BASIC LATIN GRAMMAR

by

L. A. THOMPSON

UNIVERSITY OF IBADANDEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS

OCCASIONAL PUBLICATION NO. 81982

T h i s b o o k l e t i s i n t e n d e d as an clementa-ry

r e f e r e n c e and re \ri s i o n manual f o r rnsturc b e f ~ i q n e r s

i n t h e i r f i rs t y e a r of L a t i n , t o be used a l o n g w i t h

my A ~ L I n t r o d u c t i o n t o L a t i n S.yntax. Its c o n t c c t s

a r e , a c c o r d i n g l y , r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e b a s i c m a t e ~ i a l

( a c c i d e n c e ) necenyarv f o r a good f o u n d a t i o n i n t h e

lant5uage. ~n index hqs been inc luded t o a s r i s t t h e

s t u d e n t i n f i n d i n e p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t s of' grammar

e a - s i l v a d q u i c k l y . C o n s i d e r a b l e space h a s been

devo ted t o c o ~ p o u n d v e r b s s i n c e t h e s t u d y of su-ch

v c r b s % i d s t i le s t u d e n t i n t h e p racess o f b u i l d i n g

u p h i s o r h e r vocabu la ry .

L. A . Thompson

d a t .

a't) l ~ t i v c

accuaa t i v e

a d j e c t i v e

d a t i v e

feminine

g e n i t i v e

ninsculine

n e u t e r

n0mins.t i.ve

p l u r a l

s ingf i l a r

i. ' C;UF 3 1. - ( r t ) -- Kcaninas of t h e va r ious case-forms

non. fcmina unm f i l i m habet ( s u b j e c t ) . The woman has one son.

acc. feminam s p e c t m u s ( o b j e c t ) . We a r e watch in,^ t h e woman.

. ad v i l l m anbulabant . They were walking t o t he house (motion towards). in v i l l a m ambu l~ve run t . They walked i n t o t h e house (motion i n t o ) .

ten. f i l i u m spectamus. hie a r e watching. t h e woman ' s son.

dx t . femkae pecunim dabant. They were g iv ing money - t o t h e woman ( i n d i r e c t o b j e c t ) . Thev were g iv ing t h e woman money. feminae v i l l a m emit. i!e boucht a house f o r the wom"yz.

1 . se rvus i n v i l l .5 - l abo ra t . The s l i v e i s working i n the house. se rvus cum a g r i c o l z ambulat. The s l a v e is walking with t h e farmer . s e rvus e v . i l l 5 d i s c e s s i t . The s l a v e depar ted from the house. - se rvus ab agrj colZ ve rbe ra tu s e s t . The s l a v e w a s f l 0 3 ~ e d by t h e fa rmer .

(b) Tht base of a noun

T h i s i s t h e p a r t o f t h e noun t h a t i s comqon t o a l l its cnse-f o m s , except (sometimes i t h e nominative s i n g u l a r (and t h e a ccusa t i ve s i n g u l a r a l s o , i n nouns of n e u t e r gender): C . E . v i l l - f o r v i l l a , l i b r - f o r l i b e r , leon- f o r -- leo .

( c ) The voca t ive ca se

T h i s has t h e s m e form as t he nominative, except t h a t in Grcup 2 nolms ending i n -us and - i u s t h e voca t ive s ingu la r ends i n -e and -i r e s p e c t i v e l y , m d t h a t t h e voca t ive of r s u s i s r.i. Kx.mples: sede m i f i l i ( S i t dokin, my son) , - L

- Ls.ce, se rve (shi l t up, s l a v e ) .

Declc?nsion of nouns -- Grout~ 1 Group 2

6 1 1 - a s e n - u s puer- l i b r - ( l i b e r )

Group f

l e k - ( l e a ) C ~ V - i s ZctZr- . (Fictor)

-1-

m. f o r t i s f o r tern f . f o r t i s fo r t cm n. f o r t e -. f o r t e .

f o r t i s f o r t is f o r t i s

f o r t .I f g r t i f o r t i

- rn. a c e r 5crern f . a c r i s Zcrern n. a c r e a c r e

- a c r i s a c r i s

p l u r a l

n. b o r ~ i f . bonae n. hona

bonos bonas bona

b o n i s b o n i s b o n i s

b o n i s b o n i s bon i s

m. p u l c h r i f. pulchrae n. p u l c h r a

pu-lchros p u l c h r a s p u l c h r a

p u l c h r i s p u l c h r i s p u l c h r i s

p u l c h r i s p u l c h r i s p u l c h r i s

ingen t i u m ingen t iarn ingen t ium

f Z l i c i l m fZlici iun f z l i c i u m

ingen t i b u s i n g e n t i b u s i n k e n t i b u s

ingen$ibus i n g e n t t b u s ingen t i b u s

i n g e n t e s i n g e n t e s i n g e n t i a

m. f o r t e s f o r t e s f o r t i u m f o r t i b u s f o r t i b u s f . f o r t e s f o r t e s f o r t i l l m f :)rt i b u s f o r t i h u s n. f o r t i a f o r t i a fo r t ium f o r t i b u s f o r t i b u s

- - - m. a c r e s 5 c r e s Zcrium a c r i b u s a c r i b u s f . ' i c res 5 c r e s 'icriwn R c r i b u s 5cri.bl\s n. Stria B c r i a Zcrium Wcribus Acribus

?Tote - ?'or "pronominalff a d j e c t i v e s (i . e . words. which f m c t i o n both as a d d e c t i v e s and as pronouns), s e e below, s e c t i o n 5 (pronouns) .

,,:,) 1. o t e t h ~ f o l l ! ) w i n ~ ;;rlglisn examolfs :

( h ) La t i r : exam!jles: ----

110s i t ive --- con psra t i v e - -- -- -- s u p e r l s t i s

l onqus l o n g i o r l ~ n g i s s i m u s f o r t i s f s 3 r t i o r f o r t i s a i m u s audsx n u d 5 c i o r a u d 5 c i , ~ s i m u s

bonus malus pa rvus magnus m u l t u s

m e i i o r p e i o r minor n a i o r ; > l G s

o p t i g u s pes s imus minimus maximus p l u r imus

( c ) - Dec lens ion o f c o m p a r a t i v e -- f o r m s - --

s i n g u l a r

nom. 2.c c . e e n . drtt. a .b l .

m . m ino r minzrem m i n E r i s m i n o r i rnin6re f . minc r rninvrem m i n 5 r i s rninzr j min6re n. minus minus m i n o r i s minEri min?ire

p l u r a l

Notes : 1onp;ior ( m . and f . ) , l 4 , n g j u s ( n . ) . L__

superlative fo rms a r e d e c l i n e d l i k c bonus -a -urn.

11ulchrE pu l ck r iu s pulcherrimE miserE miser i l l s miserr ime 2'ac i l e f a c i l i u s f a c i l i i m z

ii) i r r e g u l a r coapar ison -- .- -. .-. - p o s i t i v e

bene ( w e l l ) male ( b a d l y ) oarim ( l i x t l e ) mamopere ( z r e a t l y ) rnultum (much) d i E ( l o n g ) saepe ( o f t e n )

comp?rqt t v e

melius peius minus magis plii s d i u t i u s s ae pius

(a) persona l : ego, t C , nEs, vEs

s i r lgu la r

nom. RCC. een. d a t .

c f ~ o me me; mihi tii t E t u i t i b i

y l u r a l

nEs nEs nost r ; ) nobTs nostrum) - -

V ~ S vos v e s t r T ) vobi-s vestrum)

( b ) r e f l e x i v e : sE

sincu1p.r and p l u r a l

nom. acc. . gen . d a t .

SE (SESE) S U ~ s i b i

s u p e r l a t i v e

optimE pc s .? i m E minime maxinE plurihum d i u t i s s i m z sse oiss ime

a b l .

( c ) r e l z t i v e : q u i

s i n g u l a r

nom. RCC. -

m.- q u i ' quem f . rluae sum n . q u o d quod

m. quT quzs f . quae q u a s n . quae quae

c u i u s c u i c u i u s c u i c u i u s c u i

p l u r a l

cluibus qu?irurn q u l b u s quorum q u i b u s

aua au.5

c~u ihus qu ibus qu ibus

( d ) pronominal a d j e c t i v e s : is , h i c , i l l e , i s t e , idem, a l t e r , a l i u s , Ell-us.

nom. ncc. en. dat . m. is eum e i u s e i f . e a e m eiLus eT: n. i d i d e i u s e i

p l u r a l - -

a. eT e o s eorum e i s - f. e a e eEs ezrum e i s

h i c -

nom . a c c .

m. h i c hun c f. haec hanc n. hoc hoc

m. hy h o s f . hae h5s n . haec haec

s i n g u l a r

qen. da t .

h u i u s h u i c hi1 i u s hui-c h u i u s hui.c

p l u r a l

hzrun h i s h5ru.m h?s hBrtun hTs

a b l .

e i s

a b l .

hFs h'is h'is

i l l e -

nom . ab l .

i l l u m i l l i u s i 1 lam i l l T u s i l l u d i l l i u s

a. i l l e f . i l l a n . i l l u d

i s t e -

a b l .

