MASTERING CHEMISTRY By-- S.K.SINHA

H.O-2 N 12 Rangbari Yojana , Kota B.O-1D 10 Talwandi main Road, Kota Ph-0744-2407906 Mo-93149-05055.

1

Language of Inorganic INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE

Common Cations Names Symbols Lithium ion, sodium ion, etc. Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ Beryllium ion, magnesium ion, etc. Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ Hydronium ion H+ Aluminum ion Al3+ Iron(II), Iron(III) Fe2+, Fe3+ Copper(I), Copper(II) Cu+, Cu2+ Silver ion Ag+ Mercury(I), Mercury(II) Hg2

2+, Hg2+ Lead(II), Lead(IV) Pb2+, Pb4+ Ammonium ion NH4

+ Cadmium ion Cd2+ Zinc ion Zn2+ Nickel(II), Nickel(IV) Ni2+, Ni4+ Gold(I), Gold(IV) Au+, Au4+ Cobalt(II), Cobalt(III) Co2+, Co3+ Tin(II), Tin(IV) Sn2+, Sn4+ Chromium(II), Chromium(III) Cr2+, Cr3+

Common Monatomic Anions

Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol Hydride H- Iodide I- Telluride Te2- Fluoride F- Oxide O2- Nitride N3- Chloride Cl- Sulfide S2- Phosphide P3- Bromide Br- Selinide Se2- Arsenide As3-

Common Polyatomic Anions

Name Formula Name Formula Name Formula Nitrate NO3

- Sulfate SO42- Nitrite NO2

- Permanganate MnO4

- Carbonate CO32- Dichromate Cr2O7

2- Hydroxide OH- Chromate CrO4

2- Sulfite SO32-

Cyanide CN- Phosphate PO43- Chlorite ClO2

- Perchlorate ClO4

- Peroxide O22- Hypochlorite ClO-

Thiocyanate SCN- Chlorate ClO3- Acetate C2H3O2

- Bicarbonate HCO3

- Bisulfate HSO4- Arsenate AsO4

3- Oxalate C2O4

2- Bromate BrO3-

Common Acids

Sulfuric H2SO4 Perchloric HClO4 Hydrocyanic HCN Phosphoric H3PO4 Chloric HClO3 Chlorous HClO2 Nitric HNO3 Hydrobromic HBr Hypochlorous HClO Hydrochloric HCl Hydroiodic HI Nitrous HNO2

Common Bases

Lithium hydroxide LiOH Magnesium hydroxideMg(OH)2 Sodium hydroxide NaOH Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Potassium hydroxide KOH Strontium hydroxide Sr(OH)2 Cesium hydroxide CsOH Rubidium hydroxide RbOH

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MASTERING INORGANIC CHEMISTRY By-- S.K.SINHA

H.O-2 N 12 Rangbari Yojana , Kota B.O-1D 10 Talwandi main Road, Kota Ph-0744-2407906 Mo-93149-05055.

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CHEMISTRY OXIDATION NUMBERS: CATIONS 1+

Name Symbol Name Symbol ammonium NH4

+ dichlorotetramminecobalt (III) Co(NH3)4Cl2+

cesium Cs+ hydrogen H+ copper (I) (cuprous) Cu+ gold (I) (aurous) Au+ diamminesilver (I) Ag(NH3)2

+ hydronium H3O+

indium (I) In+ lithium Li+ potassium K+ silver Ag+ sodium Na+ thallium Tl+

2+ Name Symbol Name Symbol barium Ba2+ chloropentamminecobalt (III) Co(NH3)5Cl2

2+ beryllium Be2+ calcium Ca2+ iridium (II) Ir2+ chromium (II) (chromous) Cr2+ tetramminecopper (II) Cu(NH3)4

2+ cobalt (II) (cobaltous) Co2+ copper (II) (cupric) Cu2+ iron (II) (ferrous) Fe2+ magnesium Mg2+ lead (II) (plumbous) Pb2+ platinum (II) Pt2+ manganese (II) (manganous) Mn2+ strontium Sr2+ mercury (I) (mercurous) Hg2

2+ tin (II) Sn2+ mercury (II) (mercuric) Hg2+ titanium (II) Ti2+ nickel (II) (nickelous) Ni2+ tungsten (II) W2+ vanadium (II) V2+ zinc Zn2+ zirconium Zr2+

