Basic Education Project for Northern Sudan

Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

1. Introduction

1.1 Background The educational system in Sudan operates within a framework of decentralization. Directorates of Education in localities are responsible for pre-school and basic education including school infrastructure, teacher recruitment and management. Education Councils are important institutions at the school level ensuring popular participation in school supervision, maintenance, housing for teachers, etc. State Governments are responsible for secondary education while higher education comes under the purview of the federal government. Sudan education system consists of three levels: two years of pre-school; eight years of compulsory basic education; followed by three years of general or technical secondary education. The Sudan has achieved considerable improvements in human indicators in the last few years, yet at its income level, it is way below its comparators with less than 72 % Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) and 66% Net Enrollment Rate (NER) in basic education. These figures however do not tell the full story of the large disparities amongst and within states. The highest GERs in North Sudan reach up to 81.5% in the Northern State, and the lowest is in Kassala at 33.1%. The disadvantaged in terms of access to quality education include nomadic population, returnees, and IDPs. A recently concluded base line survey conducted by the Federal Ministry of Education with support from the UNICEF and finance from the European Commission highlights inequality, geographical and gender disparities as the key problems within the system. Compared to other countries at the same income level, Sudan has a low public spending on education at less than 1.5% of GDP and less than 3% of public expenditures. Over 90% of this public expenditure is for recurrent expenditures and less than 10% for development expenditure. Private expenditures however represent a major source of funding for the sector. Organizational and management capacity to develop and monitor progress in the education sector in Sudan is weak demonstrated by the manual collection of basic educational statistics. Capacity and skill to manage and monitor the system at different levels of government is limited. Teacher management is specifically an issue with no clear strategy for teacher deployment within states and across localities. To summarize, immediate challenges to developing education for the Government of National Unity (GoNU) include: (i) Inadequate schools and learning spaces, especially in war-affected areas; (ii) Non-optimal teacher deployment and low level of teacher qualification; (iii) Non existence of a systematic in-service training scheme; and (iv) Lack of a reliable system for monitoring educational outcomes. 1.2 Government Strategy

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The GoNU is committed to developing its education sector and to providing universal access to quality education in both primary and secondary education. The Government also realizes that this cannot be achieved without a considerable increase in public resources allocated to the education sector. The Five year (2007-2011) Education Sector Strategic Plan based on the 2001 Education Act of the GoNU directs activities in the sector. The Plan expresses the country’s commitment to the EFA goals and outlines activities to meet the MDG targets by 2015. Goals include:

• Closing the gender gap and reducing regional imbalances; • Ensuring universal primary education; • Improving quality and relevance by revising the national curriculum; • Improving efficiency; and • Expanding the role of the private sector in education.

The MDTF-N will assist GoNU in making progress toward the MDG goals. .The MDTF will support four States (Red Sea, South Kordufan, North Kordufan, and Blue Nile) in improving enrollment and enhancing the quality of basic education. The four states were chosen because of their low enrollment rates, high gender gap and the willingness of the state governments to support education activities. By supporting activities in these four states, the purpose of this MDTF-N project is to reduce disparity in terms of key educational outcomes in northern Sudan. Past experience under the MDTF indicate that direct support to the state levels is likely to produce faster results and stimulate more work in the states. At the system level, the project will also support the on-going process to revisit the basic education curriculum and support an update to the curriculum framework of the faculties of education. A number of UN agencies and NGOs support the GoNU with school feeding programs, reproductive health education, and building government capacity. The Federal and state Ministries of Education, in some cases with support from international NGOs, are also active in providing education services to vulnerable groups using alternative education and informal education programs. 1.3 Project Development Objective (PDO) The PDO is to increase access to improved basic education in four selected states in northern Sudan. By the end of this project, information on the following PDO indicators will demonstrate the

extent to which the PDO has been achieved:

• Students enrolled in primary education in selected schools. (number of boys and girls).

• Average number of days operational for schools supported.• Percentage of teachers evaluated positively following in-service training in the

four states. This report has been prepared to develop and implement Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the project. The report provides guidance in identifying environmental assessment issues and management needs for the various activities that are funded by the Basic Education Project under its different components.

2. Project components Component (1): Enhancing Access to Basic Education (US$5.006 million) this component will support the rehabilitation, additions of classrooms, offices or teachers’ housing to existing schools, and the construction of new schools in selected localities in the four states. The component will focus on areas that will boost girls’ education by using criteria that favors areas where interventions will enhance girls’ access. The physical upgrading of these education facilities, as well as contributing to motivating teachers to stay in remote areas by constructing or upgrading some teacher housing facilities should have a positive impact on retention rates on the medium and long term. Three localities in each state (except for North Kordufan where the component will work in only two localities) have been identified. The schools where the component will work have been finalized. It is important to note that interventions will not necessarily be in the form of a full school construction. In some cases, classrooms will be added, teachers housing, toilets…etc. A full list of the types of interventions in every school has been compiled.

Component (2): Contributing to enhancing the quality of basic education (US$ 7.49 million). Under this component, the project will have three main sub-components: Component 2:1. Curriculum reform (US$0.325million). The first sub-component of component two will support two activities. Firstly, funds will be provided for the evaluation of the basic education curriculum. The objective of assessing the basic education curriculum is to develop an initial draft of a national curriculum framework for discussion by both north and south Sudan. The basic education curriculum was developed in 1996. The quality and relevance of this curriculum is unclear especially in the light of the CPA. This sub-component will support the evaluation of the existing curriculum by establishing subject specific committees and a steering committee to head this effort. The objective of this evaluation is to develop a first draft of the national curriculum framework to address the post conflict environment in Sudan.

Secondly, the component will provide support for a forum to discuss the relevance of the pre-service teacher training curriculum. According to the policy introduced in the early 1990’s, primary school teachers in Sudan are expected to have a Bachelor of Education (B.ed) degree. The curriculum used by the Faculties of Education to train teachers in the B.ed program is unsatisfactory. The MoGE has been indicating that there is a lack of professional teaching skills amongst graduates of the FoEs. Finance will be provided for a multiday workshop to bring together deans of FoEs, professors in education and academic subjects, basic education experts, and teacher training experts. This group will discuss the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the curriculum of the FoEs, its relationship with the basic education curriculum, and come up with a process to develop a new framework for this curriculum. Component 2:2 In-service teacher training (US$3.097million). The second sub-component of the second component will provide in-service training in Arabic, English, mathematics, and core programs to about 12,300 primary school teachers in the four states. Training modules in the four subjects were developed by the “In-service Education Training Institute (ISETI)” of the MoGE. The modules are organized with about four

hours of training per day. The purpose of the in-service training is to improve the knowledge and abilities of teachers to analyze the curriculum and to better instruct students in listening, reading, speaking and writing in the subject areas. Training is to be provided to teachers with only secondary education as their subject content knowledge is weak and university trained teachers without significant exposure to instructing young children. The length of the training varies from 15 to 21 days across the states. A pre and post training questionnaire will be administered to understand and measure the effectiveness of the training. Component 2-3 Physical upgrading to a number of TTIs in the four states (US$4.067million) to increase the capacity of training and enhance the learning environment in these institutes. The TTIs to be supported by the project have been identified. Those are Al-Dalang TTI in South Kordufan (rehabilitations and additions), Ganoub Al-Roseirus TTI in Blue Nile (new), Al-Obied TTI in North Kordufan (additions and rehabilitation), and Port Sudan TTI in Res Sea State (new). These institutes are the main and only in-service teachers training in the states. They are usually staffed with a director and a teaching staff or around 6-8 trainers. The trainers’ force in each state includes more trainers who usually have other jobs in the education system (like instructors or head teachers). Those are normally mobilized whenever a training event is organized. These trainers are trained by the ISETI in Khartoum and are familiar with the training modules available, each in his/her subject matter. Component 3: Monitoring, Evaluation and Project Management (US$2.35million). This component will support a mechanism to ensure that a baseline is collected in the areas of interventions, and project’s monitoring and outcome indicators are assessed. The component will also finance the project coordination teams at the central and states’ level as well as operational costs related project implementation.