i s to i s t g is t5

nom . acc. gen

i s t u r n i s t i u s istam i s t i u s i s t u d i s t i u s

m. i s t e f . i s ta n . i s t u d

p l u r a l

m . ist? f . i s t a e n. i s t a

i s t U s istorum ist% ist5rm is ta istErm

i s t i s istis is t7s

istTs istis

singul4.r

ace, gen . nom. - m. idem f . eadem n . idem

eundem eiusdem eandern eiusdem iderc eiusdern

p l u r a l

eEsdern eErundern easdem earundem eadem e5rundem

eTsdem eTsdem eisdem

eisdem e i sden eisdem

m . e?dem f . eaedem n. eadem

a i t e r

s i n g u l s r

nom. RCC. gen d a t . a b l .

m. a l t e r a l t e r w n a l t c r i u s a l t e r i ~ l t e r o f . s l t e r a a l t e r m s l t e r i u s a1ter';l a l t e r a n . a l t e r u m a,lterum a l t e r i u s

- - a l t e r i q l t e r 5

p l u r a l

m. a l t e r T - a l t e r o s : a1terGrum a l t e r i s a l ter is f . a l t e r a e a l t e r % a l t e r ~ r u ~ r l a l t e r F s a l t e r i s n . a l t e r a a l t e r a nlterErum a l t e r i s a l t e r i s

nom.

n. d i u s f . ~ l i ~ n. a l i u d

m. a l i i - f . s l i a e . n . a l ia

RCC . en. alium a l i u s * aliw a l i u s * a l i u d a l i u s %

o l u r 1 R ali7js sli5rurn s l i q s ali5rum a l ia . a l i a rum

*This form is r q r e l y found. The z e n i t i v e is , i n s t e a d , u s u a l l y conkeycd by t h e u s e of ? l i e n ("be1onp;inp; t o ano the r" ) o r a l t e r i s ( "o f a n o t h e r " , g e n i t i v e s i n q u l a r o f q l t e r ) ; e . . 2 l i e n m pecuniam a b s t u l i 3 .

kic carr i -cd o f f t h e noncy of ranother.

p e c u n i m a l t e r i u s rnercqtori s a b s t u l i t . ; ! e s t o l e t h e monev o f a n o t k ~ e r nercr iul t .

. . i i l l u s

nom . RCC. gen. d s t . a b l .

m. G l l u s i i l l u m i i l l ' ius G l l Z . G l l O f . E l l a ii1la.m i i l l i u s iill'i u l l ' i n. E l l u r n Z l l u m E l l i u s . . iilli 'ills

p l u r a l

Note: The fol lowing a l s o behave in t h e same way as - E l l u s o r a l t e r :

n e u t e r , n e u t r ~ , neutrum ( n e i t h e r ) n i i l l u s , n i i l l a , nCillum (none) s75lus, sbla, sBlum ( s o l e ) t E t u s , tEta, t0tu.m (whole) u t e r , u t r a , utrum (which o f two) u t e rque , u t raque, utrumque (each 'of two) anus , Una, U n u m (one)

(e ) t h e pronoun i p s e

s i n g u l a r

nom. acc. Ren dnt . ab l .

m. i p s e i sum ipsTus ips: i p s0 .

f . i p s a i p s m i psTus i p s i i ps'i n. ipsum i p s m iysTus ipsT i p s 5

p l u r a l

m. i p s i i psB s i ps8rum i p s & ipsTs f . i p s a e i p s % i psErurn i p s i s i p s i s n. i p s a i p s a i p s 5 r u m i p s h i p s ? s

( f ) t h e i n t e r r o ~ a t i v e pronoun, quis , quid ( ~ h O ? - - ~ h k t ? )

nom. -act,

m. q u i s Quem ) f q U i s quam ) s i n g u l a r n. auid quid )

A l l o t h e r case-forms take the p a t t e r n of t h e r e l a t i v e pronoun ( s e e above, s e c t i o n 5 c ) .

- - .-

( 3 ) t he i n d e f i n i ~ e pronoun, q u i s (anyone),

s i n g u l a r --

nom . .- acc.

m. q u i s quem . . . . . - , .. . . . . . f . . , qua . . . . sum. , . . n. qui.1 ; , . quid . . . . .

. ,

p l u r a l

m. q u i quoa f . 'qune . * . quRs n. qune) quae)

qua ) qua )

A l l o t h x case-forms follow t h e p a t t e r n of t h e r e l a t i v : pronoun ( s e e above, s e c t i o n 5 c ) .

I I1 I1 I nr v

VI VII VIII

IX X

- 'mus duo tres qua t tuor q u k q u e sex s e ptem oc t5 novem decem

XI k d e c i m XI1 duodecim

XI11 tredecim XIV qilattuordec i.n XV auindecim

XVI sEdecim XVII septendecim

XVIII duodEvTgintT X I X i3ndZvTgFnti .XX. viiz;i-nti

triaintz 300 q u a d r Z ~ i n t 5 400 quinqu@int;i 500 s e x Q i n t ~ 600 s e p t u s i n t E 700 oct5gintZ 800 nEn%,int ;Et 900 cen turn 1,000 d u c e n t i -ae -a 2,000

CCC cccc

I> DC

1)CC DCCC

DCCCC M

m

t r e c e n t i -Re -R qusdr ingen tz -ae -n quyngenti -ae -a sescent; -Re -a s e p t i n g e n t i -ae -a o c t i n ~ e n t z -ae -a nGngent5 -ae -a m i l l e duo n I l i a

7. S C L E P S I O Y OY THW hVMEKALS h u s , duo and tres

iinus - nom . RCC. gen . d a t . a b l . - - - -

rn* iinus mum unius m i uno - - f. iina - iinm UnPus - Un'i -una n. unum Unwn iinTus Uni iin5

. , . - . . . , . - duo ; . . -

. : $

duzk') .duorum - .

m. dua a duobus duobus duo ) .-.. ... - .-

f . duae dugs d u z r m d u ~ b u s - . dugbus n. duo . duo duErum duobus duEbus

I . *.

m. - tres tres t r ium t r i b u s t r i h u s f . tres t rzs trim t r i b u s t r i b u s n. t r i a t r i a - t r i u m t r i b u s t r i b u s

i) The L a t i n verb , when l imi t ed by - mood and oerson, t h a t is , when it r e l a t e s t o a s u b j e c t which can & , g ~ _ r e s ed b ~ r t h e 3-+- Lat in equ iva len t s of Engl i sh 2 , w e , -u& - rs cdl:~-en a f i n i t e verb.

The f i n i t e verb takes a v a r i e t y of formations r e l q t i n c to : " ( a ) t h e t h r e e pewsons ( l s t , 2nd and 7 r d ) , s i n g u l a r and

p l u r a l : ego, t u , i l l e / i l l a / i l l u d , nos, vos, i l l i / i l l a e / i l l a .

( b ) t h e s i x -- tenses: present , f u t u r e , . i m p e r f e c t , ~ j e r f e c t . f u t u r e per fec t , p luper fec t .

( c ) t h e t h r e e moods: indicati;e,- sub junc t ive , imperative.

( d ) t h e two-voices: ---- a c t i v e and passive.

~ l l o t h e r forms of t h e Lat-b- verb a r e c s l l e d n o ~ - f i n i t e o r i n f i n i t e . These a re :

(a) t h e i r f i n i t i v e s (which- a r e ve rba l nouns) ( b ) t h e p; l , r t ic ioles - (which a r e v e r b a l a d j e c t i v e s ) ( c ) t h e 50r1md and ( v e r b a l noun and ve rba l

ad j ecs ive , -- ( d ) t h e s ~ r ~ i n e ( v e r b a l noun).

The forms of t he f i n i t e verb a r e l i s t e d below accordin< t o t h e fo l lowing pattern: s i n g u l a r 1st. 2nd, 3rd person; followed by p lu ra l lst , 2nd, 3rd person.

The e x m o l e s ilsed t o r eo resen t t he 4 Groups o r Conjugations ~ f v e r b s a r e : p r o ( 1 ) : I mepare ; moneo ( 2 ) : I advi-se; mit.to ( 3 ) : I send; and audio (4 ) : I hear .

i i ) i n d i c a t i v e ~ . c t i v e

. '=-r-nt t ense

p a r 5 rn me5 mitt5 aud i; p a r k m 3nZs m i t t i s aud i s pnra t rnf3ne t m i t t i t a u d i t par%us rr 3nEmus mitt imus aud 5~ us parat is rronztis m i t t i t is nud? t is paran t r-onent mi t tun t aud iun t

f 11ture t e n s e - parEbo

- - monebo m i t t a m audiarn

pa rEb i s monEbis m i t t F s a u d i E s pargb i t monEbit m i t t e t a u d i e t 11arEbimus monEbimus mi-ttEmus ~ . u d iemus : > a r Z b i t i s m o n e b i t i s mi t te t is a u d i e t i s parAbunt monBbunt m i t t e n t a u d i e n t

i m p e r f e c t t e n s e

p a r t b m monzbcm mittebam aud i e b m parEbEis monEbEs mittEbEs a u d i e h ; ~ p a r a h a t - - moncbat - - - m i t t e b a t A U ~ i e b ~ t parabanus monebrmus m i t t e h k u s aud i e b k u s p a r t b ~ t i s - rnonebgtis m i t t E b 5 t i s a u d i e b ~ t i . ~ p a r z b a n t monzbant mi t tEbant aud iEban t

p e r f e c t t e n s e --- - - - - o a r a v i nonu? m I s T aud ivi. paFavistY A m o n u i s t ~ mIsisti a u d j v i s t i p a r a v i t nolzuit m i s l t a u d r v i t psrgvimus monuimus misimus audrvimus parRvist! s mcnu i s t i - s misistis - - - - - a u d i v i s t i s p a r a v e r a t mcnuerunt miserunt aud ' iverunt