3+ Name Symbol Name Symbol aluminum Al3+ hexamminecobalt (III) Co(NH3)6

3+ boron B3+ antimony (III) (antimonous) Sb3+ gallium (III) Ga3+ arsenic (III) (arsenous) As3+ gold (III) (auric) Au3+ cerium (III) (cerrous) Ce3+ indium (III) In3+ chromium (III) (chromic) Cr3+ iridium (III) Ir3+ cobalt (III) (cobaltic) Co3+ iron (III) (ferric) Fe3+ manganese (III) Mn3+ phosporus (III) P3+ rhodium (III) Rh3+ thallium (III) Tl3+ uranium (III) U3+ titanium (III) Ti3+ vanadium (III) V3+

4+ Name Symbol Name Symbol germanium (IV) Ge4+ cerium (IV) (cerroussic) Ce4+ iridium (IV) Ir4+ lead (IV) (plumbic) Pb4+ platinum (IV) Pt4+ thorium (IV) Th4+ titanium (IV) Ti4+ tin (IV) (stannic) Sn4+ tungsten (IV) W4+ uranium (IV) U4+ vanadium (IV) V4+ zirconium (IV) Zr4+

5+ Name Symbol Name Symbol bismuth Bi5+ antimony (V) (antimonic) Sb5+ phosphorus (V) P5+ arsenic (V) (arsenic) As5+

MASTERING CHEMISTRY By-- S.K.SINHA

H.O-2 N 12 Rangbari Yojana , Kota B.O-1D 10 Talwandi main Road, Kota Ph-0744-2407906 Mo-93149-05055.

3

tungsten (V) W5+ uranium (V) U5+ vanadium (V) V5+

CHEMISTRY OXIDATION NUMBERS: ANIONS

1- Name Symbol Name Symbol acetate CH3COO- amide NH2

- azide N3

- benzoate C6H5COO- bromate BrO3

- bromide Br- chlorate ClO3

- chloride Cl- cyanate OCN- cyanide CN- fluoride F- dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4

- formate HCOO- hydride H- hypochlorite ClO- hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) HCO3

- iodate IO3

- hydrogen sulfide HS- iodide I- (bisulfide or hydrosulfide) nitrate NO3

- hydroxide (hydoxyl when aqueous) OH- nitrite NO2

- perchlorate ClO4-

permanganate MnO4- thiocyanate (thiocyanato) SCN-

triiodide I3- vanadate VO3

- chlorite ClO2

- hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) HSO4-

2-

Name Symbol Name Symbol carbide (saltlike) C2

2- carbonate CO32-

chromate CrO42- dichromate Cr2O7

2- imide NH2- hexachloroplatinate (IV) PtCl6

2- manganate MnO4

2- hexafluorosilicate SlF62-

metasilicate SiO32- monohydrogen phosphate HPO4

2- oxalate C2O4

2- oxide O2- peroxide O2

2- peroxydisulfate S2O82-

phthalate C8H4O42- polysulfide Sx

2- selenate SeO4

2- sulfate SO42-

sulfide S2- sulfite SO32-

tartrate C4H4O62- tellurate TeO4

2- tetraborate B4O7

2- thiosulfate S2O32-

tungstate WO42- zincate ZnO2

2-

3- aluminate AlO3

3- arsenate AsO43-

borate BO33- citrate C6H5O7

3- nitride N3- hexacyanoferrate (III) Fe(CN)6

3- phosphate PO4

3- (ferricyanide) phosphide P3-

4- carbide (covalent) C4- hexacyanoferrate (II) Fe(CN)6

4- orthosilicate SlO4

4- (ferrocyanide) pyrophosphate (diphosphate) P2O7

4-

5- tripolyphosphate P3O10

5-

MASTERING INORGANIC CHEMISTRY By-- S.K.SINHA

H.O-2 N 12 Rangbari Yojana , Kota B.O-1D 10 Talwandi main Road, Kota Ph-0744-2407906 Mo-93149-05055.

4

NAMING COMPLEX IONS Transition metal ions typically form coordination compounds which consist of a complex ion � a transition metal ion with attached ligands, and counter ions � cations or anions needed to produce a neutral compound. Example: [Ag(NH3)2]Cl In this case, [Ag(NH3)2]

+ is the complex ion consisting of the transition metal ion Ag+ and two attached neutral NH3 ligands. Note, when bringing together the complex ion with the counter ion, the complex ion is always enclosed in brackets [ ] while names of common ligands are enclosed in parenthesis ( ). The counter ion in this example is the chloride anion, Cl-.