Operational Costs. The component will also finance the implementation structures at the central and states’ levels. Those financed will all be out of the public service and recruited on competitive basis. Operational costs will also cover the management costs of the CDF and the Engineering Office in Red Sea States, operational travel expenses and the costs of workshops during the project. A compensation structure for project staff will be developed as part of the OPM for the project. The OPM will also include all procedures regarding travel costs, workshops…etc.

3. Project location The project will be implemented in selected communities in the fours states of Red Sea, South Kordufan, North Kordufan, and Blue Nile.

4. Implementation Arrangement Overall Coordination and Oversight. The project will establish an overall Project Steering Committee (PSC) at the Federal level. This PSC will be chaired by the MoGE’s Under Secretary. The PSC will have the overall oversight responsibility for the project and will help solving implementation issues as the project progresses. The committee will not have executive responsibilities but will ensure overall guidance and adherence to project objectives and activities. The committee will meet quarterly, and may have other meetings upon request from the chair or at least half of the members. The implementation structure will include a Central Coordination Unit (CCU) in Khartoum that will be headed by the Federal Project Coordinator (FPC). The FPC will be the overall coordinator for project’s activities. The FPC will be the secretary of the PSC. Besides the FPC, the CCU will include a curriculum coordinator who will be responsible for component 2.1 and based in the NCCER, a M&E Officer, a Finance Officer, and a support staff.

A State Coordination Unit (SCU) will be established in each of the four states. The unit will include a state coordinator, a finance officer, and an M&E officer. In Red Sea SMoE will also hire a procurement officer. Terms of Reference for these staff will be included in the OPM. Implementation of components 1 and 2.3 will work differently in Red Sea than the three other states. In Red Sea, the entire civil works part (including schools and TTIs construction) will be implemented by the State Engineering Office (EO). The EO will develop architectural drawings, manage procurement procedures (with participation from the SMoE), and supervise civil works. In the three other states, all civil works activities will be contracted to the Community Development Fund (CDF). CDF has Locality Implementation Units (LIUs) in all localities in the three States. Implementation of component 2.1 will be done by the NCCER and will be coordinated by the NCCER’s focal point who will be a dedicated staff member for project’s activities. Implementation of component 2.2 will primarily be done by the TTIs in the four states under the supervision of the SMoE’s head of training department. ISETI will be responsible for providing the training material and the M&E of the sub-component. Operational Procedural Manual (OPM) The OPM will be developed and approved by the PSC and the World Bank by project effectiveness. The manual is a document meant to guide project implementation. The OPM makes clear to staff of MoGE, SMoEs, CCU, SCU, and others the overall project reporting mechanism, the roles and responsibilities of the different parties involved in project implementation and the detailed procedural aspects of implementation The OPM will be subject to semi annual reviews based on experience of project implementation. Reviews will follow a certain process that will be explained in the

manual. Once such proposed reviews are integrated, they are highlighted and submitted to the PSC, and subsequently the World Bank for approval.

5. The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) The purpose of the ESMF is to ensure that any activity is environmentally sustainable. The implementation of the project will ensure that:

- Environmental considerations are included as criteria for site selecting and developing activities to be supported by the project;

- Environmental assessment would become an integral part of the project cycle of any activity;

- Environmental guidelines are followed and used. The project will ensure the following: - ESMF guidelines are followed and used through out the project cycle; - ESMF issues are introduced to stakeholders and beneficiaries through education and

promotion of environmentally beneficial activities. This ESMF report is structured as follows:

• Chapter (1) – Introduction to Environmental Issues • Chapter (2) – Overview of Environmental Impacts and Good Practice Mitigation

Measures • Chapter (3) – Policy, Legal and Administrative Environmental Framework for Sudan • Chapter (4) – Environmental Assessment & Incorporation into the Project Cycle • Chapter (5) – Environmental Assessment • Chapter (6) – Environmental Management Plan • Chapter (7) – Management Challenges

5.1 Environmental Assessment (EA) The World Bank has several policies governing environmental safeguards, the most central of which is the Operational Policy (OP 4.01) on Environmental Assessment (EA) which defines the Bank’s environmental assessment requirements to ensure that funded projects are environmentally sound and sustainable. A screening process is undertaken for all funded projects to assess the magnitude and adversity of predicted environmental impacts and to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA. Depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the project as well as the nature and magnitude of environmental impacts, all World Bank supported projects are classified into one of three categories:

• Category (A) Projects which are likely to cause significant and possibly irremediable environmental impacts.

• Category (B) Projects which are likely to cause lesser adverse impacts than those of Category A and the impacts are often remediable or mitigate able.

• Category (C) Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts.

All activities funded by the Basic Education project are classified as Category B or Category C. Components 1&2.3 that involve civil works activities to build classrooms and Teacher Training Institutes are classified as category B. Sub-components 2.1&2.2 supporting curriculum development and in-service teacher training are classified as category C. The following Sections of the Environmental and Social Framework provide guidance with respect to the implementation of the civil works components (i.e 1&2.3). These guidelines are based on the World Bank Operational Policies (OP 4.01), the World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (1991) and it’s Updates. The user of this ESMF should consult these references and should be also aware of the following World Bank’s environmental and social safeguard policies (Appendix C4): - Environmental Assessment (OP4.01) - Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) - Water Resources Management (OP4.07) - Pest Management (OP 4.09) - Cultural Property (OP 4.11) - Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.20) - Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.30) - Forestry (OP 4.36)

5.2 Overview of Environmental Impacts and Good Practice Mitigation Measures

5.2.1 Positive Environmental Impacts Most activities financed by the Basic Education Project will have positive impacts on the surrounding environment if they were well designed and properly implemented. For example, education facilities with the provision of adequate potable water supplies through boreholes or hand pumps, if linked to sanitation and health education, will improve health and socio – economic conditions of local communities. The Basic Education project will also generate environmental benefits through a variety of other mechanisms among which are:

- Generation of environmental assessment guidelines that can be used by other organizations or ministries, or could be adopted by the Ministry of Environment and other sectors for more general use;

- Training of government staff, NGOs and local stakeholders officials; - Training of environmental specialists, thus increasing the number of environmental

professionals in the country; - Improved environmental awareness in the local stakeholders.

5.2.2 Negative Environmental Impacts The mitigation of negative environmental impacts may be achieved through various management routines including Environmental Management Plans (EMP), Operational Procedural Manual (OPM) and Contract Clauses. Environmental impacts arising from the operation of the different activities can be minimized by appropriate site selection, good engineering design and appropriate construction techniques. The mitigation of construction impacts is usually achieved by ensuring the contractor undertakes his work in accordance with good construction practices.

Construction negative impacts are best dealt with by incorporating mitigation clauses into the Bidding Documents. Examples of good practice mitigation measures are given in Appendix (B). Site supervision staff must check that the works are carried out in accordance with these good practice measures throughout project implementation. Typical examples of negative environmental impacts that might arise from the construction of the various activities are given in Appendix (B). A brief description of the different types of activities, the most common negative environmental impacts that might arise and possible mitigation measures are discussed in the following Sections.

