Basic Instructional Techniques

7/28/2019 Basic Instructional Techniques

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Motivation is literally the desire to do things.

It is the crucial element in setting and attaininggoals.

Motivation is the psychological feature that arousesan organism to action toward a desired goal andelicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directedbehaviors.

Motivational devices or activitiesarouse andmaintain interest in the content to be taught.


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Reasons of Selecting and Organizing

the Lesson

Stimulate students appetite at the beginning of

the lesson

Maintain student curiosity and involvement in the

work by using surprise, doubt, and perplexity Provide active and manipulative opportunities

Permit students autonomy in organizing their

time and effort

Provide choices or alternatives to meetrequirements of the lesson


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Types of MOTIVATION

Intrinsic motivation arises from a desire to

learn a topic due to its inherent interests, for

self-fulfillment, enjoyment and to achieve a

mastery of the subject.

Extrinsic motivation is motivation to perform

and succeed for the sake of accomplishing a

specific result or outcome.


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Intrinsic motivation involves sustaining

or increasing the interest students

already have in a topic or task.


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ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE

INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Challenging Statements/ Questions

Topic: Nuclear Reaction

Nuclear power plants are unnecessary and potentiallydangerous.

Topic: Probability

10 guns on a table, only one of them loaded. For 1 milliondollars would you point two at your head and shootthem?

Topic: Family Planning

For you, which is better, Natural or Artificial FamilyPlanning? Why?


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Pictures and Cartoons

Topic: K to 12 Basic Education


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON


Topic:

Distillation


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON


Topic: Traffic Signs


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON


Topic:

Developing

Ones Attitude

Teacher: What arethe good characteristics

of SpongeBob?


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Charts, Tables, Graphs, Maps

Topic: K to 12 Basic Education


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON


Topic: Less than and Greater than


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON


Topic:

Supplyand

Demand


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Personal Experiences

Topic: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE

Have you experience wearing shoes fit to you then

suddenly in a hot day, those pair of shoes seems to getsmaller to your feet?

Topic: MIXTURE

What are the common ingredients in your halo-halo?

Topic: TYPES OF CLOTHING

What type of clothing is best to wear during freezingweather?


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Problems

Topic: CONDUCTION

What metals conduct heat well? Why?

Topic: DENSITY

Why do ice floats on top of the water?

Topic: ACIDS and BASESWhat are the common acids and bases that can befound in our home?

Topic: DIFFUSION

How does diffusion happen in spreading perfume?


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Exploratory and Creative Activities

Teacher: I need three volunteers to come to the

chalkboard to fill the blanks of the puzzle, whilethe rest of you do it on your seats.

Motivational activities:

Puzzles, Spider web, Dyads, Straw building,Newspaper sculpture, Knots, Riddles, Guessinggame etc.


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INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Contests and Games

Teacher: Lets see how you remember

yesterday's homework. We will organize

five teams by rows. In your notebooks,

list eight different string instruments. You

will have two minutes. We will average

the scores. The winning row, with thehighest score will receive extra credit.


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ACTIVTIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE

INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Anecdotes and Stories

The Whole World Came Together

The young mother was ready for a few minutes of relaxation after a long anddemanding day. However, her young daughter had other plans for her mother's

time."Read me a story, Mom," the little girl requested. "Give Mommy a few minutes to relax

and unwind. Then I'll be happy to read you a story," pleaded the mother.

The little girl was insistent that Mommy read to her now. With a stroke of genius, themother tore off the back page of the magazine she was reading. It contained a full-page picture of the world. As she tore it into several pieces, Mom asked herdaughter to put the picture together and then she would read her a story. Surelythis would buy her considerable relaxing moments.

A short time later, the little girl announced the completion of her puzzle project. To herastonishment, she found the world picture completely assembled. When she askedher daughter how she managed to do it so quickly, the little girl explained that onthe reverse side of the page was the picture of a little girl. "You see, Mommy, whenI got the little girl together, the whole world came together."

Each of us has the responsibility to put our world together. It starts by getting ourselvesput together. We can become better parents, friends, spouses, employees, and

employers. The first step is changing our attitude.


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EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Extrinsic motivation focuses on

cognitive strategies. Activities that

enhance success and reduce failureincrease motivation.


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NINE BASIC PRINCIPLES IN ENHANCING


Clear Directions and Expectations

Students must know exactly what they are

expected to do and how they will be

evaluated.

Time on Task

Keep students on task.


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Cognitive Match

Students motivation is highest when

students work on task or problems

appropriate to their achievement level.

Prompt Feedback

Feedbacks on students should be

constructive and prompt.


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Relate Past Learning with Present Learning

Use reinforcers to strengthen previouslearned content.

Frequent Rewards

No matter how powerful a reward, it may

have a little impact if it is providedinfrequently. Small, frequent rewards are

more effective.


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Praise

Verbal praise (Good, Great, Finework) is a powerful motivating device.

High Expectations

Students who are expected to learn will

learn more and be motivated to learnmore than students who are not

expected to learn.


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Value of Rewards

Motivation is partially based on the value

and individual places and success, as well

as the individuals estimate of the

possibility of success. Incentives used for

students should have value for them.


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Of all the major techniques the teacher

uses to teach in a classroom setting,

the skills related to motivation is said to

be the most significant strategy in terms

of encouraging and stimulating studentsto attain lesson objectives.


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consistently displays dynamic personal

behaviors in the classroom

moves about the classroom

uses non-verbal behavior to create

presence

use their voice effectively

controls the pace of the lesson

motivates the students by varying the

instructional mode


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DEFINITION

Drilling and practice is an effective way for

students to learn. Drills refer to the repetitive

practice of different skills. Teachers can use

drilling as a way to help students solidifynewly learned skills.

Practice and drills give students an opportunity

to learn certain concepts quickly andeffectively.


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PRACTICE AND DRILL ACTIVITIES

Daily reviewChecking of homeworks


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Initial Student PracticeHigh frequency of questionsAll students have a chance to respond and receive feedback

Teacher checks for understanding by evaluating students responses

Continue practice until students are firm

Success rate of 80% or higher


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Feedback and CorrectivesFeedback for students, particularly when they are correct

Feedback to student errors

Reteaching in smaller steps


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Independent PracticeFor the students to be firm and automaticSeatwork

Unitization and automaticity

95 % correct or higher


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Weekly and Monthly reviewsIn a test or nontest form

Reteaching, if necessary


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Guidelines in Implementing Practice and Drills

In order to acquire many basic skills,

certain things are need to be

learned by the students to the pointof automatic response.


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Practice must follow understanding andcan enhance understanding.

Practice is more effective if the students

have a desire to learn what is being

practiced.

Practice should be individualized.

Practice should be intermixed with

different materials and parts of the lesson.


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There should be much practice on a few skillsrather than a little practice on many skills.

Practice should be organized and specific so that

the students experience high rates ofachievement.

Practice should be organized so that studentsand teacher have immediate feedback.

Practice materials should be used for diagnosticpurpose.

Practice material should provide progressivecontinuity between learning tasks.



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Improving Practice and Drills Have a clear system of rules and procedures for

general behavior.

Move around to monitor the students seatwork.

Provide comments, explanation, and feedback.

Spend more time teaching and reteaching the

basic skills.

Use practice during and after learning.

Provide variety and challenge in practice and drills.

Keep students alert and focused on the task.

Maintain a brisk pace.


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Thank you !

Basic Instructional Techniques

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