f u t u r e p e r f e c t ' t e n s e - -

monuer: misero - ~ u d i v e r o monuer is m i s e r i s aud r v e r is monuer i t m i s e r i t a u d i v e r i t monuerimus m?serimus a u d T v e r - b u s m o n u e r i t i s mTserit is a u d i v e r i t i s monuer in t myser in t a u d i v e r i n t

p l u p e r f e c t t e n s e - paraveram monueram - miseram a u d i v e r m ~ a r a v e r a s monueras mise ras a u d i v e r z s p a r a v e r a t monuerat - m7serat - - a u d i v e r a t parEver%us monueramus misercamus audJverZrnus p n r 6 v e r 5 t i s m o n u e r z t i s m i s e r ~ t i s a u d i v e r s t i s p a r s v e r a n t monuerant m'iserant s u d i v e r a n t

i i i ) i n d i c a t i v e p a s s i v e

p resen t t ense

p a r o r moneor m i t t o r .~ar:ris rn0nErf.s m i t t e r i s p a r z t u r monetur r n i t t i t u r parsmur mo11Emur m i t t i m u r parc?mlni monemini mi t t imin? p a r a n t u r monentur, m i t t u n t u r

f u t u r e t e n s e

par<t .or monebor mi t t a r p a r g b e r i s rnoncberis m i t t z r i s pargb i t u r monebitur m i t t e t u r parsbimur monebirnur mitternur p a r a b i m i n i mcnebimini m i t t Ernini p a r a b u n t u r monebuntur m i t t e n t u r

i r n perf e c t t e n s e

parGbar - - monebar m i t t e b n r p a r a b a r is monebgris m i t t e b g r i s p a r g b a t u r - - moneb-t - R - u r m i t t e b s t u r - - parabamur rn~nebamur - - mitteh,mur yarab;tminT nonebargin7 mitteb-minT p a r z b a n t u r monebm t u r m i t t e b m t u r

p e r f e c t t e n s e

p a r z t u s sum monitus sum missus sum pnra tus es monitus e s missus e s garGtus e s t monitus e s t missus e s t ! ~ a , r g t i sumus m o n i t i sumus m i s s i s w u s - - p a r a t i e s t i s moni tz e s t i s missi - e s t i s p a r g t i s u n t m o n i t i s u n t m i s s i s u n t

f u t u r e p e r f e c t --- t e n s e -

p a r a t u s e r o monitus e r o missus e r z p a r a t u s e r i s rnonitus e r i s m i s s t l s e r i s parEtua e r i t monitus e r j t r i s s u s e r i t p a r a t i erimu.7 m o n i t i er imus mics? er jmus p a r z t i er i t i - : : m o n i t i e r i t i s iniss7 e r i t i s - - p a r a t i e r u n t m o n i t i e r u n t n i s s i e r l ln t

a~u-iior a u d i r f s a u d l t u r audTmur 9.ud To inli a u d i u n t u r

aud i=ir

a u d i g r i s a i ~ d i 5 t u r audiErnur audigmini a u d i e n t u r

.wdieba,r aud i e b a r is a u d i e b z t u r - - a u d i - e b m u r - - s u d . i e b m ~ d a.ud i e b a n t u r .

~ u d I t u s sum audy tus e s a u d I t u s e s t audi t : sumus audy ty e s t i s - - . tudit; i s u n t

a u d i t u s e r 5 a u d i t u s e r i s a u d i t u s e r i t audTtT er imus a u d i t 7 e r j t i s au r ly t i e r u n t

p l u p e r f e c t t ense - parztus errmi non i tu s e r m missus errm audTtus e r m uar5tus e r g s monitus e r 5 s missus e r 5 s aud i tu s e r5s paratus e r a t - - non i tu s e r a t missus e r a t audytus e r a t p a r a t i erKmus monit? e r h u s miss: er?mus audTtT e r h u s - - p s r a t i e r a t i s monitI e rz t i s m i s s ? e r s t i s aud i t ? e r z t i s uargt? e r a n t moni t i e r m t miss7 e r a n t a ~ i d i t ? e r a n t

i v ) sub junc t ive a c t i v e .--

~ r e s e c t t ense

parern rnonem m i t t a m parEs moneiis m i t t % p ~ r e t raonerit mittat parernus rnone&us m i t t G u s p a r e t i s monc-5tis m i t t E t i s parent rno2emt mittmt

imperfect t ense - monerem - - rriitterern moneres m i t t e r e s moneret - - m i t t e r e t mmerernus - - m i t t ersrnus m o ~ e r e t i s m i t t e r s t i s nonerent mi t t e r en t

p e r f e c t t ense -

paraverim rnonuerim miserim xudiverim pa rave r i s monueris mi se r i s a u d i v e r i s p a r t v e r i t monuerit m-iserit audyve r i t parRverhus monuerbus mIserirnus a u d i v e r h u s parzveryt is monuer i t i s m y s e r i t i s sudTver i t is pargver in t monuerint miser in t a u d i v e r i n t

p l u p e r f e c t t e n s e I --. + - . - - paravissern monuissem rnlsissem a u d i v i s sem

p a r z v i s s e s monuissZs m i s i s s Z s nud'ivissGs p a m v i s s e t monuisse t m i s i s s e t aud ' iv i s se t pargviss6mus rnonuiss~rnus m i s i s s ~ m u s sud iv i s semus p a r g v i s s e t i s m o n u i s s e t i s misissetis a u d i v i s s e t i s p a r z v i s s e n t monuissent m r s i s s e n t a u d i v i s s e n t

v) --- s u b j u n c t i v e p a s s i v e -.-

p r e s e n t t e n s e

p a r e r monea,r - mittar a u d i a r p a r e r i s move?tris mittaris a u d i g r i s p a r e t u r - moneatur m i t t z t u r a u d i g t u r paremur m o n e k u r m i t t s u r aud i & u r paremin? m o n e h i n i rn i t tgmini a~zd i% i n i p a r e n t u r monemtur m i t t - m t u r aud i,m t u r

imper fec t t e n s e -

p a r z r e r - - monerer m i t ~ e r e r a u d l r e r - - y a r a r e r i s - - monere r i s m i t t e r e r i s a u d y r e r i s p a r a r e t u r - - monErEtur - - m i t t e r g t u r a u d i r e t u r p a r a r e n u r - - moneremur mi t t e remur audTrGmur p a r a r e m i n i monGremini m i t t e r e m i n i ~ u d i r e m i n i p a r a r e n t u r rnonerentur m i t t e r e n t u r a u d i r e n t u r

p e r f e c t t e n s e

p a r a t u s sin moni tus sim missus s i m a u d l t u s sim p a r a t u s sis moni tus sis missus sis a u d i t u s sXs parGtus si t moni tus s i t - , -missus s i t a u d i t u s s i t pa rg ty s h u s monity a b u s missr sirnus a u d i t i s h u s p a r Z t I s i t is rnonity sTtis missi s i t i s a . ~ i d y t i - - sTtis parZtT s i n t m o n i t i s i n t m i s s l s i n t a u r i i t i s i n t

p l u p e r f e c t t e n s e

pa r$ tus c s s s n monitus essern missus essern audTtus easern - -parZtus e s s c s monitus e s sEs rnis,.us e s s E s a u d i t u s essEs parKtus e s s e t a o n i t u s e s s e t missus e s s e t s u d i t u s e s s e t

v p r Z t i essGaus monf t i es~;Enus rnlssl esszmus audTtT essGmus parGtT essetis monit? ' e s s e t i s m i s s i e s s E t i s a u d r t i e a s Z t i s p r g t T e s s e n t monity e s s e n t rnissi c s s e n t a u d i t y e s s c n t

v i ) impe ra t i ve s

a c t i v e - -

s i n q . para mo~ie m i t t e aud? 1 . pa rg t e rconete m i t t i t e a u d i t e

p a s s i v e - - s i n g . pa r a r e monere m i t t e r e a u d i r e y l u r . p a r b i n : monZmini mit t iminT audTmini

v i i ) p a r t i c i p l e s

p r e s e n t ( a c t i v e ) - p a r s s monens m i t t e n s ~ u d i e n ~

f u t u r e ( a c t i v e ) - - - - - p a r a t u r u s moniturus mis,surus a u d i t u r u s

p e r f e c t ( p a s s i v e )

pargtu-s monitus missus a u d i t u s . .

Yote:

The case-forms of t h e p r e sen t p a r t i c i p l e f o l l ow t h e same - .- p a t t e r n as ingens ( s e e above, s e c t i o n 2 , pp. 3-4), excep t t h a t t h e a b l a t i v e s i n g u l a r of t h e p a r t i c i p l e u s u a l l y ends in -e (e .? . pa ran t e as o: :~osed t o i n g e n t i ) . The f u t u r e m d pe r f ec t p a r t i c i p l e s behave l i k e bonus -a - -= (above, s e c t i o n 2 , pg. 3-it).

:: v e r b m d as a noun. I n i t s v e r b n l a s p e c t i t is a c t i v e i n me-2ninp. I n i t s fi9u-i s s v c c t i t bchsves l i k e n e u t c r noluzs of Group 2 , e.?. hcl lum. Thus z s scribe!-.di = t h e a r t of v r i t i r p , j u s t as 9.rs bel l ' ! = t h e .-~rt of xrc. See fllrtfLr;r, L.4. Tcorzpson, An I r L t r o d u c t i o n t o Lrit in Yynt,m, p. 5'1, s c c t i o n 97.

