BASIC GEOGRAPHYGeography is the study of the relationship between people and their physical environment The name geography comes from GEO meaning earth and GRAPHICA meaning description.

2 Branches of GeographyPhysical GeographyStudy of earths physical processesGeology rocks and earth formations Environmental science human interaction with the environmentTopography earths featuresCartography map making.Human (Cultural) GeographyCharacteristics of human activitiesPolitics governmentsHistory significant eventsEconomics how use resourcesSociology human societiesUrban citiesDemographics human population statistics

7 continents Africa, Asia, Antarctica, South America, North America, Europe & Australia5 Oceans Southern, Arctic, Pacific, Indian, Atlantic

Globe - Scale model of the earth.YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL OF THE VOCABULARY ON PAGES 14 15!

Zero Degrees Latitude is the EquatorNumbers get higher the further North or South you move away from the Equator90 Degree North (North Pole)90 Degrees South (South Pole)AKA: ParallelsLatitude lines measure North or South of the Equator

MEMORIZE THESE LINES!! KNOW: Equator, 2 Tropics, 2 Circles, 2 Poles and their latitudes!!!!

AKA- MeridiansZero Degrees longitude is the Prime Meridian. 180 degrees East or West is the International Date LineBy international agreement - 0 degrees longitude runs through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, EnglandNumbers get higher the farther you move either East of WestLongitude lines measure East or West of the Prime Meridian

HemisheresIf you cut the Earth through the Equator you would get two halves, the Northern and Southern HemisphereIf you cut the Earth through the Prime Meridian you would get two halves, the Western and Eastern HemisphereThe US is in the Western Hemisphere and the Northern HemisphereEach degree of the earth is equal to 1/360 of the earth. Each degree is divided into 60 minutes (). Each minute = 60 seconds ()

Globes to MapsHow do you make a sphere flat?Cartographer- MapmakersThree basic categories are;Planar, Cylindrical, Conic(Go-cartographer)Goodes Interrupted Equal-Area Projection MapAll maps have distortion because you are trying to take a 3-D sphere and make it into a flat map. Distance, direction, shape, and size of land masses can be distorted.

Planar Projection (Azimuthal)Pros- 1) Accurate at center 2) Every line is a line of true direction and represent the shortest distanceCons- 1) Distorts shape

Pros- 1) Accurate near the equator 2) Shows direction and true shapeCons- 1) Distorted near polesCylindrical

Pros- 1) Limited east-west areas not too far from the Equator 2) Indicates distances and directions fairly accuratelyCons- 1) Distorts toward poles 2) Only shows one hemisphere at a timeConic

Common Map ProjectionsWinkle-Tripel Projection- good balance of size and shape of land areas. The poles have little distortion. National Geographic Society adopted this map type as the standard in 1998. Computer generated

Robinson Projection- Little distortion, most distortion appear at poles. More oval than Winkle-Tripel. Computer generated.

Goodes Interrupted Equal-Area Projection- True size and shape of land, but distances are distorted

Mercator Projection- Accurate at equator, but distorts size and distance as you move away from equator. Accurately shows true direction, good for sea travel and navigation.

Map ScaleSmall Scale Maps- Show large area with little detailLarge Scale Maps- Show small area with a lot of detail

Reading a Map see Pg 8-9Physical Maps- Show topography (shape) of earths physical featuresPolitical Maps- Show boundaries between countries. Also may show cities, capitals, roads, railroads. Think man made!Emphasize a single idea or a particular kind of informationShow a wide variety of informationEconomic Activity Map- Shows the distribution of land use and natural resources.

Where lines of latitude and longitude cross they form a pattern known as a GRID SYSTEM.Absolute Location- a place found at a precise pointRelative Location- is the location of one place in relation to anotherEx.) Toyko, Japan is at 36 N Latitude and 140 E LongitudeEx.) Sonic is across the street from Kroger(a global address)

Pizza Hut is near the pyramids in Egypt

Parts of the MapT Title (top of map where, what type of map, and when it is showing)O Orientation (compass rose n,s,w,e)D Date created (bottom right corner)A Author (who made it bottom right corner)L Legend (key)S Scale (how big is the map compared to real life)S Source (where did you get your information)I is index of all the places on the map and G is the grid.

Places and RegionsPlace- a particular space with physical and human meaning.Region- areas united by specific factorsFormal (uniform)- common characteristic such as a productEx.- The Cornbelt

Functional- is an urban central point (core) and surrounding area (periphery) that are connected to it.Ex- New Caney is in Houstons functional region

Perceptual- is defined by popular feelings and imagesEx.- Heartland

Great Circle RoutesShortest distance between two points on a map!Maps distort distance, for example it may look shorter to travel between two areas on a map than it really is.

Take notes on this link:http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/analyzing/maps/analyzingmapsintro.html