial burns

full burns


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Percentage of Burns


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Burns

Treatment for burns:

stop burning process


flood affected area with cold water for a least 10minutes to dissipate heat

gently remove restrictive jewellery to minimiseinfection

cover area with clean dry dressing transport to medical assistance


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Electrical Burns

Treatment for electrical burns:

isolate electrical source

check airway breathing and pulse

if not breathing, commence artificial respiration

if no pulse, commence cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

look for entry and exit burns, cool area between both

points as internal burns are not visible summon immediate medical assistance


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Chemical Burns

Treatment for chemical burns;

wear appropriate PPE

remove casualty from chemical source

wash affected area with cold running water forat least 20 minutes

remove clothing including footwear

keep casualty in well ventilated area to

dissipate fumes summon immediate medical assistance


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Poisoning

A poison is any solid, liquid

or gas substance that is

harmful if entering the body

Poisons enter the body via

the:

lungs - inhalation

digestive tract - ingestion skin - injection or absorption


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Poisoning

Damage caused to body depends on the:

dose inhaled, ingested, injected or absorbed period of time in the body

age of the casualty

health of the casualty


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Poisoning

Management of inhaled poison:

rescuer to ensure own safety

remove casualty from toxic atmosphere

treat for unconsciousness

resuscitate

urgently seek or transport to medical

attention

monitor casualtys condition


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Poisoning

Management of ingested poison: check consciousness

if unconscious, treat and seek medical attention

if conscious, attempt to discover nature and

source of poison burning around the lips indicates a corrosive,

administer water or milk to dilute and seekurgent medical attention

if non-corrosive, induce vomiting and seekurgent medical attention



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Poisoning

Management of injected or absorbed poison:

discover nature and source of poison

wash the entry site and apply dressing

treat for shock

urgently seek or transport to medical attention



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Snake Bite

Treatment for snake bite: apply firm bandage

make casualty comfortable and provide reassurance

identify type, colour, pattern of snake

immediately transport casualty to medical assistance monitor casualty breathing, pulse and consciousness

Do not:

attempt to suck poison out

apply a tourniquet administer any medicine or alcohol


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Jellyfish Stings

Signs and symptoms:

immediate and severe pain

irrational behaviour

skin blistering after 12 hours


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Jellyfish Stings

Treatment for jellyfish stings:

rescue casualty from water

pour vinegar over sting site

remove any tentacles with blunt edge of knife

apply broad bandage over area of sting transport casualty to medical assistance

Do not:

wash sting site with fresh water

rub sting site

move a seriously affected casualty unnecessarily


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Eye Injury

Eye injury may be caused by:

foreign object, dust or sand in eye wounds inflicted by solid fragment

chemical burns

exposure to arc welding


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Eye Injury

Signs and symptoms:

intense eye pain inability to open eye

redness and or swelling

in or around eye

watering of eye


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Eye injury Treatment for eye injury:

prevent casualty from rubbing eye

clean affected eye with eye wash sit casualty down and provide reassurance

if foreign body in eye cover both eyes

without touching affected area

transport casualty to medical assistance


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Chemical Eye Injury

Treatment for chemical eye injury:

wash affected eye under clean gentle running

water for at least 15 minutes if eye in spasm gently pull eyelids open

cover affected eye with eye pad

do not allow casualty to rub or touch eye

transport casualty to medical assistance


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Arc Eye Injury

Treatment for arc eye:

place casualty in darkened room

bath eyes with eye wash or in

gentle cold running water

transport casualty to medical

assistance


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Heat Illness Heat related illness:

normal body temperature 370C

if body temperature falls below350C

or rises above 410C

can seriously disturb cell

function


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Heat Faint

Heat faint:

Symptoms: dizziness and possible fainting

Treatment:

lay casualty down in cool shaded area




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Heat Cramps

Heat cramps:

Symptoms: muscle spasms, weak pulse and sweating

Treatment:




provide water


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Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion symptoms:

normal or low body temperature

rapid weak pulse moist, clammy pale skin

rapid shallow breathing


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Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion treatment:


elevate lower limbs



provide water


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Heatstroke

Heatstroke symptoms:

hot dry skin

slow strong pulse rate

noisy breathing

mental confusion


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Heatstroke

Heatstroke treatment:


remove outer clothing

wrap casualty in cold, wet sheet and keep wet

cool until body temperature returns to normal

replace wet sheet with dry

monitor casualty

transport to medical facility


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Hypothermia Hypothermia: body temperature below 350C