( b ) ~ , e r w d i v c

~ ~ a r a n d u r ; monendus mi t t endus zud ic~icius

. , :.' o t e : - The ge rund ive is a v e r b a l a d j e c t i v e . Tha t is t o snv , 5 t f'u_vlctions bo th 3s 2 v e r b s2:d ss an a d . i e c t i v e . I n i t s -

v e r b a l a s p e c t i t is ~ R S , S ~ V F : i r ? meaning. I n i t s a d j e c t i v a l a s p e c t lit bcrmves l i k e t h e n d j e c t t v e bonus ( ~ e e above, s e c t i o n 2 , po. 3-41. For i n s t a n c e :

ci.bus e s t bonus: t h e food i s s o q d . c i b u s e s t pvx.ndus: - t h e food is t o b e yrer~nred . - 2 -.-

x) s u p i n e

- - - 11ilr~lt6 monitu missu a u d i t u

The su-rjice i s a v e r b ~ l l?ami, with characteristics o f both 2 v e r b mc 2 noun. I n i t s noun . tspect i t has tw:, case-forms: a c c u s a t i v e (-urn) and a b l a t i v e (-u), t h u s behaving l i k e a ( ; ~ o u ; o 4 noun (e .g . msnus). "I'ie a c c u s a t i v e is used i n e x p r e s s i o n s c o n v e y i ~ ~ " n o t i o n t o w a r d s " : thus,

~ m c i l l a ad cu l incm ~ i s s a e s t cen~un pa rq tun . The msid w ~ s s e n t t o t h c k i t c h e n ts food. The maid was s e n t t o t h e k i t c h e n i n o r d e r t~ - ~ ~ r e i ~ c ' t r e food.

The a b l a t i v e form i s used wi th a d j e c t i v e s i n c o ~ t e x t s Pike:

diff t ' r ic i le d i c t u : diff ' icu1. t i n t h e s a y i n g , d i f f i c u l t t o sav .

i) i n d i c a t i v e ac t ive

( a ) vol;, no lo , m Z l 5 ("wisht ' , "do - not wish", k l p r e ~ f - ~ ~ i ~ :

p resen t t ense - volo - nE15 - v i s nEn v i s vu l t nzn v u l t vo lumus nSl~unus v u l t i s non v u l t i s volunt nolunt

f u t u r e tense

v o l m n?il<an - - volEs noles v o l e t n o l e t volEmus nol&~zs v o l e t i s n -d le t i s vo len t no len t

imperfect t ense

volebam - - n ~ l ~ b m volebas nole b z s - - v~ lebat - - nolehat vo lebmus n5lZb%us - - - voleba t is n o l e b a t i s - - voleb,a.nt nolebant

v o l u i v o l u i s t i v o l u i t voluimus v o l u i s t i s voluerunt

~ ~ e r f c c t t ense -- n z l u i n z l u i s t i n o l u i t noluimus

m a l a m - - males

- - ninle t is malent

imperfec t t e n s e

e r a n - e r a s

- poteram ibam - - p o t e r s s - i b a s p o t e r s t - i b a t - poter&us . - i b m u s po te rE t is - i b 5 t i s po te ran t i b a n t

p e r f e c t t e n s e

f u i u o t u i iT ( i v T ) f u i s t i p o t u i s t i i i s t F ( i v i s t i ) f u i t p o t u i t i i t ( i v i t ) f uimus potuimus i i m u s ( ivirnus) f u i s t i s p o t u i s t i s i ist is ( T v i s t i s ) - - f u E r m t potuerunt G r u n t i i v e r u n t )

f u t u r e p e r f e c t t e n s e - f u e r o potuer; i e r o f u e r i s - p o t u e r i s i e r i s f u e r i t p o t u e r i t i e r i t f u e r i m u s potuerimus i e r i m u s f u e r i t is p o t u e r i t i s i e r i t is f u e r i n t p o t u e r i n t i e r i n t

p l u p e r f e c t t e n s e

fueram potueram i e r m f u e r n s p o t u e r a s iergs f u e r a t p o t u e r a t i e r a t f u e r k u s potuer&us i e r G u s f u e r z t is p o t u e r a t i s i e r g t i s f u e r a n t po tue ran t i e r w t t

( c ) fer;, c ~ . i i Z , f i ? ~ bear)', " t ake -. --- I t , "becomeq1)

fer ; f e r s f e r t fer imus f e r t i s f e r u n t

f e r m f e r e s f e r e t feremus f e r e t i s f e r e n t

$resent t e n s e

ca.pi5 cap is c a p i t c8pircus cal).itis capiunt

f u t u r e t ense

capinrn cal)iEs c a p i e t capizmus c s j ) i e t i s cap ien t

~ ~ e r f e c t t ense - -

t u l i cep i t u l i s t 7 c E p i s t i t u l i t ~ E p i t tuliInus C ~ ~ ~ U S

t u l i s t i s c e p i s t i s - - t u l z r u n t c e ~ e r u n t

fi.5 f i s f i t firnus f i t i s f i u n t

f a c t u s sum f a c t u s e s f a c t u s e s t f n c t z sumus f a c t 7 e s t i s f a c t 7 sunt

t uler; t u l e r i s t u l e r i t tu le r imus t u l e r i t i s t u l e r i n t

f u t u r e per fec t t e n s e -

czyero f a c t u s e r o cEperis f q c t u s e r i s cEperi t f a c t u s e r i t cE perimus f ac tT erimus c e p e r i t is f n c t i e r i t i s ceper in t . f a c t i e run t

p l u ~ ~ e r f e c t tense

tulercm cE !)erm f a c t u s e r m t u l e r 5 s cEper<s f a c t u s e r g s t u l e r s t cGperat f a c t u s e r q t t u l e r k u s ce ,~e r%us f a c t 7 e r Z ~ u s t u l e r 5 t i s cF !)erRt i s f a c t ? e r R t i s t u l e r a n t c8 perfan t f a c t 5 enant

i i ) i n d i c a t i v e -. p3,ssive

( a ) vol5, nE10 and rn?lE have no pass ive forms. - Since fio i s passive in m e m i n ~ ("I become" = am made"), some of i ts so-called a c t i v e f o r n s

a r e in f a c t passive ( per fec t , f u t u r e p r f e c t and ;? iuncrfect : see above, pp. 25-26), and t h e r e a r e no o the r passive forns . >'or obvious reasons the verbs sum cm(i possum ( n I "I czn a b l e " ) have no passive forms. The verb eo ("1 g o n ) has only 4 - passive forms :

i t u r ( yreser,-t ind ic . pass ive, 3rd person s i n z . ) - ib.%tur ( imperf. indic . pass. , 7rd verson sin$?. ) itm e s t ( perf. ind ic . ()ass. , 7rd person s ing . ) - i r i 7 r T s e n - t i n f i n i t i v e pxssive ) . -

The first t h r e e of these forms a r e used i s??ersona l ly . e .g. itum e s t ad tqbernam - ("It WRS gone t o the s h o l ~ " ~ ItG3ing was made t o t h e shop" "There was movement t o the sh,?pv) .

- - The i n f i n i t i v e - iri is used only i n t h e f o r m ~ t i ~ m or the f u t u r e i n f i n i t i v e -- ----- pns,sive of o t h e r verbs ( e . ~ ~ par5tum irT =If to .be going t~ be prep=tredi ' , " to be about t o be !,re !lared").

- ( b ) the verbs f c r o cr?.i)io

oresent t ense -- f e r o r

f!tfe.rls f e r r i z w fert11.r

f .;.r i..mur f c r i m i n l f e r ~ ~ n t u r

f u t u r e tense -

f e r a r c a p i a r f e re r i r , - c a p i E r i s f e rE tu r capiE t u r f erEmur ca piEmur f e rzmini capiEmin1 f e ren tu r capien tur

imperfect t ense

f erEbar - - cai)iEbELr f e reba r i s cap ieba r i s f erFbRtur c ~ p i E b Z t ~ * - - f erEb%ur capiehamur