5.2.3 Potable Water Supply Activities Water supply activities funded by the Basic Education project may include the provision of water distribution systems, school connections, well pumps and improvement of shallow hand dug wells. The most important environmental considerations associated with water supply activities include proper allocation and use of water resources, control and prevention of water contamination and adequate operation and maintenance of the system. Hence, it will be necessary to take the necessary measures to ensure adequate water quantity and quality at the source. During the operation of the system, attention should be given to the proper prevention of water contamination from livestock, solid wastes, agricultural practices, and human settlements. Testing of the water supply as required in each activity monitoring plan should be performed on a regular basis to detect any contamination and to ensure the adequacy of the water quality. An operation and maintenance program should be also included as part of the activity. Training of operators is an important measure to ensure sustainable Operation and Maintenance (O/M). It is important to link water supplies with sanitation and health education to change the behavior of water users in favor of sustainable development.

5.2.4 Wastewater Collection and Treatment Activities Typical wastewater activities for education facilities include septic tanks and small scale sewage collection systems not exceeding a total cost of US$ 100,000. The execution of wastewater treatment and disposal is not common in these activities, yet under certain circumstances such type of activities could be executed, particularly in small towns. In most rural areas of the selected localities, the appropriate means of excreta disposal is through the construction of Ventilated Improved Pit latrines (VIP) as advocated by UNICEF and other international organizations. The VIP is found to be the most economical way to improve sanitation and to improve health conditions by linking it to programs of health education. However, special attention should be given to siting requirements as not to be close to shallow hand – dug wells to avoid contamination of water table. Construction of VIPs at education facilities and staff housing can have positive beneficial impacts, provided that mitigation measures are taken to avoid polluting the shallow water tables. Septic tanks are provided to improve health conditions and to reduce the contamination of land

and water resources. To meet these objectives, special attention should be given to technical siting requirements, the type of construction, and sanitary measures. Poor absorption, frequent runoff and contamination of water sources are among the major impacts that might arise from the

poor conception and execution of septic tanks. Proper engineering design, acceptable to the World Bank, should be conducted. Sewage collection activities generally involve the construction of underground collection pipelines and connections. In most cases the sewage collection system is designed and constructed without any type of treatment at the end of the pipeline. Collected sewage is either discharged to an existing sewage system or discharged without any treatment into water bodies. Connection to an existing sewage should not be conducted without ensuring that the capacity of the existing system is adequate to accommodate the additional collected sewage. Discharge of raw sewage to water bodies can adversely affect water quality and aquatic life. Treatment can include simple measures such as removal of debris by screening at the discharge point or use of settlement ponds prior to discharge. Under certain conditions, the execution of a wastewater treatment and disposal activities could be justifiable particularly, in small education facilities. Though this activity is intended to improve health and environmental conditions, it might have important negative impacts including, change in land use, pollution of natural resources from poorly treated wastewater, un-proper disposal and reuse of the treated effluent, etc. For such activities, an environmental assessment study will be required that addresses site analyses, type of treatment technology, operation and maintenance, etc (Appendix D).

5.2.5 Small Construction Activities Small construction activities may include rehabilitation and upgrading of education facilities and houses. In general, the construction of these activities will not cause significant negative impacts, however they should be screened for environmental considerations such as contamination from waste materials during construction, disturbances during construction (dust, noise, etc.) and environmental contamination during operation of the facilities such as inadequate sanitation facilities. The most important considerations associated with construction of education facilities and houses, is the provision of adequate potable water, waste management and sanitation facilities. When rehabilitating or upgrading such facilities, priority should be given to the rehabilitation of latrines and to the proper disposal of solid wastes.

6. Policy, Legal and Administrative Environmental Framework in Sudan

6.1 Regulatory Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) The Sudan is a Federal country divided into 26 States with special consideration given to Southern Sudan according to the Interim Constitution of 2005. There are four levels of authority; National level, Southern Sudan Government, State level and Locality level. The powers are divided among the various levels as follows:

• At the National level, the federal organs exercise powers of planning, legislation and execution on Federal lands, natural resources, mineral and subterranean wealth, inter –State waters, education policy, national electricity projects, epidemics and natural disasters. Southern Sudan Government exercises powers within Southern Sudan including south Sudan States.

• The state organs within the boundaries of a State exercise power on: lands, natural resources, education, animal wealth, wildlife, non - Nile waters and electric power.

• There are concurrent powers where both Federal (National) and State organs exercise power on education, health, environment, tourism, industry and meteorology. The localities exercise powers within the locality boundaries through local orders to be approved by the locality legislative organ.

• The Interim Constitution provides for the creation of commissions particularly, on land to assume among other things planning and allocation of lands and forests between Federal and State authorities.

Sudan is one of the first African countries that passed sectoral laws for the protection of the environment. However, these laws are further supported by an umbrella law enacted in 2001 "Environmental Conservation Act 2001". This Act provides general principles and guidelines to be considered in implementing any development project. The Law (Act) makes it the responsibility of the project proponents, before embarking on any development activity, to carry out an EIA to identify the positive and negative impacts of the project, together with recommendations to mitigate negative impacts. The Act provides definitions and clarifications regarding natural resources management, pollutants and sources of pollution, endorses the Polluter Pays Principle and specifies issues to be considered in EIAs (Article 18) which include:

• Description of the existing environment before the project; • Description of the project activities; • Assessment of potential environmental impacts, both positive and negative; • Provision of recommendations to mitigate the negative environmental effects.

The implementation of the provisions of the Act is entrusted to the Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR) established in 1991 and the Ministry for Environment and Physical Development (MEPD) established in 1995. Environmental protection is further supported by the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan 2005. This Constitution is based on the provisions and articles of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) 2005, and relevant articles of the 1998 Constitution of the Sudan. The Interim Constitution endorses the rights of citizens to live in clean environment (Article 11) and directs attention to the protection and conservation of natural resources. Article 43 (2) of the Interim Constitution gives the National Government the right to expropriate land for development purposes and compensates the owners. There are a number of articles related to natural resource management, pollution control, protection of cultural heritage sites and respect of traditional and customary regulations related to land ownership. The Interim Constitution also specifies land issues which are under national powers (Federal level) and those under the control of states as well as joint powers (concurrent powers) shared by the Federal and States institutions. The states manage issues related to State lands which are not under the National control. These include; management, lease and utilization of lands belonging to States, town and rural planning and agricultural lands within the state boundaries. The concurrent powers include matters related to urban development, planning and housing, electricity generation, waste management, consumer safety and protection, water resources other than inter – state waters and regulation of land tenure and the rights on land. Articles of the Constitution and the Environment Conservation Act (2001) of relevance to this project are the right to expropriate land and compensate the owners as well as issues related to the

safety and protection of the inhabitants, beside penalties incurred for environmental damage and pollution as well as respect of the International Environmental Agreements, ratified by the Sudan. 6.1.1 Land Regulations These regulations are specified in the Interim Constitution Part Thirteen under Chapter II – Land Resources, in Article 186. It is stated that:

1. The regulation of land tenure, usage and exercise of rights thereon shall be a concurrent competence, exercised at the appropriate level of government.

2. Rights in land owned by the government of the Sudan shall be exercised through the appropriate or designated level of government.

3. All levels of government shall institute a process to progressively develop and amend the relevant laws to incorporate customary laws, practices, local heritage and international trends and practices.

Specific details and procedure on land are found in sectoral laws such as:

• Land Registration and Settlement Act 1925: this Act provides rules to determine rights on land and other rights attached to it and ensure land registration.

• Unregistered Land Act 1970: this Act deems any unregistered land, before the enactment of this law, as being registered in the name of the government.

• Land Acquisition Act 1930: This Act gives the government the power to appropriate lands for development purposes in accordance with the provision of the Constitution and Civil Transaction Act 1984.

