Basic Hand Tools

Basic Hand Tools Basic Hand Tools

ELTCOLLISION REPAIR

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GoalsGoals• identify and describe use of identify and describe use of

common hand toolscommon hand tools• identify and describe use of vices identify and describe use of vices

and clampsand clamps• identify and describe use of identify and describe use of

selected specialty toolsselected specialty tools• describe safe use of toolsdescribe safe use of tools• describe maintenance and storage describe maintenance and storage

of toolsof tools

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¼ Inch Drive¼ Inch Drive

• Available in 6 or 12 point sockets

• Shallow, semi-deep and deep sockets available

• Maximum torque range is approx. 20 ft lbs.

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3/8 Drive3/8 Drive

• Sockets come in 6 and 12 point varieties

• Shallow, semi deep, and deep sockets

• Maximum torque range is approx. 60 ft lbs.

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Universals Universals

• Come in all sizes, ¼, 3/8, and ½”

• Impact or chrome finish

• Allow access to difficult to reach fasteners

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SocketsSockets

• Shallow• Semi-deep• Deep• 6 point• 12 point• Impact• Chrome

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Sockets Sockets

• Available in shallow, semi-deep and deep configurations

• Impact or chrome finish

• 6, 8, or 12 point types

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Identify Basic Hand ToolsIdentify Basic Hand Tools

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WrenchesWrenches

• Top quality wrenches are forged from fine-grade tool steel, machined to close tolerances, hardened and tempered for long service life.

• Types include open-end, box- end, combination box/open end, adjustable, socket and locking grip styles.

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Box open

Double open ended

Double box end

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Offset wrenchOffset wrench

40°

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6 and 12 point ends6 and 12 point ends

• See how much greater flexibility a 12 point box end gives the operator

• 12 point gives the advantage of moving the fastener in 30° degree increments as opposed to 60° for the 6 point

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Box-end WrenchesBox-end Wrenches

• Made to grip all sides of nut or bolt head• Prevents slippage• Must be slipped over the end of nut or

bolt-head• Box end wrenches will normally have

two different sizes per wrench• Size of wrench refers to nut or bolt head

dimensions

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Box-end WrenchesBox-end Wrenches

• Available as 6 or12 point design• 6 point gives better grip• 12 point gives more versatility as it

is only required to turn 300 to its next available position while 6 point must turn 600

• Available as ratchet design

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Open-end wrenchesOpen-end wrenches

• do not provide as strong a grip as a box-ended wrench

• slip on the nut or bolt head from the side• two flat surfaces parallel to each other hold

onto parallel sides of nut or bolt-head• tend to slip or round the corners if too

much pressure is required• easier to use most instances

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Double Open EndDouble Open End

• Wrench angle may vary from 15-80 degrees

• Wrench will have two different sizes listed on the handle

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Combination WrenchCombination Wrench

• box end on one end and open end on the other

• both ends will usually be the same size

• gives the advantage of wrench that will not slip as easily to start a nut, but one that is easier to slide on and off the nut once it has been loosened

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Adjustable WrenchAdjustable Wrench

• (crescent wrench)• has provision for adjusting the

opening for different size nuts or bolt heads

• length of wrench will correspond with jaw capacity

• do not use where components are tight and will require sizeable force to break them free

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• unless jaw is tightened to nut, etc, there is potential for slipping on fastener, which will usually damage fastener

• do not use on brass or soft material

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• for light loads can be used in either direction

• greatest strength is with pressure being applied to side of wrench with fixed jaw

• adjustment mechanism should be cleaned periodically and lightly oiled

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Tubing WrenchTubing Wrench

• half way between a box-end and combination wrench

• designed to grab on five of the six sides of a fitting

• especially designed for used on line fittings

• always use for brass and copper fittings

• less chance of damage to fitting

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Socket WrenchSocket Wrench

• come in a great variety• designed to fit around the fastener

and give force to all sides• will fit into recesses• have swivel attachments• deep sockets where longer number

of threads are showing

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Socket WrenchSocket Wrench

• different number of points available• 4 and 8 point sockets are designed

for 4 sided fasteners• 6 and 12 point sockets are designed

for 6 sided fasteners• 4 and 6 point sockets will be stronger

because of the amount of metal

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Socket WrenchSocket Wrench• two types of construction - regular and

impact• impact sockets are designed for use with

impact wrenches• thicker walls and heavier construction

allow them to absorb the shock of an impact gun

• impact sockets are not chrome plated as the plating may crack and flake off

• never use regular sockets with impact tool

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Socket WrenchSocket Wrench• sockets attach to a handle with a square

drive• common drive sizes range from 1/4” to

3/4”• drive handle are the same for both

metric and imperial• several types of handles available• flex handle, ratchet, speed • many adapters available• extensions, u-joints etc.

