PurposeAfter learning this course you will be able to:Know the concept of dipolesUnderstand basic properties of antennaMater the principle of antenna selection

IndexOutline of antennaTechnical dataTypes of antennas and their development trendPrinciple of antenna selection

make optimize projectNetwork optimizationCollect data informationDeal optimize projectRegulate and verifyAntenna optimizationOptimize cover rangeAverage calling missionImprove calling qualityImprove network running qualityThe function of antennaOutline of antenna

Antenna is the conversion for circuit signal of communication equipment to radio in the air like the bridge tower.

Antenna is the key equipment for the sending and receiving of radio.

The gain, covering direction, beam, available driver power, configuration and polarization function will affect the communication.The outline and function of antenna

Dipole Outline of antenna

GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBdDipole Outline of antenna

10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBdDipole Outline of antenna

IndexOutline of antennaTechnical dataTypes of antennas and their development trendPrinciple of antenna selection

GSM 900 DCS 1800 GSM900+DCS1800 CDMATechnical dataElectrical properties--frequency

BANDWIDTH = 960 - 890 = 70MHzElectrical properties--frequencyTechnical data

50Cable 50 ohmsAntenna 50 ohmsElectrical propertiesinput impedanceTechnical data

9.5 Wforward: 10Wbackward: 0.5WReturn Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dBVSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)Electrical propertiesvoltage standing wave ratio

Technical data

VSWR1.5

=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)

VSWR=(1+ ||)/(1-| |)

RL=-20lg ||Electrical propertiesvoltage standing wave ratioTechnical data

VerticalHorizontal+ 45degree slant- 45degree slantElectrical propertiespolarize modeTechnical data

Electrical propertiespolarize modeTechnical data

Linear,verticadual linear 45 slantElectrical propertiespolarize modeTechnical data

Antenna radiant energy collection degree and the energy conversion efficiencyG=4 U/PA unitdBiG= GA/ GA0 unitdBd0dBd=2.15 dBi

Electrical propertiesgainTechnical data

dipoleidea point fountainzero waste equality radiation

eg: 0dBd = 2.15dBidBd and dBiElectrical propertiesgainTechnical data

Electrical propertiesgainTechnical data

Electrical propertiesgainTechnical data

Electrical propertiesgainTechnical data

Electrical propertiesgainTechnical data

Electrical propertiesgainTechnical data

Electrical propertiesgainTechnical data

Electrical propertiesgainTechnical data

Electrical propertiesgainTechnical data

Electrical propertiesgainTechnical data

Electrical propertieswave widthTechnical data

Electrical propertieswave widthTechnical data

Sector antenna 30/65/90/105/120 omni-antenna 360Electrical propertieswave widthTechnical data

Electrical propertieswave widthTechnical data

horizontal 3dB beam width 3dB width choose graphElectrical propertieswave widthTechnical data

No declinationMachine declinationFixed electrical declinationMeasurable electrical declinationRemote control declinationMachine electrical combine useElectrical propertiesdeclinationTechnical data

Electrical propertiesdeclinationTechnical data

Electrical propertiesdeclinationTechnical data

No declinationElectrical declinationMachine declinationElectrical propertiesdeclinationTechnical data

Electrical propertiesdeclinationTechnical data

The max value of main petal to the max value of back petal ratioF/B = 10 log( front power / back power ) typically 25dB

Back powerFront powerElectrical propertiesFront to Back Ratio Technical data

Electrical propertiespetal restrain & zero point fillTechnical data

Down assistant petal (dB)Up assistant petal (dB)Electrical propertiespetal restrain & zero point fillTechnical data

Continuous :25-1500watts

peak :n2p

Electrical propertiespower capabilityTechnical data

1000mW ( 1W)1mW

10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB

For multi-port antenna using, the isolation degree between every port must be bigger then 30dBElectrical propertiesisolateTechnical data

The same frequency, different frequency, dual-frequency antenna port>30dBElectrical propertiesisolateTechnical data

Length width highlengthrelate with vertical petal, gainwidthrelate with horizontal petalhighrelate with the technology of antennaMechanism properties parameterTechnical data

PVC, ABS, fiberglass etc.Prevent from bask, freeze, salt fog, burning and aging.

