Basic Entomology Master Gardener Training€¦ · –Integrated Pest Management . Insect...
Transcript of Basic Entomology Master Gardener Training€¦ · –Integrated Pest Management . Insect...
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Basic Entomology
Master Gardener Training
Dan Nortman
Extension Agent, ANR-Horticulture
York/ Poquoson
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What is an insect?
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Exoskeleton
• Regulates water
• Provides structure
• Waxy coating acts in a protective manner
• Represents evolution
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Six Legs
Usually specialized for the
insect’s lifestyle
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Wings
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Size
.17 mm
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Antennae
How insects taste the world around them and communicate with each other
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Taxonomy
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Class: Insecta
• Order: ~32 (Coleoptera)
• Family: >700
(Curculionidae)
• Genus
• Species
Specific epithet:
Conotrachelus nenuphar
How many? 1-10million
Plum Curculio
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Arthropods
• Hard shell
(exoskeleton)
• Body
segmentation
• Jointed legs
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Non-insect Arthropods
• Crustacea
• Arachnida
• Symphyla
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Non-insect Arthropods
• Chilopoda
• Diplopoda
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Non-insect Arthropods
• Crustaceans- Isopods- 5pr. Legs
• Arachnids- spiders, ets.- 4 pr. Legs
• Symphyla- Small, many legs, translucent
• Chilopoda- “one-leg” (one leg per
segment)- flat in x-section
• Diplopoda- “two-leg” (double legs per
segment)- round in x-section
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Arachnids- Spiders
• Predatory
• Venemous- rarely
enough to kill or do
serious harm
• Two body segments
• Beneficial generalist
predators
– Inefficient
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Arachnids- Opiliones
• Harvestmen, daddy
longlegs
• Detritivores
• No venom
• One body segment
(fused abdomen and
cephalothorax)
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Arachnids- Ticks
• Two body segments,
though hard to tell
• Very common human
and animal pests
• Lyme disease
– Only Black legged
(deer) tick
Dog Tick
Deer Tick
Lone Star Tick
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Arachnids- Mites
• Many niches
• Some serious plant
pests
• Eight legs, one body
segment
• European red mite
• Two spotted spider
mite
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Spruce mite on arborvitae
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Spruce mite on Fraser fir
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Spruce spider mite
• Overwinter as eggs
• Egg hatch begins at 20 C
• Optimum 26 C, 50-60% RH
• 10 generations annually
• High mortality at higher temperatures
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Checking for Spider Mites
• Monitor
– Hot sites
• Check for mites
– Tap test
• Treat
– At peak of activity
• Avoid
– Planting in hot sites
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Southern red mite
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Two-spotted spider mite
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Oak mite damage
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Chilopoda
• Centipedes
• Predators
• No dangerous
species in VA
• Some tropical species
are dangerous
• Common: house
centipede
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Diplopoda
• Millipedes- 2 legs per
segment
• Feed on decaying
plant material
• Not really a pest
• Overwintering
irritation
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Exoskeleton
• Regulates water
• Provides structure
• Waxy coating acts in a protective manner
• Represents evolution
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Six Legs
Usually specialized for the
insect’s lifestyle
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Wings
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Antennae
How insects taste the world around them and communicate with each other
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Life Cycle Three ways
No metamorphosis
Incomplete/ Gradual
metamorphosis
Complete
metamorphosis
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Why are insects important?
• Biodiversity
• Indicators of pollution
• Medical/ Human health
• Urban pests
• Animal health and happiness
• Crop production
– Pollination
– Integrated Pest Management
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Insect identification
• Why is it important?
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Thrips: General Pests: • Thrips are common pests of
beans and many other crops
including greenhouses.
• yellow spotting
• feed in buds
• distorted pods and fruit
• insecticidal soap, etc.