. f e r E b k i n 3 capiEh&in: f e rEbmtur capiEbantur

uer fec t t ense

lattls sum C R ~ ~ U S SUIU G t u s e s captus e s lE tus e s t cap tus e s t l Z t i sumus c a p t i sumus l & t Y e s t i s c a p t i e s t i s lE tY sunt captP sunt

f u t u r e per fec t t ense

l a t u s erE captus e r o l ' i tus e r i s c sp tus e r i s l z t u s e r i t captus e r i t l ~ t I erirnus c a o t i erimus l a t i c r i t i s capt'i e r i t i s l Z t i erunt capt'i e runt

p lupe r fec t t e ~

l a t u s er,m cnptus eram 1-2tus e rgs caytus e r g s l z t u s e r a t cap tus e r s t l R t r errnus c a p t i e r k u s l5ti e r s t i s cap t r e r z t i s ~ l t ? erant caDtF e r a n t

iii) sub, junct ive a c t i v e

(a) v o l 5 , n515, m 5 l E

p r e s e n t t e n s e

ve 1 i n nol im v e l i s n o l i s v e l i t n o l i t v e l h u s nolTmus v e l i t i s n o l i t i s v e l i n t n o l i n t

i m p e r f e c t t e g s z

ve l lem nEllem v e l l e s n o l l e s v e l l e t n z l l e t ve l iemus n o l l & u s v e l l e t i s n o l l e t i s v e l l e n t n o l l e n t

j ~ e r f e c t t e n s e

voluer im nEluerim

v o l u e r i t n o l u e r i t - voluer imus nolucri inus v o l u e r i t i s n ; ? l u e r i t i s v o l u e r i n t n o l u e r i n t

s l u p e r f e c t t e n s e . *

voluissem nolu issem V ~ ~ U S S S Z ~ nE lu i s sZs v o l u i s . s e t n 5 l u i s s e . t voluissEmus n ~ l u i s s ~ m u s v o l u i s e E t i s n 5 l u i s s E t i s v o l u i s s e n t n o l u i s s e n t

msl im - - m a l i s

( b ) sum, i ~ o s s u n and @

~ j r e s e n t t e n s e

s im - pass i r n - sis p o s s i s s i t , - p o s s i t simus possimus sitis possf t is s i iz t ~ ~ o s s i n t

i m p e r f e c t t e n s e

essem - possem - e s s e s p o s s e s e s s e t - p o s s e t - essemus possemus e s s e t i s ~ O S S E ~ ~ S e s s e n t possen t

p e r f e c t t e n s e

fue r im potuer im f u e r l s p o t u e r i s f u e r i t u o t u e r i t

f u e r i n t p o t u e r i n t

p l u p e r f e c t t e n s e

fu issem potu issem - f u i s s z s p o t u i s s e s f u i s s e t i o t u i s s e t fuissEmus ~ O ~ U ~ S S G ~ U S f u i s s E t i s p o t u i s s e t i s f u i s s e n t p o t u i s s e n t

e am - e a s e a t eKrous e 6 t i s e r m t

- i rem i r e s - i r e t - - i remus - - i r e t is - i r e n t

i e r i m - i e r i s i e r i t - i e r i m u s i e r l t i s i e r i n t

- i ssem - isses

-29-

present t ens2

f e r m c a p i m - f ergs cayias f e r s t capia t - f e r h u s capimus f e r g t i s capigt i s f errant capiant

imperfect tense

ferrem c a ~ e r e m - f e r r e s c a ~ e r e s f e r r e t caperet f erremus caperemus f e r r e t i s caperet i s f e r ren t caperent

tulerim t u l e r i s

p e r f e c t tense

ceperim - ceper i s

tu1eri.t cepe r i t - - tulerimus ce perimus t u l e r i t i s cepe& - is tul-er int seper in t

f 7;s f i a t

f ierem f i-eres f i e r e t f ieremus r ' i e r z t i s f i-erent

faccus s i m f a c t u s sis f a c t u s s i t

p luperfec t tense

- tulissem cepissem f a c t u s essem - t u l i s s E s C E ~ ~ S S Z S f a c t u s esses t u l i s s e t cep i s se t f a c t u s e s s e t tulissEmus cepissEmus ' - f ac t? ~ S S E ~ U S t u l i s s e t i s CZ pisset i s f a c t 7 e s s e t i s t u l i s s e n t cepissent f a c t ? essent

i v ) subjunct ive pass ive

(2) On t h e verbs volo, nolo, m%lo, f i o , sum, ))ossum in rej<ard t o passive forms, see above, p. 26 ii a.

( b ) f e r o a n d - c s p i o

present t ense - f e r a r f er%ur c a p i ~ ~ . r ca>iamur - f e r z r i s f er%nini c a p i a r i s c a p i s i n i f e r E t u r f e r a n t u r c ~ . p i < t u r cap ian tur

imperfect t ense - f e r r e r f erremur cape re r caperemur - - f e r r e r i s ferremin? c a p e r e r i s caperemini f e r r e t u r f e r r e n t u r cape re tu r c x p e r e n t ~ w

.- .

p e r f e c t tense

1 s t ~ ~ sim l 5 t u . s sYs 1 a - t ~ ~ s i t l5tI simus - - l a . t i s i t i s - - l a t i s i n t

p l u !)erf e c t tens-,e

l z t u s essem l z t u s essEs l i t u s e s s e t - - l a t i essemus - - l a t i e s s e t i s 1st: es sen t

captus s b captus sis cagtus s i t captF sTmus c a p t i sitris c a p t i s i n t

captus essem caytus e s s e s cap tus e s s e t cnptT essernus c a u t i e s s e t i s c a p t l e s sen t

-31

f u t u r e pass ive -- ( f e r o ) ( c a p i o )

7 - - - lz tum ~ r l c a o t u n iri

p e r f e c t a c t i v e -

( v o l o ) ( n o l o ) (rnglo) (sum) ( possum )

v o l u i s s e n 3 l u i s s e rnnluisse f u i s s e p o t u i s s e

. -

(4 ( f e r o ) ( c a p i o ) - i s s e ) t u l i s s e c e p i s s e -8- l v i s s e )

y e r f e c t pass ive

( f e r o )

1-t a u s e s s e

v i i i ) gerund and ,.;erurAdive

(a) gerund

( e o ) ( f e r o )

eu lc lu~ f erendum

( b ) g e r u n d i v e

( c a ~ i o )

c a p t u s e s s e

( 4

i t u m it:

( f e r o ) ( c a ~ i o )

1Fitu.m . . capturn l ~ t i i capt i i

10. ~E201'?J~J5' AF'D S~~l4I-D?;2O~JEP! T' VEHES -.

( a ) deponent

a a d g r e d i o r , a d g r e d i , a d q r e s s u s sum: approach a a d i p i s c o r , a d i ~ ? s c i , a d e p t u s sum: o b t a i n - 3 a m p l e c t o r , cuni)lecti , camplexus suv: embrace z corni tor , c o m i t % r i , corni t5tus sum: accorrlpmy - - - - - s c o n o r , c o n a r i , conatus sum: tr;lr g c o n f i t e o r , c6nfi tEr-I , cgnfessus sun: c o n f e s s 3 c o n s p i c o r , c;inspic;ir?, c5nsp.i-cztus sum: - c a t c h s i g h g c b c t o r , cEnctqrT, cEnc t5 tus sum: d e l v r , h e s i t a t e f d e t e s t o r , d e t e s t g r i , 6E tes tGtus sum: c u r s e -

~ E s r e d i o r , ea red? , e g r e s s u s sum: K O o u t g e x p e r i o r , e x p e r i r i , e x p e r t u s sm: t r y ou t

z f a t e o r , f a t e r i , f a s s u s sum: c o n f e s s n f u n g o r , f u n z i , f h c t u s sum: perform - f h o r t o r , h o r t s r 7 , h o r t s t u s sum: er.courace r i n z r e d i o r , i n ~ r z d i , i n g r e s s u s sum: g o i n

l- - i ~ r ; l s c o r , r r f i s c i , i r5 tu . s s u m : te a n g r y i i i l gbor , l ? tb i , l%psus sum: s l i p nr locluor, loquT, l o c u t u s sum: speak - 2 m e d i t o r , meditgr ' i , medit , ; i t~ls sum: con tem~1 . i t e r minor , m i n g r i , n i n z t u s sum: t h r e a t e n

T - f m i r o r , m l r a r i , mirRtus sum: wonder n t - - ii m i s e r e o r , m i s e r e r i , m i s e r i t u s sun: p i t v - i- moror, m o r t r i , rnoratus sum: delclv w ~ i t / - 9

a mori-or, n o r ? , mortuus sum: - d l e n c s c o r , n z s c i , n z t u s SWL: be b o r n - -

g n i t o r , n i t i , n?xus sum: p r e s s , l e a n g o r i - o r , o r 3 r i 9 o r t u s sum: a r i s e , r i s e

g p a t i ~ ~ , pc?tT, passus sun".uffer, a l l o w p o t i o r , p o t i r i , ootXtus sum: f ~ e t po~.c ,ess ion of

E p r e c o r , p r e c g r i , ~ r e c g t u s sum: j r a y ji p r o f i c i s c o r , : ) rof icTsci , p r o f e c t u s sum: s e t o u t

- - g p r o f i t e o r , o r o f i t e r i , p r o f e s s u s sum: t ~ r o f e s s , d e c i - a a

o r o g r e d i o r , ~ l r z g r e d y , ! ) r ~ ~ r e s s u s sum: LO f orwsrd - a q u e r o r , q u e r i , q u e s t u s sum: complain - - r e c o r d o r , recorcia,ri-, rec:?rdRtus SUIT: remember

/

3 r e g r e d i o r , re,a-ed?, r e g r e 9 s u s sum: r e t u r n - -r $ r e o r , r e r l - , r a t u s sun: t h i n k -r fi s e q u o r , s e q u l , s e c u t u s sum: f o l l o w

testo or, test.&?, tes ts -hus sum: call t o w i t n e s s B u t o r , Gti, - Gsus - SUT: % +Jvn,?or, v a g a r i , - vaggtus sum: w a d e r s v e r e o r , v e r e r ? , v e r i t u s sum: f e a r / & v i d e o r , v i d z r i , vysus sum: seem

( b ) semi-de ponent

audeo, a u d e r e , ausus sum: d a r e 7- - c&fydo, confxdere , c s n ~ l s u s sum: t r u s t

d i f f i d o , d i f f l d e r e , d i f f l s u s sum: d i s t ~ u s t fldo, f T d e r e , f y s u s sum: t r u s t , c o n f i d e i n gaudez , gaudere , gav7sus sum: r e j o i c e , be h a p p y sole:, s o l e r e , s o l i t u s sum: he accustomed