• The Civil Transactions Act 1984: this Act regulates the different issues related to civil transactions with respect to titles on land, means of land acquisition, easement rights and conditions to be observed by land users. And gives guidelines and details for practical implementation of the 1970 Act.

• Disposition of Lands and Physical Planning Act 1994: this Act regulated designation of lands for different purposes and urban planning.

6.1.2 Customary Land Tenure The above are formal legislations passed by the government to organize land tenure. However, most of Sudan’s lands are organized by customary and traditional rules and regulations. Private ownership is found only in areas along the Nile where land registration was carried according to Land Registration & Settlement Act of 1925. Most of areas away from the Nile are under traditional communal tenure where rights over land less than full ownership are recognized. Hence, in these areas four forms of land tenure emerged. These are:

1. Government lands with community rights; 2. Government lands with no community rights (unoccupied lands, wetlands, water

catchments, etc); 3. Hawakir (land recognized as tribal homeland – Dar, or areas granted to individuals by

previous Sultans); 4. Lease (licence): land granted by the government to investors for a limited number of

years.

Within the customary land tenure, there is the tribal homeland (Dar) with demarcated boundaries recognized by neighbouring tribes and local authorities (e. g. Dar Hamar where Wad Banda locality is located, or Dar Kababish where both Sodari and Jabra are located). The tribal land is organized and supervised by Nazir (the chief tribal leader). Within the tribal land, there is clan land organized by Omda (at village level). Within the clan land, there are a number of villages, each with its land organized and controlled by the village Sheikh (village level). Within the village land, each villager practices his private ownership respected and recognized by all. The unclaimed land is used as range land or allotted to migrants by the village Sheikh provided that they respect the traditional rule of surrendering 1/10 of the crop to the Sheikh. As a general rule, land allotted to any person can not be withdrawn unless he/ she leave the village. Under such circumstances, the land abandoned by any person reverts to the community to be allotted to someone else. In all cases, the owner of the land is free to hire part of his land or dispose of it in the way he likes and after death, the land is inherited by his children or relatives. These customary rules are to be respected in any development activity. Land needed for public use and according to Civil Transactions Act 1984, the owner must be compensated in any form –land for land, a small fee or in many cases, the village community willingly donate land needed for public use. It is not expected that the Basic Education project in the areas selected will cause problems of compensation. The Urban Planning Act sets specific rules for the separation of industrial areas from the residential ones. In carrying out EIA, the legal requirements are not confined to the above mentioned Acts. There are other important sectoral laws that must be considered and used as yard sticks to identify the negative environmental effects. The Environmental Health Act of 1975 and the Public Health Act 1975, provide regulations and restrictions for industries regarding water and air pollutions (standards). According to these Acts, protection obligations extend to cover animal and plant life. Specifically, the Acts cover issues related to collection, treatment and disposal of waste. Also, they prohibit water pollution by addition of any solid or liquid wastes, chemicals, sewage and remains of animals on water resources such as rivers, hafirs, and wetlands. On the other hand, the Electricity Act of 2001 controls the electricity market. It provides regulations regarding the protection of network and standards regarding environmental protection. Article 9 of the said Act requires that any developer (investor) must comply with existing laws regarding roads, water courses, communication network, environmental issues and archaeological sites. Article 13 explains the environmental standards that must be taken into consideration when establishing power plants. Article 17 requires compensation to any damage that the project may cause to life and property. Beside these National Laws, the Sudan signed and ratified a large number of Multilateral Environmental Agreements. International agreements of relevance to this project include:

• Bio – diversity Convention. • Desertification Convention. • United Nations Framework on Climate Change. • Bamako Convention on Trans - boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste. • Vienna Convention (ozone layer depletion). • Montreal Protocol. • Ramsar (wetlands) Convention. • Kyoto Protocol.

In fact, the ratified treaties become part of the National Laws and their provisions prevail in case of contradictions with the provisions of the National Laws. Accordingly, the Sudanese courts apply the provisions of the international treaties in issues raised before the courts. As the result of Sudan becoming a party to some treaties, the country received help in the preparation of the National Strategy and the Action Plan on Biodiversity, Sudan’s National Communication on Climate Change and the National Action Plan to Combat Desertification. 6.2 Institutional Arrangements: National & Local Levels The institutions at national level responsible for the implementation and monitoring compliance to both national and international agreements include:

• The Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR); • Ministry of Environment and Physical Development (MEPD); • Federal Ministries of Health, Education, Industry and Agriculture; • Ministries and Councils at State Level.

The environmental acts and laws provide standards to be applied in assessing the probable environmental impacts of the project. It is important to note here that State Organs and Local laws deal with issues at State or Local levels, while the Federal Acts are more concerned with general directives and set limits and standards to certain environmental concerns without going into details of problems of local nature. Based on the provisions of these legal requirements and sectoral laws as well as policies of different departments, the impacts of the proposed projects are to be assessed and appropriate mitigation measures recommended. Although EIA is a requirement of the Sudan Environmental Conservation Act of 2001, EIAs were being undertaken before 2001 for most projects, especially those funded by international organizations and agencies. In most cases, EIA is being conducted by prominent local and international consulting firms and submitted to the HCENR for approval. At the ministerial level, only the Ministry of Transport, Roads and bridges and the Ministry of Energy and Mining have established an Environmental Units with guidelines for companies working in transport and petroleum development. Sudan’s Environmental Conservation Act (2001), particularly the Articles related to EIA, still requires incorporation of by – laws and adopts more specifications on standards. In this connection, the work of Sudan Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO) adds to the legal requirements for environmental protection. At the State Level, only few States have established State Environmental Councils and hence, the provisions of the Environmental Conservation Act (2001) are applied with modifications to suit local problems within the guidelines specified in the above Act. 6.2.1 Institutions at local level with environmental concerns Beside the government institutions responsible for environmental management, there are also local ethnic institutions that play important roles in environmental management at local level. These include:

- Native Administration (Nazir, Omda, Sheikh); the Native Administration implements both traditional customary regulations as well as delegated the authority to implement forest and range and pasture regulations. In this respect, they organize village land for agriculture and areas to be left for grazing. They also organize nomadic corridors, specify their grazing areas and mobilize local communities to: open fire lines to protect rangelands from bush fires; to fight locust attack; prohibit illegal tree felling; and, organize use of water resources. Despite changes introduced by the government in the structure of Native Administration, they still play very important roles in natural resource management and in mobilization of local communities.

- At the village level, there are a number of institutions with inputs in environmental management, the most important of which is the village Sheikh who controls land allotment and takes part in specifying grazing areas.

In recent years, nearly all villages have elected popular committees to administer the village affairs in coordination and collaboration with the Sheikh. Any development activity at the village level starts with permits or requests issued by the Village Popular Committee to be raised to the locality for approval. In the environmental field, such committees play important roles in sanitation and garbage collection beside taking part in mobilization of local communities and providing direct links to the locality for any issues related to village affairs (Table 6.1). Table (6.1) Institutional Arrangements in Environmental Decision – Making

Institution Mandate A. At National Level:1. Ministry of Environment &

Physical Development

- Minister chairs the Higher Council for Environment - Environmental Physical Development Policies - Supervision

2. The Secretariat of Higher Council for Environment & Natural Resources (HCENR)

- Environmental Policies / Plans - Guidelines - Approves EIAs - Sign International Conventions - Monitoring

3. Line Ministries - Implementation of environmental policies and plans - Implement Sectoral Laws - Coordinate with State Ministries

B. At State Level:1. State Ministries

- Implement State Policies - Implement Sectoral Laws (National or State Laws) - Approval of development activities

C. At Local Level:1. Localities 2. Popular Communities, CBOs

and NGOs

- Implement local orders on Public Health - Implement local orders on locality natural resources - Implement State Laws - Approval of projects at Locality Level - Implement local orders - Mobilize local communities - Submit requests for development activities

6.3 Other Existing Legislation Beside the laws mentioned in section 6.1, there are more than 150 sectoral laws, orders and related regulations addressing environmental issues. The enforcement of these laws is entrusted to about 33 different Government Institutions. The major legislations of some relevance to the Basic Education project include (Appendix A):

1. Forest Act, 1989, which identifies three types of reserved forest: National, Regional, and others which may belong to communities, local institutions or individual citizens.