• common in dry years
• will bite
Thysanoptera
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Hemiptera and Homoptera Mouthparts
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“Homoptera”: Aphids
• Piercing mouthparts
• Honeydew
• Reduce vigor
• Many different
species and hosts
• Tended by ants
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Aphids
note “tail pipes” life stages
distortion of birch leaf
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Aphids
• Monitor for distorted
foliage
• Monitor for
honeydew, sooty
mold
• Monitor for natural
enemies
• Apply insecticidal
soaps
• Apply synthetic
insecticides
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Homoptera: Scale insects Sedentary, Piercing mouthparts, hatchlings are the
only mobile stage (“crawlers”)
• Armored scales
– Small (1/8th
inch)
– Shield
– Crawlers
– Dormant oil
• Soft Scales
– Larger (1/4 inch)
– Hemispherical
– Crawlers
– Dormant oil
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Soft scale: Cottony maple scale
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Cottony maple scale
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Soft scale: Wax scale
adult scales infested boxwood
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Homoptera, Soft scale:
Oak lecanium scale
scale with crawlers
infested branch
parasitic wasp
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Homoptera: Armored scales
gloomy scale obscure scale
tea scale
parasitic
wasp
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Euonymus
scale
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Armored Scales – Oystershell Scale Lepidosaphes ulmi
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Armored Scales – San Jose Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
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Scale control, generally
• Monitor for sooty mold
• Monitor for natural enemies
• Apply horticultural oils in winter
• Avoid pesticides when predators are active
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Scale Control
• Euonymous scale- May 10-20 July 5-15
• Lecanium scale- June 15-20
• Oak Kermes- June 10-15
• Oystershell Scale- May 5-20, July 20-25
• White Peach Scale- May 1-10; July 5-15;
and September 1-10
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Hemiptera: Piercing
mouthparts,
hemielytra type wings
• Examples: Stink Bugs and Leaffooted bugs
• General Pests
• Common late summer feeders on fruits and pods
• white halos
• reduce weeds
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Pantatomidae: Stink bug
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Harlequin bug
http://insects.tamu.edu/images/insects/color/harleq2.jpg
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Hemiptera:
Harlequin bug • Harlequin bugs are
common on kale,
mustard, and other
crucifers (cole crops)
including weeds.
• Type of stink bug
• yellow spots
• OW as adults
• clean plow in fall, remove
weeds.
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Harlequin bug, adult
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Hemiptera:
Squash bug • Squash bug is common in
spring and late summer
• all cucurbits
• row covers in spring
• Proper fertilization
• Removal and destruction
of crop debris after
harvest
• egg masses can be hand-
picked
• trap with boards, squash
bugs in AM
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http://www.uidaho.edu/so-
id/entomology/Home_&_Garden/squash%20
bug.jpg
Squash bug, Hemiptera, Coreidae
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Hemiptera: Azalea lace bug
life stages
damage to azalea
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Azalea Lace Bug
• Monitor
– Overwintering population
– Adult emergence
• Selective spraying (sunny areas)
• Follow-up monitoring
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Dermaptera
• Earwigs
• Very short front wings, with complex folding of hind wings
• Pincers
• Not a serious pest, but will thrive in groundcover
• Can damage mature fruits
• Trapping them in upturned flower pot with newspaper
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Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings hard or
leathery- elytra
• Larva are grublike,
generally
• About 25% of all life
• 350,000 described, 3-
8 million estimated
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Coleoptera: Beetles. Chewing mouthparts
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Coleoptera
• Scarabaeidae
• Buprestidae
• Cerambycidae
• Curculionidae
• Coccinellidae
• Meloidae
• Chrysomelidae
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Scarabaeidae
• Scarab beetles
• Lamellate antennae
• Leaf feeders, some decomposers
• Common landscape and garden pests: – Japanese beetle
– Rose chafer
– Lawn grubs
– June beetles
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Japanese beetle
• Very wide host range
• Foliar devastation-
Rosaceae
• Lawn trouble
• Lawn insecticides-
targeting grubs
• Milky spore- works
selectively
• Exclusion- Hand
pollination may be
required
• Shake into a soapy
bucket
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Japanese beetles
adults feeding on leaf
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Japanese Beetle
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Buprestidae
• Flat headed borers
• Flat in profile
• Often very metallic
and pretty
• Most bore into dead,
dying trees
• Some attack healthy
trees
– Apple tree borer
– Emerald ash borer
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Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)
In the wake of
Chestnut blight
& Hemlock
Wooly Adelgid
is EAB
Virginia’s next
tree/forest
disaster?
• Killed more than 40 million ash trees in southeastern
Michigan alone, with tens of millions more lost in OH, IL, IN, PA,
WV, MO, WI and VA.
• Cost municipalities, property owners, nursery operators and forest
products industries tens of millions of dollars.