-36-

( a ) Compound verb.: crc. f ~ - ~ . c d i , ~ ri;c a d ? i t i o n of. n p r e f i x - t o a v e r b : e . ' ~ , a t ) - ! . ~ t ~ ~ . ( I I Y : ~ U S C ~ ~ ) i s a compound of - u t o r ("usel t ). ~ h c foliowin,:- prc f i x e s a r e used i n t h e -- f o r m a t i o n o f compow~cl v c r t s : - a , a b (away )

ad ( t o , towards , a t hand )

corn- (g: t o q e t h e r , comple te ly )

circum (a round)

dE (down)

d i s - ( a p a r t , a t d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s )

- e , ex ( o u t , o u t r i g h t )

ob ( i n t r ; ~ w2y, by t h e way, kl t h e d i r e c t i o n o f )

pc-r ( tllroucl.,, thoroughly)

p r a e i i n f r o n t , ,ahead)

p r a e t e r (?.side, ~ a s t )

pro ( f o m v d s , i n f a v o u r )

r e - (back , a g ~ t i n ; o r E- RS in "unpackt1) -

sc- ( s i n e : wit!lout, a s i d e , a p a r t 1

i n ( i n , i n t o , upon, snb ( u n d e r , u p from be lov , a g a i n s t ) n e a r t o )

i n t e r (amone, between, s u p e r ( l e f t over , remainin?) away )

nec ( n 3 t ) tr,ms ( a c r 9 s s , over , ri:;ht

t h r o u z h )

( b ) The s p e l l i n g o f t h e p r e f i x i s sometime^ in f luenced b~7 t h e l e t t e r o r l e t t e r s i r ~ ~ m c d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g i t i n t h e compound v e r b :

ad-c ad-f a d - ~ i ad-1 ad-p ad-sc ad-sp

corn- con-d corn-f corn-1

o f t e n becones o f t e n becomes o f t e n becomes o f t e n becomes o f t e n becomes o f t e n becomes o f t e n becomes

o f t e n becowes becomes becomes becomes

-2CC

aff

a l l a p 1)

a s c a s p

CO-

cond conf c o l l o r con1

c om - ex - Lex r e - sub -

d i s - f becomes d i s - 1 o f t e n becomes

e-f becomes

in-1 in-m in - p i n - r

o f t e n becor7:es of t e n becomes o f t e n becomes o f t e n becomes

nec-1 becomes

ob-c ob-f ob-m ob-p

o f t e n becomes o f ten becomes o f t e n becomes o f t e n becomes

pro b e f o r e a vowel becomes

re-d r e - t

sub-c sub-f sub-m

becories becomes

becomes b e c o ~ e s

of t e n becomes

Some coaTon compound v e r b s

d i f f d i l

e f f

ill i m m i m p irr

OCC

o f f om 0 1) 11

prod

redd r e t t

- - - RRerC ( "do " , " d r i v e " ) , e,-;i, ac t l r s

- - cogo (co-aga) , cogere , c o e ~ i , coRctus compel exig:, e x i g e r e , e x z ~ i , e x z c t u s d r i v e o u t , e x a c t , f i n i s h perag3, pe ragere , p e r e g i , pe rzc tus do com!~le t c l y , f in ish . r e d i z z , r e d i z e r e , redEgT, redTc t u s b-ring bqck, r cducc s u b i g o , s u b i g e r e , subgg i , s u b a c t u s b r i n g under , subdue

a c c i d o , a c c i d e r e , ncr:idi f s l l r;por,, hapr~cn dGcid5, d c c i d e r e , a E c i d i - f s l l down

- --

i n c i d z , i ~ l c i d e r e , i n c i d i , i n c m u s - 9 f q l l i n t o -- ocel;.r occ ido , o c c i d e r e , o c c i d i , ~ C C E S ~ I S f ~ l l down, & tile :.jay

- - c s e d e r e (''ki.11" ) c e c i d i , c a c s u s

- - i n c i d o , inc i r i e re , i n c i d i , i n c i s u s c u t in> occ ido , o c c i d e r c , occ i r i i , ~ c c i s l i s c u t ~ i 3 ' : . ~ , k i l l

sub - subdo, -dere , -d id i , -dYfus put undez, s u b j e c t tr,uls trZdi5, -dere , -d id i , - d i t u s h,md over , h,wd dorm

- - adduce, -ducere, -dluri, -ductus l e a d t o , induce condCc5, -ducere, -dE.xi, -ductus r e n t h i r e - 9 - educe, -d ikere , -dExi, -ductus l ead o u t induc5, -ducere, -du'xi, -ductus b r i n g in, in t roduce - - - produce, -ducere, -dGxi, -ductus b r i n z f o r t h , prolong

- ernere ("buvtf) E m i . emotus

ad - adino , -imere, -emi,-emptus t ake t o o n e s e l f , t ake away i n t e r imterimo, - h e r e , -'EmX, -Emptus t ake away9 d e s t r o x -- - -r -

perimo, -imere, -cml-, -enptus d e s t r z

e s s e ( "be") , f u i , f u t u r u s

ab - absum, - e s se , g f u i bt? away, he absen t ad - adsum, - e s se , a d f u i be presen t , be a t hand dE - dzsum, - dEesse, c i E f i i i - he lack inq , f a i l i n - i n s u m , i n e s s e , i:lfui -9 be i n be contained i n i n t e r i n t e r s u n , -essi., - f u i be ~mong, be between, d i f f e r jlrae praesum --esse, - f u i be i n charge of pro prosum, prodesse, profuT be u s e f u l super supersum, -esse , - f u i be l e f t ove r , su rv ive

ad - c om i de - E - i n - i n t e r _per LK%L i > r D L-A

r e - sub -

f ace re ("do", ltwtke") f e c 9 , f a c t u s

a f f i c i o , - f i c e r e , - f e c i , - f ec tus a f f e c t , t r e a t c k f i c i o , - f i c e r e , -fEci , - f ec tus f i n i s h , wenr out - f.

d e f i c i o , - f i c e r e , -fee!., - f ec tus f a i l , d e f e c t e f f i c i E , - f i c e r e , -fEci , - fec tus work o u . , b r ing about i n f i c i b , - f i c e r e , -fEcf, - f ec tus i n f e c t , s t a i n i n t e r f i c i o , - f i c e r e , - fEci , - f e c t u s - k i l l p e r f i c i o , - f i c e r e , -fZci , - f e c t u s complete p raef ic io , - f i c e r e , -f'EcF, - f e c ~ u s j ~ u t i n charge o?' p r o f i c i z , - f i c e r e , - f ec i , - f ec tus make oroaress - - r e f i c i o , - f i c e r e , -feel, - f ec tus r c y a i r , rcf ' resk --- s u f f i c i o , -f i-cere, -f;ci, - f ec tus subs%i- tute , suff i -ce

. .

f e r r e (T fb r ing" "bea r " ) t u l i , 1 s t ~ ~ atl -. - a d f e r o , - fen-&, ' 2 t t u l T 9 a l l R t u s brin,? t o ab - nufero , - f e r r e , s h s t u l i , ahlRt1;s t a k e away, --. s t e a l c om - confero , - f e r r e , - - t u l i , coll.Etus co l l -ec t , compare dF - dEfer ro , - f e r r e , - tulT, -1Ztus b r i c ~ , r e u o r t

-40-

d i f f e r o , - f e r r e , d i s t u l i , d i l s t u s d i f f e r e f f e r o , - f e r r e , e x t u l i , e l a t u s c a r r y o u t , lift u~ infer:, - f e r r s , - t u l i , -1iitus bring-&, b r i n g upon o f fe r5 , - f e r r e , obtu lT, o b l 5 t u s b r i n z up t o , o f f e r - ~ ~ e r f e r c , - f e r r e , - t u l i , - l ? t u s -- c a r r y through, endure praef er;, - f e r r e , - tu lT, -1:tus c a r r y i n f r o n t , d i s p l a y prof e r o , - f e r r e , - t u l i , -1Atus b r i n g forward r e f e r 6 , - f e r r e , r e t t u l i , r e l z t u s b r i n g back, r e f e r t r a n s f e r 5 , - f e r r e , - t u l i , -1Ztus t r , m s f e y , -- t r a n s l a t e --

g r a d i o r ( " s t e p " ) g r a d i , g r e s s u s sum

a g g r e d i o r , -gredF, -gressus sun aporoach, a t t a c k c o n ~ r e d i o r , -gredy, -q ressus sum come t o g e t h e r d i g r e d i o r , - g r e d i , -gressus sum go a p a r t , d i g r e s s - e g r e d i o r , - g r e d i , -gressus sum go-out i n g r e d i o r , -g redI , -gressus swn g o i n t o , advance p r z g r e d i o r ? - g r e d i , -g ressus sum go fo rward , advrvlce r e g r e d i o r , +red:, -gressus swn go back, r e t u r n t r R n s g r e d i o r , - g r e d i , -gressus sum go a c r o s s , t r ~ s g r e s s

-h ibu i , - h i b i t u s - h o l d towards , ap ! ) lg debere , dEbui, d E b i t u s pwe, ought

uT, - h i t u s ho ld i n f r o n t , o f f e r -hibuy, - h i b i t u s h o l d o f f , p r e v e n t