2. Wildlife Protection Act, 1936. 3. Agricultural Pest Control Act, 1919. 4. Animal Diseases Act, 1973. 5. Quarries and Mines Act, 1973 and its by – low of 1973. 6. Environmental Protection in Petroleum Industry, 2001 (draft). 7. Industrial Safety Act, 1976. 8. Water Policy, 2001 (draft), other water – related legislations. 9. Investment Promotion Act, 1999. 10. Sudan Antiquities Act, 2002.

Beside these sectoral laws implemented by Federal Institutions, there are also State Level Laws based on National Laws with emphasis on particular local or State problems. However, most of these are considered local orders issued by localities to address problems related to pasture and grazing which are based on customary tenure to specify corridors to be followed by nomads.

6.4 Permit Procedures Depending on the type and size of the activities to be implemented and according to the National and State legislation requirements, a number of approvals and permits might be required from various governmental agencies (Table 6.2).

Table (6.2) Permits Required for Various Projects in Urban & Rural Areas

Project Type Permit required & authority issuing it Education Facilities and housing

Locality and State Ministry of Education and State Ministry of Engineering Affairs

Boreholes Locality and State Ministry of Engineering Affairs Hafirs Locality and State Ministry of Engineering Affairs Hand Pumps Village Popular Committee, Locality & State Ministry of

Engineering Affairs

7. Environmental Assessment & the Project Cycle Following the approval of the Basic Education project, the specific activities and their locations will be implemented through the agreed implementation arrangement. The environmental requirements are detailed in this ESMF, including the institutional and legal framework based on site visits and taking into consideration the provisions of Sudan’s Environmental Act (2001). This

section therefore addresses the procedures and guidelines for carrying out the Basic Education project environmental requirements at the project level.

7.1 Institutional Arrangements The project will establish an overall Project Steering Committee (PSC) at the Federal level. This PSC will be chaired by the FMoE’s Under Secretary and will be charged with providing overall project oversight and guidance. Component 1 implementation and management as well as the teacher training sub-components of component two (2.2 & 2.3 above) will take place entirely at the level of the four SMoEs. A State Coordination Unit (SCU) will be established in each of the four states. The unit will include a state coordinator, an engineer, a finance officer/unit, an M&E officer and a support staff. A Central Coordination Unit (CCU) in Khartoum will manage the federal subcomponents (2.1 & 3) and compile reporting from state and federal levels. The CCU will include an overall project coordinator, a curriculum specialist, a finance officer/unit and an administrative staff. The CCU will employ short term consultants as needed to follow up on the curriculum development components. The implementation will be through the CCU established under the Project. The CCU delegates day – to – day operations to States SCU (technically supported by the CDF and EO). Among its mandates, the CCU will ensure that any sponsored activities are environmentally sustainable.

Implementation of the first component will work differently in Red Sea than in the other three states. In Red Sea, the entire civil works part will be delegated to the State Engineering Office (EO). The EO will develop architectural drawings, manage procurement procedures (with participation from the SMoE), and supervise civil works. The EO has a solid track record of working across the sectors in the state and has the technical capacity required. In the other three states, the entire component one will be delegated to the CDF. The CDF is a special fund under the MoFNE that finances small social infrastructure in four states including South Kordufan, North Kordufan and Blue Nile. Established around two years ago, the CDF has been able to rapidly build its capacity to mobilize local communities at villages’ level to identify their development priority needs and participate in the implementation of development projects. The CDF’s largest part of sub-projects portfolio is in education and has been building schools in rural areas in all three states. The CDF’s procurement procedures have all been approved by the World Bank since the project is partially financed by the MDTF. ____________ For Category B activities, the CDF and EO need the services of an Environmental specialist who will be responsible for:

- Reviewing the environmental screening of the activities; - Reviewing and approving the environmental assessment; - Obtaining the approval of the Higher Council for Environment for projects requiring

an environmental assessment report; - Conducting periodic monitoring of the project; - Preparing annual report of the environmental situation of the project.

The CDF and EO will be in charge of the environmental operation of the project at state level. They will have environmental specialists familiar with basic education projects. The EO may not

have an environmental specialist and would be required to have the services of an environmental consultant for performing the following duties:

- Promote the environmental requirements and guidelines of the project among stakeholders and contractors;

- Ensure that Environmental Checklist is properly filled; - Provide assistance to CDF and EO in preparing the environmental assessment; - Conduct site specific environmental review in order to review the current

environmental conditions of site and assess the potential environmental impact associated with the proposed activity;

- Identify mitigation measures in construction and operation; - Supervise the implementation of environmental management plans; - Prepare necessary reports.

7.2 Project Cycle The Basic Education project operates in accordance with procedures documented in the Operational Procedural Manual (OPM) that defines steps required for implementing activities supported by procedures, reviews and measures to ensure accountability. Critical steps in the project cycle include: identification, preparation, appraisal, approval, implementation, supervision, monitoring and evaluation. Environmental review procedures will be incorporated in the project cycle at the activity level. The timeframe for the completion of the environmental procedures will be the same as that given in the OPM for the completion of the administrative and technical procedures. Table 7.1 summarizes the environmental requirements of each stage of the project cycle.

Table 7.1: Environmental Requirements within each Stage of the Project Cycle Program Development Environmental Requirements 1. Project identification:� Identification of activities. � Preparation of activities concepts.

� Increase awareness of stakeholders about proposed

activities and introduction of environmental issues. � Screening of activities by SCU (with support from

the CDF and EO). � Preparation of environmental checklist by

SCU/CDF/EO . � Approval of Environmental Data Sheets (EDS) by

Central Coordinating Unit (CCU) 2. Project Preparation:� Description and analysis of activities.

� Preparation by CDF an EO or their consultants of: I. Environmental Assessment (EA) report in

case of activities that may require that or; II. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) on

the basis of generic mitigation � Ensure that environmental impacts have been

analyzed and appropriate mitigation measures designed.

3. Appraisal and Activity Approval:� Select the most needed and environmentally

� Inclusion of mitigation measures in: I. Activity design

sound activity for funding. � Screen proposals to categorize activities

according to the type of environmental review that will be necessary.

II. In tender documents for civil works � Ensure that environmental requirements are costed

in activity agreement with civil works contract. � Approval of the Higher Council for Environment

and Natural Resources (HCENR) and the World Bank in case an EA report is required.

Program Development Environmental Requirements 4. Project Implementation & Supervision:(i) At activity Level:� Implementation of most needed and

environmentally sound activities.

(ii) At Activity Level:� Supervision of contracts / works

(i) At Activity Level:� CDF and EO to ensure that mitigation measures

and monitoring measures are implemented through field visits.

� Prepare contracts with environmental clauses for companies that execute activities.

� Undertake site visits to ensure that environmental criteria and mitigation measures, as required by contracts, have been implemented.

� Changes may be introduced to activity design and / or implementation if unforeseen impacts occurred.

� SCU with support frm the CDF and EO is to prepare annual report on the status of Environmental Management Plans.