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Emerald Ash Borer: What to Look for
D-shaped emergence holes
Epicormic branching
Galleries Branch dieback
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Cerambycidae
• Long horned beetles – Have very long
antennae
• Also wood borers
• Round in x-section
• Many minor pests that can become serious – Oak borer
– Locust borer
– Twig girdler
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Cerambycidae
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Roundheaded
Borers
Adults are called
longhorned beetles,
larvae are called
roundheaded borers
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Twig Girdler
• Chews a ring on a twig to feed and lay an egg
• Twig dies, larvae develops in dead part
• Twig falls off of tree
• Many hosts – Pecan, hickory, oak
• Collect and burn fallen twigs
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Borers • Look
– Early color change
– Dead branches
– Loose bark
– Sawdust
• Remove – Infested trees
– debark
• Treat – Neighboring trees of same species
• Secondary pests – Attracted to dead and dying trees
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Curculionidae
• Two groups
– Weevils
– Bark beetles
• Weevils have snout,
bark beetles don’t
• Weevils feed on plant
material
• Bark beetles are
pests in wood
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Weevils
• Wide variety of hosts
• Some common pests – Boll weevil
– Plum curculio
• Common in stored grains
• Botanical insecticides
• Not usually a problem for the home gardener
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Bark Beetles
• Small, brownish
beetles
• Some eat wood
• Others eat fungus
that they “farm”
• Systemic
insecticides are
best
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Damage comparison
Bark Beetle Buprestid
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Coccinellidae
• Ladybird beetles
• Most are predator
– Extremely valuable
– Aphids, scales,
whiteflies, etc.
• One pest- Mexican
bean beetle
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Mexican Bean Beetle
• Can be devastating in
large numbers
• Attacks most legumes
• Promoting biocontrol
is the best option, but
several insecticides
are available
• Planting early can
also help
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Meloidae
• Blister beetles
• Spanish Fly
• Leathery elytra
• “Fleshy” bodies
• Occasional pests
• Botanical insecticides
are effective, most
general use
insecticides
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Colorado Potato Beetle
• Orange and black
stripes on elytra
• Very, very destructive
• Prone to resistance
• The bane and funding
source of many, many
entomologists
• Handpick
• Bt, Neem
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Neuroptera
• Lacewings
• “Little gator” larvae
• Adults feed on nectar
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Lepidoptera: What is a
Caterpillar?
2-5
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Eastern tent caterpillar
larva
eggs
tent
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Eastern tent caterpillar: pest of wild
cherry and some fruit trees • Trees will put out leaves again
• Prune egg masses Nov.-Mar.
• Remove small tents manually
• Apply insecticides to tents
• Migrating last instar larvae cannot be controlled
• Recreational caterpillar burning: DO NOT torch tents
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Gypsy moth
mature larva
laying eggs
defoliated forest
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Gypsy moth -
treatments
pheromone traps
trapping with burlap bands
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Fall Webworm
• Highly
Polyphagous
• Loves Pecan
• Damage
unsightly, but
usually negligible
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larva
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Lepidoptera: Bagworms
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Bagworm
• Monitor degree of infestation
• Handpick overwintering bags
• Monitor egg hatch beginning in May
• Apply microbial insecticides
• Apply synthetic insecticides
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http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/veg/pics/icw2.jpg
Imported cabbageworm:
Lepidoptera
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Squash Vine borer
• Squash vine borer
found on most
cucurbits
• Lepidoptera
• 2 generations/year
• row covers
• cut out worms
• dirt every 4-6 feet
• insecticides ASAP
after seeing damage
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http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/
dp_hfrr/HortImage/Squash
%20Vine%20Borer%20La
rva.gif
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Tomato
Hornworm
• Tomato hornworms are
late summer defoliators
• hand-pick, keep
parasitized worms
• Tobacco hornworm,
Manduca sexta
• Tomato hornworm,
Manduca
quinquemaculata
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Tomato hornworm parasites
Photo form Stuart Sutphin
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Sesiidae
• Clearwing moths
• Borers
• Common tree fruit
borers
– Peachtree borer
– Plum borer
– Dogwood borer
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Sesiidae
• Look
– Damage esp. at graft
sites
– Trap for moths if you
suspect a problem
• Treat
– Flying moths that have
not laid eggs (timing)
– Treat at sites when
moths reach
thresholds
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Hymenoptera
• Bees, wasps, sawflies
• Important beneficials
– Pollinators
– Parasitoid wasps
• Major pest: sawflies
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Parasitoid wasps
• Braconidae
• Ichneumonidae
• Trichogrammatidae
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Sawflies
• Pests of evergreens
and other plants
• Caterpillar like larvae
• 6+ pairs of prolegs
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Diptera
• Flies
• Two wings
• Few common garden pests
– Seed corn maggot
– Fruit flies
• Several important beneficial
– Syrphid fly
– Cecidomyiids
– Tachinids
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Syrphid Fly
• Larvae are excellent
predators
• Adults are nectar
feeders
– Bee mimics
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Cecidomyiid larvae
• Small larvae, excellent predators
• Predatory Midge
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Tachinids
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Dan Nortman
Virginia Cooperative Extension
Extension, Agriculture and Natural
Resources, Horticulture
100 County Drive, Yorktown, VA
757-898-4940