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Pipe WrenchPipe Wrench• used for turning pipe and other round

objects• teeth on the jaw will dig into the the

material being tightened and may damage it

• do not use a pipe wrench to turn a bolt or a nut unless the components is already damaged

• do no use on hardened surfaces - may dull or chip the jaw teeth

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Hexagon Key WrenchHexagon Key Wrench(Allen Wrench)(Allen Wrench)

• Six sides - L-shaped • fit into a hexagon hole in a Allen

screw• available as imperial or metric• sized according to distance

between parallel sides• available as socket style wrenches

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Hexagon Key WrenchHexagon Key Wrench(Allen Wrench)(Allen Wrench)

• use the short end of the wrench on the screw for breaking loose or final tightening

• use the long end of the wrench in the screw to spin the tools quickly for fast removal and install of allen screw

• Allen screws usually need to be only released one or two turns to loosen the part they are holding

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Maintaining WrenchesMaintaining Wrenches

• Keep clean - dirty wrenches can slip and cause damage and contamination of the work piece

• Always use the correct size and type of wrench for the job

• Do not use a hammer on a wrench• Do not use a pipe or other means of

extending a wrench for greater leverage

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Maintaining Wrenches Maintaining Wrenches (cont’d)(cont’d)

• Adjustable wrenches and pipe wrenches should be cleaned and lightly oiled

• Do not use a wrench as a hammer• Do not use a socket as a bushing driver• Hexagon or Allen wrenches can be

reconditioned when the tip becomes damaged

• Grind back to obtain a true hexagon shape

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Maintaining Wrenches Maintaining Wrenches (cont’d)(cont’d)

• Hexagon or Allen wrenches can be reconditioned when the tip becomes damaged

• Grind back to obtain a true hexagon size and shape

• Keep cool during grinding to avoid removing temper

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PliersPliers

• pliers available as many different types and sizes

• used for holding, gripping, cutting, and crimping

• usually forged from hardened steel and then machined

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Slip-joint PliersSlip-joint Pliers

• most common general purpose pliers• adjusted to two size of jaw openings• jaws have hardened cross teeth to

help in gripping the object• jaws can damage soft materials• never use pliers for turning nuts or

bolts• teeth will round off corners and

damage bolt or nut

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Interlocking Slip-joint Interlocking Slip-joint PliersPliers

• commonly referred to as water pump pliers or channel locks

• can be opened to a number of positions while keeping the jaws parallel with each other

• longer handles to aid in gripping when opened for larger objects

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Needle-nose PliersNeedle-nose Pliers

• available in a variety of sizes• some incorporate a wire cutter• used to hold objects that are in

tight confines, etc.• available as round nose pliers• useful for bending wires into

curves

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Side Cutting PliersSide Cutting Pliers

• diagonal cut head or face• hardened steel cutting edges• allow to cut wire etc. close to the

surface

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Locking PliersLocking Pliers

• commonly called vise-grips• useful for holding panels or sheet

metal in place • can hold objects in place when you

are working alone and cannot reach both inside and outside at same time

• Very common in Collision Repair• straight, curved, needle nose, flat

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Specialized PliersSpecialized Pliers

• many different types of pliers available

• electrical pliers (cutters, strippers and crimpers)

• battery terminal pliers• ignition pliers• snap ring pliers

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Electrical PliersElectrical Pliers

• Cutters, strippers and crimpers• available for different types of wire• some are multi-function• better quality units are individual

such as stripper or cutter only

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Snap Ring PliersSnap Ring Pliers

• two types - external snap rings and external snap rings

• internal snap rings require contracting jaws• external snap rings require expanding jaws• some will have serrated jaw surfaces to

prevent the snap ring from slipping, while others have tips on the end of the jaws to fit in holes in the snap rings