Complex Ion Nomenclature: Complex cations, such as Cu(H2O)6

2+ , are named by giving the number and name of the groups attached to the central metallic atom followed by the name of the central atom, with its oxidation number indicated by a Roman numeral in parenthesis. The name of this complex cation above is hexaaquocopper(II). Complex anions, such as CoF6

3- , are named by giving the number and name of the groups attached to the central metallic atom followed by the name of the central atom, adding an �ate ending and its oxidation number in parentheses. The name of this complex anion above is hexafluorocobaltate(III). Ligands are ions or neutral molecules having lone electron pairs and act as Lewis bases. These lone electron pairs can be donated to the empty d orbitals of a transition metal ion, which in turn acts as an electron pair accepter, a Lewis acid. This electron pair sharing between metal and ligand is called a coordinate covalent bond. The number of bonds formed by metal ions to ligands in complex ions varies from two to eight depending on the charge, size, and electron configuration of the transition metal ion. This number of ligands attached to the central metal ion is referred to as the coordination number. Two, four and six are the most common coordination numbers. Often the number of ligands attached is two times the metal�s oxidation number.

Simplified IUPAC Rules for Naming Coordination Compounds: 1. As with ionic compounds, the cation is always named before the anion. 1. In naming a complex ion, the ligands are named before the metal ion. 2. In naming ligands, an -o is added to the root name of an anion. For a neutral ligand, the

name of the molecule is used, with the exception of H2O, NH3, CO and NO. Names of some common ligands are listed on the next page.

Anions Neutral Molecules Fluoro F- aqua H2O Chloro Cl- ammine NH3 Bromo Br- benzene C6H6 Iodo I- carbonyl CO

Carbonato CO32- ethylenediamine H2NCH2CH2NH2 or en

Cyano CN- methylamine CH3NH2 Hydrido H- dimethylamine (CH3)2NH Hydroxo OH- Nitrato NO3

- Nitro NO2

- Oxalate C2O4

2- Oxo O2-

Sulfato SO42-

Thiocyanato SCN- Azido N3

-

Thiosulfato S2O32-

MASTERING CHEMISTRY By-- S.K.SINHA

H.O-2 N 12 Rangbari Yojana , Kota B.O-1D 10 Talwandi main Road, Kota Ph-0744-2407906 Mo-93149-05055.

5

3. The prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa- are used to denote the number of simple ligands. The prefixes bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, etc., are also used, especially for more complicated ligands or ones that already contain di-, tri-, etc.

4. The oxidation state of the central metal ion is designated by a Roman numeral in parentheses.

5. When more than one type of ligand is present, they are named alphabetically. Prefixes do not affect the order.

6. If the complex ion has a negative charge, the suffix �ate is added to the name of the metal. Sometimes the Latin name is used to identify the metal.

Latin Names for Some Metal Ions Found in Anionic Complex Ions

copper cuprate gold aurate iron ferrate lead plumbate silver argentate

tin stannate 7. In the case of complex-ion, isomerism, the names cis or trans may precede the formula

of the complex-ion name to indicate the spatial arrangement of the ligands. Cis means the ligands occupy adjacent coordination positions; trans means opposite positions.

Examples of rules: [CrCl2(H2O)4]

+ tetraaquadichlorochromium (III)

[CrCl4(H2O)2]- diaquatetrachlorochromate (III)

[Cr(H2O)(NH3)5]3+ pentaammineaquachromium (III)

[Ga(OH)Cl3]- trichlorohydroxogallate (III)

cis-[PtBrCl(NO2)2]2- cis-bromochlorodinitroplatinate (II)

trans-[Co(OH)Clen2]+ trans-chlorobisethylenediaminehydroxo cobalt (III)

[Mn(CO)3(C6H6)]+ benzenetricarbonylmanganese (I)

[Ni(CO)4] tetracarbonylnickel (0)

[Zn(NH3)4]Cl2 tetraamminezinc chloride

NH4[AuCl4] ammonium tetrachloroaurate (I) Exercise: Name the following. Exercise: Write formulas for the following. 1. K4[Ni(CN)4] 1. potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) 2. (NH4)3[Fe(SCN)6] 2. sodium hexafluoroaluminate 3. Na2[Ni(CN)4] 3. Pentaaquabromomanganese(III) sulfate 4. [Fe(ox)3]

3- 4. hexaamminechromium(III) nitrate 5. [Co(NH3)5Cl]Br2 5. sodium tetrahydroxochromate(III) 6. [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl 6. trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt (III) chloride 7. [Pt(NH3)2]Cl2 7. hexaammineruthenium(III) tetrachloronickelate(II) 8. Na2[MoOCl4] 8. tetraamminecopper(II) pentacyanohydroxoferrate(III) 9. [Cr(H2O)6](NO3)3 9. potassium diaquatetrabromovanadate(III) 10. [Zn(en)2]Br2 10.diamminezinc iodide