- - i s c e r e ( "throwl1) i e c i , i a c t u s

- - a b i c i o , - I c e r e , . . - i e c l , - i e c t n s &row away a d i c i o , - i c e r e , - i e c i , - i e c t u s throw t o , c o n i c i z , - i c e r e , - iBc i - i e c t u s throw t o g e t h e r , con;iscture . - .- A. - d E i c i 5 , - i c e r e , -1ec1, - i e c t u s throw down, t i r o w ozf .- - d i s i c i o , - i c e r e , -1ec1, - iEc i , -? -ec tus tl7row a s ~ m d e r - eicii5, - i .cere, - i E c i , - i e c t u s G r o w o u t , r e j e c t T n i c i 5 , - i c e r e , -iEcT, - i e c t u s -. i.2.ject, -. -- i n f u s e o b i c i o , - - i c e r e , - i @ c i , - i e c t u s op90se9 present - .. proici:, - i c e r e , - i e c l , - - - i c c t u s xhrow f o r t h , p ro jec t . s u b i c i z , - i c e r e , - i e c l , - i e c t u s -__I_- tl-row under , subject , r @ i c i o , - - i c e r e , - i E c i , - i e c t ~ z s g r o w b ~ c k , r e j e c t - - t r a i c i z , - i c e r e , - i e c l , - i e c t u s th row a c r o s s , t r a n s f e r

g o away, d e u a r t go t o , a~~! ) roach ,

circum corn - ex - in - ob - ner I

j)-rae t e r r e - su-b - t rcms ---

c om -- di5 - d i s - 5 . - - i n t e r nec - E e r ,

in - i n t e r oh - per p r a e p a e t e r

r e - trans

acl -- corn -- .ill -

-r - 1 ?yo around, make a t o u r of $0 t oge the r , -9 meet assemble EO o u t , d e p a r t ,go i n t o , beg in , d e v i s e gc t o meet, meet deg th , die -.- p ~ s s a w ~ y , p e r i s h .- -

i T uass b77, i,ynore C--

qo ba.ck, r e t u r n uxde?-zo q ~ o a c h , s e c r e t l x - - . - 9 -

xo a c r o s s t r8nsgr t : ss ----' -

l e g e r z ( l f i ) i c k w . " read" ) legi, l e c t u s -- - -- -- - - adleg;, -l.,.ir,ere,-legi, -: ' . .~ctus n p ~ o i n t t o co l l i qE , - l i g e r e , - lEg i , -1Gctus co l l e< t - - ---... - d e l i g 5 , -1 i z e r e , -1eg1, -1Ectus p i c k from, c h o ; ~ s e - .- d i l i g z , - I i g e r e , - l e g i , -1Gctus esteem, l o v e -- E l i @ , - l L t ~ e r e , - l E g i , -1Ectus p i c k o u t , s e l e c t - - i n t e l l e g E - l e g w e , -lei3;1, -1Ectus ur-ders t m d - - neglegz , - l e g e r e , --lcs;l, -1Fctus d i s r e g a r d , n e g l e c t - .,. perlegij , - l e g e r e , - l e g i , -1Ectus read. thoroughly

- - - mitt:, - r n i t t e r 2 , - m i s i , -missus kt 20 a~ i~ t y , l o s e admit to , -mi t te-e , - m F s i , -rcissus a d m i t , co rmi t

-r T

cornmitt5, - rn i t t? re , -alsl, -missus commit, beq in 7 -

dEmittE, - m i t t e r e , - m s s l , -misus l e t down, send down -*

c i h i t t o , - m i t t e r e , -m~lsl, -1r l i - s sus d i sn?ins - - .- Ern i t t iS , - m i t t e r e , - r a i s > . , --isms send o u t , emit - -F

i n m i t t ; , - m i t t e r e , -I.I:SX, -C :~SSUS send i n t o * - -- . .

in te rmi t t z ? -mitter;., - m l s j . , -missus i n t e r m i t , 16,ave o f f .:-

ornitto, -ni t , t t l re , -Tinl,?ji, - m i s s ~ - ~ omit , d i s r e g a r d -.- - permit t ; ; , - m i t t e r e , - m l s l , --missus l e t th rouqh , ? ) e m i t - - ,uraernit;G, -olit;tere, - m l s l , --missus send i n advance p r a e t e r . n i t t 5 ( e t c . ) Ag>--;=llss 321, ~ e r l o o k , emir prijrnitt 5 ( e t c . ) put T ' G : - , ~ ~ ~ ~ ,!LI;?: r e m i t t 5 ( e t , ~ . ) - 1 ' - - a m i t .--- :---'': 7 2 t2 -. i trmsmittG ( , e t c . ) :sc?;c; ~ .c , ross , ;end t l ~ r o u q h , t r a n s m i t -- , .~ --.- ----. . -

- - - a,q~Esc;;, -n5scere. - n ~ - r i . , - --notus r r c o m i z e cognEscZ, -nEscerz, -novl , -n;-;sus l c - t rn , come t o know - .- - - - i g n o s c l ~ , -noscere , -nevi, -cotus o v e r l o jk, for;?i..rc:

e nr. - dF' - - O'J - gab -

Xl-a - nri -- ( % 9:; - d i r: -- - c - I)rn -. sub -

- , , " p l a c e " ) posux, p 0 ~ i t - u ~ * - - - - -

ri!)por.o, -pa:-crc , -);~ZUI, - p o s i t u s I I U ~ n e a r , a p o l y t o n';tc.!,5r,3 ( c t c , ) :1.2t t . c . f ~ r c , , j1refcr cor:,5rJ8 ( c t c . ) 1 . to;-i t ! ; i : r , nrryriqo, compose - - - dk!)o:~o ( c t c . ) , jd: ac\;n, d k o o s i t , l a y n s i d c - - - d i . spo :~o { c t c . ) JjJt i?-. d i f ~ c r c n t ! ) l a c e s , 9rq;ulize - - C X ~ G R G ( c + . c . ) I> i+, out , , u ~ l o q d , e x l ~ l ~ ~ i r i - - i v p r , 3 ( c ~ c . ) r,,~: LTICJT , , i r t ~ o s c

_L_r ir.tcr!Zr.?3 - - (ctc.)?bi.+l:r.cn, l f i t e r p o s e o!,;?on--, ( c t c . ) s c t ~ - c : i ~ s t , O I : I ~ O S C , I I U ~ up a g a i n s t psstli3:.3 (ctc.7 pst b~r . i r !d , V R ~ U C 1 e ~ S ornap5nij (etc.) p~t I n c h ~ r q e pr3pbr.5 (ctc.) p u t fo rward , propose , d i s p l a x - - rcpono (etc.) put hack, lay back , r e p o s e - - - sc.po:-:o !ctc. ) s e t ar)&

- p r e r n e r e ( " ~ ) r e s s ' ~ ) p r e s s i , p r e s s u s - -

c c ~ l r i n l o , - orimc-re, - o r c s s i , - 9 r c s s u s p r e s s together-, c r u s h -r

dzprir.:, - ! ) r i ~ c r c - , - p r e s s l , - p r e s s u s Lress down, d e p r e s s 0p .u- r .5 , -p r imere , - p r c ~ s T , - p r e s s u s c r u s h , o p p r e s s .. sup!)rirnE, - ~ r i m e r c , - p r c s s I , - p r e s s u s s u p p r e s s

ra!)Crc ( " s n a t c h " ) r x u u i , r ~ ! > t u s -

~ b r i !)iz, -ri ,)ere, -ri pui , - r c p t u s s n a t c h away, t e a r away r r I , r i C , r , - r t a k e ho ld o f , c a t c h c o r r i p i 3 , - r i m r e , - r i p ~ l T , - r e p t u e s e i ~ e r i - r r , r , - i t u s t e n r a p a r t , p lunde r - -C

i i I - , I , - r t u s n a t c h awaz, t e q r away - prori~;i ,~, - r i c e = , - r i a ~ i , - r ? p t u s d r R R r t h aurripi: , - r i p e r e , - r i ! ;ui , - r c p t u s s n n t c h , s a l

- - - r c i y ( " t ! i r (?ct ," " r u l e " ) r e x i , r e c t u s .- -

- - 3 corriEE, - r i$ -c rc , - r e x l , - r?ct i ts c o r r e c t , re form -- t - - di.s dTrizz, - r i , y c r c , - r c x ~ , - r c c t u s d i r e c t , zrra.nEe -- - - - - - - C! - e r i g o , - r i e e r e , - r e x r , - rcc t .us ,?uli)c o u t , - e r e c t

perg6 ,--<ere, per rEx5, i ) c r r 3 c t u s - j)roceer\ 11ro p o r r i g o , p o r r i c c r c , !)orrcx?, p o r r c c t n s s t r e t c h o u t slib surgE ( s u b - r i c o ) , stir ,-xrc, SUI- rcx i , s u r r e c t u s r i s e , g e t u!) --

- spece re ( " look" )

ad - a s p i c i 6 , - s r ) i ce rc , s p c x i , spc-ctus look a t

- c om -- - -? conspicio, ' - sp icere , -spexi, -spect;us c a t c h sight; - of .in - ~ n s p i c i o , - sp icere , -spexi, -soectus i n s p e c t , look a t r e - r e s o i c i o , - sp icere , -spexi, -spectus look back