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Metal Cutting SnipsMetal Cutting Snips

• Available in several different styles• Aviation snips come in red, green

and yellow• red and green typically to cut

curves• red and green cutting different

directions of curve

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Metal Cutting Snips Metal Cutting Snips (cont’d)(cont’d)

• Using these snips the jaws are curved so that the metal being cut off will curve up out of the way

• the whole snip, except lower jaw will be above the material being cut

• this will mean that you do need both red and green depending on the direction that you are cutting through the material

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Metal Cutting Tools

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Metal Cutting ToolsMetal Cutting Tools

Aviation Shears Tin Snips

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Maintaining PliersMaintaining Pliers

• Pliers are not made to withstand pressures greater than normal hand pressure

• Never attempt to cut large screws or bolts with electrical or side cutter pliers

• Never attempt to cut hardened material with pliers

• Never put excessive side pressure on needle-nose pliers

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Maintaining Pliers (cont’d)Maintaining Pliers (cont’d)

• Never use pliers for turning nuts and bolts, as the teeth will round off the corners and damage the nut or bolt

• Lubricate the swivel point with a light oil

• Keep the pliers clean

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ScrewdriversScrewdrivers

• great variety of screwdrivers types and sizes available

• length of screwdriver is measured form to to where handle joins the blade

• shorter screwdrivers known as stubbies• most screwdrivers bits available for

screw guns or as socket wrenches

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Blade ScrewdriversBlade Screwdrivers

• blade screwdrivers are made to fit screws with a single slot

• size of screw head and slot are the deciding factors for the screwdriver selection

• screwdriver blade should fit the slot both in width and depth

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Blade ScrewdriversBlade Screwdrivers

• too thin of a blade is likely to damage the screwdriver

• too thick of a blade is likely to damage the screw

• too wide of a blade is likely to damage the material around the screw head

• too narrow of a blade is likely to damage the screwdriver

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Phillips ScrewdriversPhillips Screwdrivers

• tip is shaped as an X or cross• the size of the screwdriver blade must

correspond to the size of the screw head

• sizes 0, 1, 2, 3, & 4 available• 0 being the smallest and 4 being the

largest• using the wrong size screwdriver may

damage screw, screwdriver and surface

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Robertson ScrewdriversRobertson Screwdrivers

• tips in the shape of a square with screw having a recess for tip

• size of screwdriver must correspond to the size of screw

• sizes 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, & 4 available• handles are color coordinated for

ease of selection

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Robertson ScrewdriversRobertson Screwdrivers

• orange 00 no. 1 & 2 screws• yellow 0 no. 3 & 4 screws• green 1 no. 5, 6, & 7 screws• red 2 no. 8, 9, & 10 screws• black 3 no. 12 & 14 screws• black 4 no. 16 & larger

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Clutch ScrewdriversClutch Screwdrivers

• screwdriver head and tip must match

• not common in the automotive industry

• some U.S. built RV coaches use them

• available in 6 sizes from 3/32” to 5/16”

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Torx ScrewdriversTorx Screwdrivers

• screw head and screwdriver tip must match

• looks like an allen wrench will fit, but they are not compatible

• very strong type of head• available as socket wrenches for a

more positive drive even with impact drivers

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Maintaining ScrewdriversMaintaining Screwdrivers• Always use the right type of screwdriver

for the screw• Always use the right size of screwdriver

head for the screw• Never use a screwdriver as a punch,

prying tool, scraper of chisel• screwdrivers that are damaged or the

wrong size or type may damage the user or the material being worked on or the screw head

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Maintaining Screwdrivers Maintaining Screwdrivers (cont’d)(cont’d)

• Screwdriver bits are available for use in reversible drills

• Screwdriver bits are also available as sockets, to enable you to put more torque on a fitting

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Drill bitsDrill bits

• Drill bits are available in clockwise and counter clockwise rotation for different applications– boring holes, bolt extraction

• Other types may have specific applications for cutting different materials– metal, plastic, wood

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Common Body Shop Drill Common Body Shop Drill BitsBits

• Conventional bit

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Stepped Drill BitStepped Drill Bit

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Twist drillTwist drill

lip clearance angle

margin

land

flute

cutting lip

flute

dead centre

10-12°

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Twist DrillTwist Drill

Basic Hand Tools

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