(ii) At Project Level:Preparation by CCU (with support frm the CDF and EO) of annual report summarizing: � The number of activities that have significant

environmental impacts. � The number of activities for which EMPs were

prepared. � The mitigation measures implemented for activities

that have significant environmental impacts. � Number of training workshops implemented.

5. Monitoring & Evaluation:� Site visits to assess performance

� Assess how environmental and mitigation measures are succeeding or have succeeded in minimizing impacts.

� Determine if changes in the project design or implementation are needed to improve environmental conditions or assessment process.

� Meet with contractors and other stakeholders to get feedback.

7.3 Environmental Screening at the Project Level With respect to environment, the first step would be to screen each activity and identify whether any further environmental considerations are required. This will be done by the CDF in the three

states they will operate in and the Engineering Office in Red Sea (with support of a consultant). The purpose of this is to identify early in the project cycle the need to address potential environmental impacts during the project preparation and design. On the other hand, an effective screening will identify activities that will generate negligible or no negative environmental impacts so that they can be excluded from unnecessary environmental review. Once all the activities of a project have been screened, an environmental data sheet (EDS) by state for the project should be prepared. A sample EDS form is included in Appendix (C). As mentioned earlier, the project will fund a number and a variety of activities. While most of these will not require environmental assessment, the approval of some activities may be subject to the completion of an environmental assessment. Depending on the type and size of the activities, different levels of environmental assessment instruments might be required. Activities that should be screened to identify the type, magnitude and severity of their potential environmental impacts include:

- Rehabilitation and upgrading of education facilities and housing - Potable water supply - Shallow hand – dug wells or Hafirs - Small wastewater disposal schemes - Land reclamation and rehabilitation - Protection of natural and cultural heritage sites - Water harvesting activities

For these activities, environmental screening for potential environmental impacts should be conducted using the environmental checklist given in Appendix (C). This environmental review would be prepared by the CCU supported by the CDF and EO with technical assistance, if necessary, from an Environmental Specialist. The purpose of this checklist is to better identify the likely impacts and to classify the activities into one of the following categories:

- No further environmental assessment - Identification and implementation of mitigation measures according to the

Environmental Management Plan (EMP). - Environmental Assessment Study required

The decision to conduct an environmental assessment will be based on Sudan Environmental Act (2001). Where an EA is required, the CCU with support from the CDF and EO will prepare TOR, including attention to public participation. After preparing the EA, the CCU requires the approval of the HCENR before financing particular activities may proceed.

7.4 Promotion of Activities within the Project The CCU and the SCU’s with support frm the CDF and EO primary responsibility would be to initiate promotional activities that aim at disseminating information about the project objectives, guidelines and procedures among targeted groups. Promotional activities will include environmental considerations in the promotional activities in order to ensure that environment is integrated in the project cycle. The CCU and SCU would have to educate stakeholders and to raise awareness on environmental issues and requirements of the project and its activities. This process of awareness will help stakeholders to better appreciate environmental concerns and to

select environmentally sound and beneficial activities. Environmental NGOs may be sub –contracted to raise community awareness about environmental issues and environmental requirements.

7.5 Preparation of Activities Following the initiation of promotional activities and identification of the needs and priorities, activity proposals will be prepared and a program will be submitted to the CCU by the CDF and/or the EO for appraisal. Activities that necessitate environmental assessment will either require the identification and implementation of mitigation measures or the preparation of an environmental assessment report. Activities requiring the identification and implementation of mitigation measures are those considered to have minor environmental impacts. For these activities, the environmental expert of the CDF and the EO will identify appropriate mitigation measures to be incorporated in the activity design and in the bidding documents (Appendix B). An Environmental Assessment would be required whenever significant environmental impacts are likely to arise from a specific activity. In this case an environmental impact assessment report should be prepared and shall follow the terms of references provided in (Appendix D). The EA will require the involvement of a highly skilled environmental expert or a team of experts. Several site visits would be undertaken, activity specific measures would have to be planned and a detailed EMP developed. The Basic Education activities will rarely need an EA. Activities most likely to require an environmental assessment report would be based on the Environmental Conservation Act (2001) and include (see Appendix A):

- Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal activities; - Activities adjacent to critical natural habitats or protected areas - Water supply activities.

Activities requiring an EA are subject to review and approval of the HCENR and the World Bank.

7.6 Appraisal and Approval of Proposed Activities Once prepared, the proposed activity is submitted to the CCU for appraisal and approval (Appendix C). Desk and field appraisals will be conducted by the CDF and EO to ensure the eligibility of the activity and to validate the information included in the proposal package. The environmental assessment of the activity will be undertaken during its formulation so that the CDF and EO Environment Specialist may review the environmental assessment requirements (screening checklist, Environmental Data Sheet (EDS), environmental assessment, reports, etc) and assess whether the suggested mitigation measures are appropriate and integrated effectively into activity design and assess whether to conduct desk review or a field review depending on the nature, magnitude and severity of predicted environmental impacts determined during preparation.

7.6.1 Desk Review The EDS will then be checked for completeness and consistency with the other submitted technical data. Any missing information or apparent inconsistencies will be reported and the SCU will be requested to provide the necessary clarification and information. Once any required clarification is received and the EDS have been satisfactorily completed, the CDF and/or the EO Environmental Specialist will assess whether field review of any activities would be required. If only a desk review is requested, the CDF and/or the EO Environment Specialist will proceed with the revision of the documents.

7.6.2 Field Appraisal Once the desk review has been completed, the CDF and/or the EO Environment Specialist will undertake a field visit to agree with the SCU and the stakeholders on the requirements of an environmental assessment. Discrepancies between the environmental information presented and the CDF and/or the EO Environment Specialist’s findings will be dealt with as follows: - For issues that can be clarified on site, the CDF and/or the EO Environment Specialist will

make his / her own assessment of the situation during the field visit. - For issues that may have significant environmental problems, the CDF and/or the EO

Environment Specialist will require the SCU to collect additional information and to properly address the problem either through undertaking further environmental analysis or through the inclusion of additional requirements in the OPM and / or bidding documents.

7.6.3 Approval of Activities The results of the appraisal of the various environmental documents will be summarized in an environmental appraisal form shown in (Appendix C), and will be included with the Activity Appraisal Report. For activities requiring a full environmental assessment, the CCU with support from the CDF and/or the EO will be required to obtain the HCENR prior approval. During the first year of project implementation, the World Bank will be required to review and approve the environmental assessment after the HCENR’s approval and before financing is authorized. Post review of EA will be subsequently undertaken as part of the regular Bank supervision missions provided that the World Bank is fully satisfied that the EA requirements comply with OP 4.01 during the first year. The CCU with support from the CDF and/or the EO environmental specialist will have to ensure that the recommendations of the environmental assessment are included in the technical specifications of the construction bidding documents and in the mitigation measures developed for each activity incorporated in the OPM (Appendix B).

7.7 Implementation and Supervision Upon approval of the activity proposal, arrangements regarding construction, implementation and supervision will be contained in the agreement between the CDF and/or the EO, SCU and CCU. It will be necessary that the CCU ensures that the results of the environmental assessment (special

mitigation measures, design specifications, supervision plans and monitoring arrangements) are incorporated into the document. The execution of the activity contract and construction supervision is the responsibility of the CCU and the SCU supported by the CDF and/or the EO. Part of the construction supervision duties is to ensure that mitigation measures are properly implemented, good practice environmental procedures are respected and that no unforeseen negative impacts are occurring as a result of activity execution.