- -

s t ~ r e ( " s t . m d t ' ) s te t ; , s t a t u s

ads to , -stare, -stit? s tand nearby, a s s i s t c5~1s t5 , - s tZre , - s t i t i 3 apree , c o n s i s t o f , c o s t . - clrcumstZ,----st?&, - s t e t l s t m d around, e n c i r c l e d l s t 5 , - s t a r e , -stj-ti st&?d a p a r t , be d i s t , m t inst:, - s tZre , -stitI press upon ~bst : , -s tZre , - s t i k i stcznd i n t h e way o f , r e s i s t -- perstG, - s t a r e , - ~ t i t : p e r s i s t , pe r seve re p r se s to , - s tg re , - s t i t T s t m d ou t , e x c e l , -show - r e s t o , - s t a r e , -s t i t i s tand back, remain

tendere ( " s t r e t c h " ) t e t e n d i , t e n t u s -.

i n t e r ----

- - a t t e n d o , contendi5,

-- d i s t end5 extend3 ( intend: ( osten_dE. (

- tendere , - tendi , - t en tus a t t e n d -tendere, -tend?, - t en tus hu r ry

( e t c . ) s t r e t c h asunder, d i s t e n d e t c . ) s t r e t c h out , extend e t c . ) s t r a i n towarcls, c o r ~ c e n t r a t e e t c . ) s t r e t c h up t o , show

- . . t enc re ( "hold1') tenu?, .- t e n t u s

abs t ineo , - s t i nFre , - s t i nu i , - s t c n t u s , a b s t a i n , keep o f f a t t i n e a , -ti-nEre, - t i-nui , - t en tus p e r t a i n t o , concern eont ineg, - t inEre, -tinuT, - t en tus c o n t s i n dg t ine5 , - t inEre , - t i n u i , - t en tus d e t a i n obt ine5, - - t inEre , - t i n u i , - t en tus hold p r t i n e o , - t inGre, - t i n u I , - t en tus ge r tq in t o sus t ineo , - t inEre , - t i n u I , - t en tus s u s t a i n , withstrand re t i f ie5 , - t i n e r e , -tinu:, - t en tus hold back, r e t a i n

- advenio, -venire , -venT, -ventus come t o , a r r i v e c i r c m v e n i o ( e t c . ) s u r r o u ~ d , e n c i r c l e convenio ( e t c . ) come toge ther , be sgrsed uvon Eveniz ( e t c . ) come ou t , r e s u l t , hsppzn invenio ( e t c . ) come upon, - f i n d , d i scove r i n t e r v e n i o ( c t c ' m e t w e e f i , i!lterruot; perveni5 ( e t c . ) cone through, a r r i v e a t , reach

qu7 l ibe t ( q u i - l i b e t ) : anyone you p lease .

A coinpound of quy. and the verb ( impersona l ) l i b e t . The n e u t e r i s e i t h e r x u i d l i b e t o r quodl ibe t .

quisque (quis-que): each one.

E'eminine quaeque, neu te r quidque o r quodque.

auTdcm (quI-dcm): a c e r t a i n one.

This is a l s o used as an a d j e c t i v e , meaning "a c e r t a i n " : e .g . v i r quidam ( 9 c e r t a i n man); but quidcam vEni t (a c e r t a i n male person cram?). Feminine quaedam, neu te r q u i d d m o r quoddm

( c ) r c l a t i v e adverbs

ub i : where

where, which way

unde: from where

quo: where t o

quorncdo: how, i n what way

, - 4 - 7 - c t A r 35 ;trii?;SscT 35 X','<T:.,CT I V Y 3 3-5

d : o 1 3-4 rir C ~ O K G ~ orr o f C F :;p,rg,-

t i v c c 5 !cl c c z ~ ~ ~ r i z o n of, 5 ( b )

. 6 r c z u l s r coxpar ison 6 ( b ) i r r e z u i n r corrruarison 7

~ ~ . i c z u s . 10 nlius 10 n l t c r 10 xriplect? 35 r-::?Trc 35 ( b ) r..:dire 14-21

cnsc-f omis, alervl i n z s o f , 1 ( 4 - - c x - ; i t s r l 35

(:!;: i'i)'!?. 1) ~ 2 ~ ! ~ i ~ [ ! ~ . ' S 45 (b)-46 C: :. ,PI,; 1 . I ) VEjiIt'; 37-45

-?;r;erc ( - icere) 3 H - c q d c r e ( - c i d e r e ) 38 -cacr icrc( -c iderc) 3 s -csc lcrc( -c i !~cro) 32 -cEdere 39 -c i l r rcrc 39 -dz rc ( -dcre) 39-40 -diiccre 4C -eac re ( - h e r e ) 40 -CSSC 40 - face re (-f i cc re ) 4 0 - f e r r e 40-41 - ,?radi ( - p x d ? ) 41 -1:abEre ( -hihEre) 4 1 - i a c e r e (-icerc:) 41 - i r e 41-42 - l ege r e ( - l i g e r o ) ' 42 - m i t t e r e 42 -nEscere 42 -ponere 43 -\Iremere ( = p r i n e r e ) 4 3 - rapere ( - r i v e r e ) 43

- rcgerc ( - r j ~ e r c ) 37 -snecere ( - s p i c e r e ) 47-44 - s t g r e 44 - t c t ~ f l e r e 44 - t ene r e ( - t j n E r e ) 44 -venire L4-45

ci5l?'irT 35 c6nf ide re 36 ( b ) confi tErT 35 cEns l j i cE r i 35 ciinct'iri 35

DEr'()!~'Ej~: T V E u 5 ' 35- 36 d F t e s t E r i 35 d i f i y d e r e 36 ( h ) ~ U O 13

ecqui 4Lj(b) ecquis 45 (h ) - c g r e d i 35 - - e x p e r i r i 35

f a t e r i 35 f i d e r e 76(b) f i n i t e ve rb 14 fLlJv5 35

~ a u d e r e 36 ( b ) ~Eh17j~ll ( r e ~ u l q r ) 20-21

capiC) 34 eo -34 I e r 5 34

G :KlLrJ1)IVE: ( r e g u l a r ) 2 1 cap iz 34 f e r B 34

h i c 8 hortTrT 35

3 R t u r 26 (a) ?den C3 ille 9 W ) 3 3 o\A'i'iV?!;S ( r e , ~ u l s r ) 19

c a : ~ i 5 32 dice 32

- - duco 32 eB 32 f a c i 5 32 f e r o 32 no15 32 sum 32

PYDICAT iYE ACT TI);; ( r e g u l a r ) 14-15 oigl5 22-23 n o l o 22-23 V O ~ G 22-23 e 5 23(b) -24 possum 2 3 ( b )-24 sum 23(b)-24 c a p i o 25-26 f e r E 25-26 f i o 25-26

'C:DICATIV-:; Y A T S I n ! ( r e g u l a r ) 16-17 c a v i o 26(b)-27 f e r o 26(b ) -27

J1I!'< IT IV3S ( re , ;?u lar ) 20 c a p i 5 - 33-34 eo 33-34 f e r z 33-34 mRli5 33-34 n o l o 33-34 possum 33-34 sum 33-34 v o l 0 33-34

-is$; r,iEM -jr , r l l - . i , A - ~ V X A D J ~ C T I V ~ ; 4 5 ( a ) i ! ~ s e l l ( e ) - .- 2.r-:scX 35 7 - r 2 6 ( a ) is 8 i s t e 9 ituixi e s t 2 6 ( q ) i - t u r 26 ( 3 )

- - m o r a r i 35 - mori 35

n e u t e r li ni t : 35 n o n - f i n i t e v e r b l d hOUTCS ( d e c l e n s i o n ) 1 ( d ) - 3

b a s e of t h e noun l ( b ) n E l l u s 11 I : I ~ , Y ; I S 12-13

- p a r a r c 14-21 YAKITI(:IYLES ( r e ~ u l ' a r ) 1 9

c a p i o 32-33 e z 32-33 f e r 5 32-33 no15 32-33 V O L ~ 32-37

p a t i 3s - - p o t i r i 35 r ~ r e c a r i 35 p r e f i x e s 37 ( a ) - 3 8 prof i c i s c i - - 35 o r o f l t e r i 36 arGgrecii 36 =HOTV()!*~I~;AJ, LIDJ;;CTIVES 4 ( n o t e ) ,

7 , d ( d ) -11, 4 S ( b ) yHOjOT,TiYs 7-12, 45-46

p e r s o n a l 7 ( n ) r e f lc:xivc: 7 ( b ) r e l p . t 4 v e 7 i c ) i s d e f i n i t e 1 2 ( ~ ; ) , 45-46 i n t e r r 2 ~ 2 t i v e 1 2 ( f ) , 45

GerT - 36 q u i ( i n t e r r o , ? ~ t l v e add. ) 45 ( a )

( r ~ ~ l n t i v e ! ~ r o n o u n ) (3( c j q u i c q l i d 4 5 ( b ) q u i d w 4b!b) q u r l i b e t 46 (k ) q u i s ( fl:t?:rr?,y t i V c ~:ronoun) - - - 7 -- ----

qs i squm 45(b) qu5 . sque 4 6 ( h 1 c;:;Yv'?s c'j ( b ) - < > < - , 46 ( t o ) q!.?-3ds 4 6 ( c )

, V m 3 6 ( h ) or.crr'i 36 - . 1 11

;., J-,,. c.+-Iv=; . ~ C Y I V Y ( ro,mlsr verbs 1 17-18 crt;;iE '30 c.0 29 +,'i ri 33 XI; 30 - - 1 28 :i?i1? 28 r,Dncum 29 cru: 23 voli5 2d

S' 2ATlll :C?IvX P A ~ ; S I V ~ :rc<rllsr v e r b s ) l i i c r l p i z 31 fcrc! 31

- - vj-deri 36 vocative l ( c )