Symptoms:

shivering confusion no shivering

stiffening of limbs

unconsciousness

irregular heart beat death


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Hypothermia

Treatment:


resuscitate as necessary

move casualty to enclosed warm environment

wrap casualty to prevent further heat loss

allow casualty to gradually to return to normalbody temperature

transport to medical facility

M l I j


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Muscle Injury

Strain - overstretching or tearing of

muscle / tendon Sprain - overstretching or tearing of

ligament at joint

Signs and symptoms:

pain swelling

bruising

loss of function

Treatment: support, elevate and rest injured limb(s)

apply cold compress


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Bones

Fracture types:

closed

open

complicated


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Bone Fractures Signs and symptoms:

pain

swelling bruising

deformity

loss of function


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Bone Fractures Managing fractures:

do not move or straighten limb

control bleeding cover open wounds

immobilize injured area

apply treatment for shock

seek or transport to medical assistance


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Joint Dislocation

Dislocation is the displacement of bones at a joint:

do not attempt to relocate

immobilize injured area

apply treatment for shock

seek or transport to medical assistance

U Li b


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Upper Limb

Anatomic

Rigid

Soft

Sling

L Li b


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Lower Limb

Anatomic

Soft

Rigid


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Spinal Injury

Treatment for spinal injury:

do not attempt to move casualty

immediately summon medical assistance

gently support casualties head with both hands

do not release casualties head unless someone else

takes over

keep casualty warm and provide reassurance

do not move casualty, wait for medical assistance


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Managing Multiple Casualties

Summon emergency services

Secure scene of accident

Determine:

life threatening injury casualties airway - breathing difficulty casualties

weak or no pulse casualties

uncontrolled or severe bleeding casualties

unconscious or unresponsive casualties

treat in order of priority


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Managing Multiple Casualties

Priority of treatment:

Urgent care immediate treatment Delayed Care minor injury

Mortally wounded - unlikely to survive


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Moving Casualty

Important factors:

do not harm further in moving

only move if necessary

move as little as possible

seek help in moving casualty

move entire body as a unit

use correct lifting techniques

only one person gives commands


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Moving Casualty Moving techniques:

human crutch

cradle lift single person snatch and drag

two, three of four-hand seat

two-man fore and aft lift

H C t h


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Human Crutch

Human crutch rescue:

if not seriously injured assist

casualty to stand

rescuer places one arm of casualty

around rescuers neck and shoulder

securely holding casualtys wrist

rescuer places free arm around

casualtys waist as support

remove casualty to safety


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Cradle Lift Cradle lift rescue for unconscious, not seriously injured,

lightweight casualties such as a child:

rescuer places one arm behind casualtys back under

opposite armpit and around chest rescuer places free arm underneath casualtys legs

behind knees

from a knees bent crouching position rescuer lifts

casualty remove casualty to place of safety


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Single Person Snatch

Single person snatch rescue used when urgent need to

move casualty from imminent danger:

lift casualty into sitting position

from behind support casualty with one leg against

middle of casualtys back

from a knees bent crouching position, rescuer places

legs either side of casualty

rescuer places hands under both arms and around

casualtys chest

lift and remove casualty to place of safety

Single Person Drag


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Single Person Drag

Single person drag rescue lift casualty into sitting position

clasp both hands together or

securely grasp clothing

lean back taking casualtys weight using legs stand into upright

position lifting casualty

moving backwards drag casualty to

place of safety

taking care of obstacles and

rescuers personal safety


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Two-Handed Seat

Two-hand seat rescue used with two rescuers:

place casualty in seated position

rescuers crouch facing each other either side of casualty

both rescuers place one hand under casualtys thigh

grasping partners hand in a hook grip

rescuers place free arm around casualtys back

using legs rescuers simultaneously lift casualty

remove casualty to place of safety


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Three-Handed Seat

Three-handed seat rescue used with two rescuers used

when one limb needs support:


rescuers crouch facing each other either side of casualty one rescuer places both hands under casualtys thigh,

partner places one hand interlocking in three hand grip

partner places free arm around casualtys back

using legs rescuers simultaneously lift casualty


Four-Handed Seat


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Four-Handed Seat

Four-handed seat rescue used with two rescuers to

support heavy casualty capable of using both armsfor support:


rescuers crouch facing each other either side of

casualty each rescuer grasps own left wrist with right hand

and with free left hand grasps partners right wrist

interlock

place both hands under casualtys thigh, using legsrescuers simultaneously lift casualty


Four-Handed Seat


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Four-Handed Seat


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Two-Man Fore &Aft Lift

Two-man fore and aft lift rescue used by two rescuers

where exit route has obstacles:

one rescuer places hands under both armpits of casualty

partner rescuer adopts position between casualties legs

with knees bent both rescuers simultaneously lift

casualty

taking care of obstacles and rescuers personal safety


Basic Life Support Course

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