7.8 Monitoring & Evaluation Environmental monitoring of an activity performance will start with the construction phase and will extend to the operation phase. It measures how a activity is performing regarding implementation of mitigation measures during construction and operation. Hence, site visits during activity execution and operation are to be carried to assess how environmental screening and mitigation measures are succeeding or have succeeded in minimizing impacts. Based on the results of the monitoring and evaluation of how well the activity has addressed environmental considerations, changes may be needed to improve the environmental performance of the activity.

8. Environnemental Impact Assessment

8.1 Environnemental Impact Assessment Objectives Environmental Assessment (EA) is a tool that enables decision making to assess the impacts of a development activity on the environment and to identify and evaluate the applicability of mitigating measures for potential negative environmental impacts. The EA also ensures that: - The project under consideration is environmentally sound and sustainable; - Any environmental consequences are recognized early in the development stage and

incorporated into the project design; - The project is implemented with full awareness of environmental issues; - The public participates in the decision-making and is well informed about when and how

project implementation may affect their environment. 8.2 Environmental Assessment Requirements As mentioned earlier, the Basic Education project’s activities that require environmental assessment fall under Category B and consequently would require some form of environmental analysis, the detail depending on the type, scale and location of the activity. For the majority of these activities, the identification and implementation of mitigation measures will be sufficient. For activities that include construction of wastewater collection, treatment and disposal, or construction near or adjacent to critical natural habitats or protected areas, an Environmental Assessment will be required. The EA should provide a clear understanding of the environmental issues and the remediation measures. The EA is an important requirement according to Sudan's Environmental Act 2001 and should be prepared in accordance with the World Bank operational, environmental and social policies. The latter requires the following coverage in the EA:

− Executive Summary;

− Relevant Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework; − Subproject Objectives and Description; − Summary of Environmental Baseline Data; − Significant Environmental Impacts; − Analysis of Alternative Proposals for the Subproject; − Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that includes:

• Environmental Mitigation Measures; • Environmental Monitoring Plan; • Institutional Responsibilities and Capacity Building Requirements; • Appendices;

A general description of the expected content for each section of the EA report is given in (Appendix D). 8.3 General Terms of Reference for EA Report The terms of reference (TOR) for an EA report should provide background and guidance for the EA team on the issues to be addressed and the actions to be undertaken during the EA study, set the schedule and deliverables of the EA study report, and serve as the contractual basis. In addition to the description of the information required in the EA report, the TOR should provide background information on the proposed activity and would include: • a brief description of the major components of the proposed activity • a statement of the need for the activity and the objectives it intends to meet • the implementing agency • a brief history of the activity, including alternatives considered • its current status and timetable • a brief description of any associated projects The general requirements for each EA report will be similar and should follow World Bank’s OP/BP/GP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment at the World Bank. However, there are likely to be minor variations related to the type and location of individual activities. Sample TORs that should be considered in an EA of an activity are given in (Appendix D).

9. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

9.1 Objectives and Structure of the EMP The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be used to verify that predictions of environmental impacts developed during design phase are accurate and that unforeseen impacts are detected at an early stage. The objectives of the EMP are to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts identified in each activity and will consist of three kinds of activities: - Implementation of mitigation measures; - Strengthening the capacities of the EO, CCU, SCU, local stakeholders and contractors;

- Monitoring and evaluation of mitigation measures identified during activity formulation or within the environmental assessment report.

9.2 Implementation of Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures identified following the desk/or field review shall be properly implemented. Typical environmental impacts and possible mitigation measures are given in Table 9.1 for guidance. The CDF and/or the EO, CCU and SCU will be required to adapt the generic mitigation measures for the various activities included in the proposed program. Table 9.1: Potential Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Different Activities

Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Improvements to Water Supply and Sanitation

• Cross contamination sewage and water lines due to pressure differentials and leaks)

• Improper disposal of construction debris

• Destruction of historical sites

• Risk of damage to archaeological sites

• Coordinate with appropriate agency

• Proper disposal of construction wastes

• Use chance find procedures and coordinate with appropriate agency

• State Ministry of Energy and Water

• Contractor • State

Archeology department

Rehabilitation of Education facilities and housing

• Improper disposal of wastes

• Improper disposal of wastes

• Proper disposal of solid wastes

• Priority given to rehabilitation of toilets

• Installation of sanitation (cesspools)

• Public health

awareness

• State Municipality

• Local

community

• Local community

• State Ministry

of Education

9.3 Environmental Monitoring Environmental Monitoring will be the responsibility of the CCU and SCU supported by the CDF and/or the EO and will include: - Compliance monitoring during construction - Monitoring of significant impacts during the operation of the subproject. The Environment Specialist of the CDF and/or the EO will also conduct periodic monitoring by visiting the sites of the various activities at least twice a year. Monitoring indicators shall be developed for both the construction and the operation phase of the activities. Monitoring of construction activities ensure that mitigation measures of construction impacts are being implemented properly, while the monitoring of operation activities is to ensure that no unforeseen negative impacts arise.

9.4 Training and Capacity Building Environmental expertise within the implementing and executing bodies will be strengthened. Training programs will be designed and implemented by the CCU with support from the CDF and/or the EO environmental specialists and will target three levels: (i) CCU and SCU: at the initiation of the promotional program, and prior to bidding and

selection of SCU, a workshop will be provided and will include an environmental session

to raise environmental awareness and to clarify the specific environmental requirements related to design and implementation of the project’s activities.

Another training workshop will be provided to the CCU, SCU and selected partners and will cover the following topics: - EIA techniques - Screening projects for environmental review - Use of practical checklists - Best environmental practices in design and implementation of activities - Effective implementation of mitigation measures - Activity supervision - Monitoring and evaluation

(ii) Local Stakeholders and Contractors: CCU with support frm the CDF and/or the EO will

be required to provide workshops for local stakeholders and contractors, focusing on public awareness, case studies of environmental issues experienced in similar projects, use of environmental guidelines and implementation of mitigation measures.

(iii) Beneficiaries and Executing Agencies.

A sample training requirements for various groups is included in table (9.3) Table 9.3 Training Requirements

Training Requirements for Various Groups of Participants

Loc

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over

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tA

ppro

val

Aut

hori

ties

SCU

&L

ocal

Gov

ernm

entS

taff

NG

Os

/CB

Os

Stak

ehol

ders

/W

orke

rs&

Con

trac

tors

Linkages between environmental and social management and sustainable llivelihoods

A T A A

Local EA legislation and relevant environmental policies

A T A A

Potential localized impacts of activities and suitable mitigation measures

A T A S

Addressing and land acquisition and access to resources through resettlement planning and compensation

A T A S

Use of the Environmental Guidelines & WB Safeguards

A T A A

Methods of stakeholders involvement – PRA A T S ACumulative impacts assessment A T A APotential environmental and social activities A S A AStakeholders lesson-learning and review A T - -

Legend: T = Detailed training, S = Sensitization to the issues, A = Awareness-raising Source: Adapted from World Bank (2005), ESMF Toolkit

10. Management Challenges

10.1 Background Since 1992, the country established the Higher Council for Environment & Natural Resources (HCENR) with mandates to coordinate, supervise and formulate long term plans for environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources. The HCENR, as an advisory and coordinating body, handles broad issues of policy formulation and integration of sectors to achieve proper natural resource management, whereas program implementation, development and conservation of natural resources are undertaken by line ministries at national level or state ministries at local level. The HCENR is also entrusted with the review and approval of EIAs before implementation of development projects. However, by – laws for review of EIAs are still lacking. In 1995 the HCENR became affiliated to the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development (MEPD) in a loose manner, as the Minister of Environment chairs and supervises the activities of the HCENR. Beside the HCENR and the MEPD, there are other sectoral institutions at national or state level that exercise functions of environmental nature according to their sectoral laws but in conformity with the Sudan Environmental Act 2001. In 1992, and as the National Comprehensive Strategy (1992 – 2002) emphasized the country’s concern of creating self – reliant society, NGO’s, CBOs and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) began to play a major role in the development and decision – making at local level. Hence, villages established Village Popular Committees, Village Development Committees and Cooperative Societies. In many cases, all work in harmony with the traditional leadership and Native Administration. In matters related to the environment, and as the result of the federal system, responsibilities are divided between the Federal and State governments. However, in case of conflicts, the Federal Jurisdiction over environment and natural resources prevails over the States. Some issues are considered joint or with concurrent powers. There is some confusion in the division of responsibilities between the Federal and the State Governments. The Land Commission is to be established after the CPA clarifies these responsibilities.