Mechanism properties parameter materialTechnical data

good look, environment protectionMechanism properties parameter appearance colorTechnical data

type value-40C+70C Mechanism properties parameter working degreeTechnical data

For example: 83N at 160 km/h

Mechanism properties parameter wind carryTechnical data

The smaller the betterMechanism properties parameter windwardTechnical data

7/16DINNSMAfemale

Mechanism properties parameter tie-inTechnical data

Mast diameter 45-90mmMechanism properties parameter hold poleTechnical data

Mechanism properties parameter thunder resistantTechnical data

indexOutline of antennaTechnical dataTypes of antennas and their development trendPrinciple of antenna selection

Types & developmentkinds of BTS antenna

According to frequencyGSM900GSM1800GSM900/1800 dual-frequency According to polarization Vertical45liner polarizelevelcircularity polarizeAccording to direction chartOmni-antennasector antenna According to declination mode nomechanismfixed electrical measurable electrical remote control According to function sendreceivesend-receive together

develop trendWidth frequency bandMulti-functionHigh integrated

Types & development

GSM900/1800 dual-frequency and dual-polarizeRemote control isolate electrical declination antennadevelop trend Types & development

develop trend Types & development

indexOutline of antennaTechnical dataTypes of antennas and their development trendPrinciple of antenna selection

principle of antenna selectionRadio environment for suburb/country

Characteristics of application environment:When The distribution of BTS is dense, the cover range of single BTS need to be small, the over cover phenomena and the disturb between BTS need to be decreased, the duplicate using of frequency need to be increased.antenna choose for urban principle of antenna selection

Polarize modAs it is hard to choose BTS address and space for antenna, the dual-polarize antenna need to be chosedirection chatAccording duplicate using of frequency, sector antenna need to be chose3dB Power Beam widthFor controlling the cover range to restrain disturb, the horizontal plane 3dB power beam width of antenna in urban should be 60~65antenna gainThe gain of antenna, which should be used in urban, is 15-16dBi. The antenna with lower gain could be used to cover the blind urban area.Declination degreeDown tilt antenna is suggested, and electrical declination antenna in sometimes.

Radio environment for urban principle of antenna selection

Characteristics of application environment: Environment around should be considered in Sparse distributing, low traffic, larger coverage situation.antenna choose for suburb/country principle of antenna selection

Polarize modChoose vertical polarize or dual-polarize antennadirection chatThe sector antenna with 90or 105horizontal plane 3dB power beam width is used.3dB Power Beam widthThe omni-antenna with 90or 105horizontal plane 3dB power beam width or wider is used.antenna gainThe antenna with high gain is suggested, which is 16-18dBi for sector antenna or 911dBi for omni-antenna in rural and suburb area.Declination degreeMechanism declination is suggested. The zero fill antenna is needed when the high level of antenna is greater then 50 meters to avoid dark under antenna phenomenon.

Radio environment for highway principle of antenna selection

Characteristics of application environment:Low traffic, high speed moving The covering problem is the key issue. For strap covering, dual-cell coverage is needed. Sometimes, the omni-cell is used in some spots.antenna choose for highwayprinciple of antenna selection

Polarize modChoose vertical polarize or dual-polarize antenna according to particular situationdirection chatTo cover railway and road, the narrow beam width and high gain antenna should be used.3dB Power Beam widthThe gain of sector antenna is higher, the horizontal plane 3dB power beam width is about 30 antenna gainThe gain of sector antenna should be 18dBi22dBi, and omni-antenna is 11dBi Declination degreeDown tilt is not needed for highway covering, and the mechanism declination antenna is suggested.

Figure 6.5 beauty spotRadio environment for mountainous area principle of antenna selection

Characteristics of application environment:in the knap out of the way, serious mountain block, big radio pass losshard to cover area. antenna choose for mountainous area principle of antenna selection

Polarize modChoose vertical polarize or dual-polarize antenna according to particular situationdirection chatChoose omni-antenna or sector antenna3dB Power Beam width For BTS built on the mountain, if the level of cover area is low, the antenna with bigger 3dB power beam width need to be chose antenna gainChoose middle antenna gain according to the distance of cover area, omni-antenna(9-11dBi), sector antenna(15-18dBi)Declination degreeIf BTS be built on the mountain, when the cover area is under the mountain, the antenna with zero point filling or declination need to be chose

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