10.2 Coordination Environmental matters are still divided among different bodies which are supposed to act as coordinating institutions. Beside the HCENR and line Ministries, there are: the Water Council, Public Health Council, and National Council for Physical Planning, the Population Council and several other councils with mandates of coordination. However, and due to lack of capacities, strong horizontal and vertical linkages are lacking leading in many cases to conflicts or duplication of efforts. All this puts more pressure on the HCENR to improve its performance as the lead institution in environmental issues.

10.3 Limitations and Constraints There are a number of challenges and constraints to be identified that may impede the country’s environmental performance. These may be outlined in the following:

A) Limited awareness There is limited awareness about the environment and its social, economic and ecological interactions that prevents the holistic attack on the root causes of environmental problems. B) Limited capacity of the HCENR and the MEPD Both institutions are supposed to play a coordinating role and guide the process leading to environmentally sustainable development. Yet, their structure and budgetary resources are so limited that they are handicapped in playing their roles as stated in their mandates. The HCENR, which is the technical arm of the MEDP in the field of environment, has limited technical capacity in terms of human resources and budgetary allocations. In fact, the activities currently performed by the HCENR are only those supported by foreign donors and linked to international conventions. C) Inadequate technical capacity of key Federal Ministries and States Ministries Most of the technical Ministries at national or State level suffer from the lack of qualified and / or committed cadre as the result of brain drain, political retirements or lack of motivation. At the State level or locality level, the situation is even worse and serious. D) Poor mechanisms for effective participation Effective community participation in the development activities is constrained by lack of appropriate structures and the political environment. The rural people are developmentally mobilized but constraint by lack of appropriate structures to be able to respond to their needs. Hence, mechanisms for effecting participation of communities, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), NGOs, CBOs and private sector are necessary by creating conducive atmosphere for participation.

10.4 Emerging and Critical Issues There are three issues that emerge as the most critical challenges to the achievement of sustainable development. These include:

A) Decentralization of Environmental Activities Most environmental problems have roots in local activities. Participation and cooperation of communities and local authorities are important in finding solutions to these problems. Creation of adequate local organizational structures with capacities is an important input to guide grassroots environmental activities. The locality is the appropriate level to guide environmental decentralization at village level.

B) Capacity building It is important to disseminate the philosophy and approaches of sustainable development through training, learning by doing, institutional building and decentralization of activities. Concerted efforts are needed to create environmental awareness for government staff, NGOs, CBOs, contractors and local communities to be able to integrate environmental dimensions in social and economic development plans.

C) Conflict transformation Negative environmental impacts as the result of civil war or local conflicts between farmers and nomads have increased substantially during the last decade with impacts extending beyond the conflict zones. Ecological conflicts represent a challenge to the project activities. However, careful approach, involvement of all stakeholders, involvement of Native Administration and efforts in peace building are expected to reduce tensions among resource users.

10.5 Organizational Challenges at Locality & Village Levels At the locality level, a State Coordination Unit (SCU) will be established in each of the four states. The unit will include a state coordinator, an engineer, a finance officer/unit, an M&E officer and a support staff. The SCU may draw technical expertise from NGOs, academic and research institutions, line Ministries and individual specialists to provide essential advisory services to the SCU in carrying out its functions. A Central Coordination Unit (CCU) in Khartoum will manage the federal subcomponents (2.1 & 3) and compile reporting from state and federal levels. The CCU will include an overall project coordinator, a curriculum specialist, a finance officer/unit and an administrative staff. The CCU will employ short term consultants as needed to follow up on the curriculum development components and short term environmental specialists. The challenge here is how the SCU manager will be able to liaise with related government departments at locality and State levels in addition to community structures as he is recruited by the CCU, while the remaining SCU staff maybe be drawn from the locality staff to the SCU on a full time basis. The main challenges here are the capacities of locality staff assigned to SCU in ensuring the incorporation of social and environmental safeguards in activities and ability to promote sense of stakeholders’ involvement and accepting joint decision – making with all stakeholders. The institutional arrangements for the implementation of the environmental guidelines involve the inclusion of an Environment Specialist in CDF and the EO as short term consultant and establishing focal points at various levels within the government agencies responsible for implementation of the project. Hence, training in the application of the environmental and social safeguards must be conducted for relevant staff as well as for NGOs, CBOs, contractors and other partners involved in project implementation.

11. Check List for Small School Construction Activities Small school construction activities may include rehabilitation and upgrading of schools and associated activities. In general, the construction of these activities will not cause significant negative impacts; however, they should be screened for environmental consideration such as contamination from waste materials during construction, disturbances resulting in dust, noise and environmental contamination during operation of the facilities such as in adequate sanitation. The most important considerations associated with schools include provision of adequate potable water, waste management and sanitation facilities. Handling and disposal of waste is an important consideration and should be addressed during the design, construction and operation of the facility. When rehabilitating or upgrading such activities, priority should be given to the rehabilitation of the latrines and the proper disposal of solid waste. Other environmental issues include:

• In many rural areas, schools are often located on main roads and highways. The gates of the schools open directly on the roads. Students leaving the school at closing time gather in large number at edge of the road and are exposed to accident hazard;

• Schools close to main roads and highways are also exposed to traffic, dust and noise; • Schools are sometimes located close to high power electric transmission lines exposing

the children to electrical hazards;

• In selecting the site for school, consideration needs to be given to terrain, soil condition and habitat. Often waterlogged land is available at low rates and is used for the construction of school. If construction techniques appropriate for this type of soil conditions are not used, the building structure corrodes and decays rapidly;

• Waste management is a common problem. The schools are rarely provided with proper waste disposal system. The children are part of the vulnerable groups of the population. They have relatively less resistance to diseases;

• Stagnant water and waste dump close to the school exposes the students to health hazards.

11.1 Mitigation Options The most adequate environmental management measure for schools is to select the location and the design of these facilities such that the students are provided with an atmosphere that is environmentally safe, healthy and conducive to learning. 11.2 Site Selection The main issues in school site selection ensure that:

• Schools are not located on the edge of main roads and highways. A distance of at least 50m must be provided between the wall of the facility and the edge of the carriageway;

• Poorly drained soils, waterlogged areas and saline soils are avoided as much as possible. If these areas are unavoidable, appropriate construction techniques should be used to ensure that the building structure is protected from moisture and salts, school should not be located close to streams and rivers, on steep slopes, and on sites where extensive cutting of trees may be required;

• Schools are not be located within 100 m of any high voltage power line; • Schools are not be located within 100 m of large waste dump or low lying area in which

water can potentially stagnate after rains. 11.3 Waste Disposal Waste disposal facilities in schools should have:

• Appropriately designed sanitation facility which is constructed for disposal of wastewater. This should not be located on steep slope or within 50 m of any water body or source of fresh water;

• Waste is collected in bins and disposed off appropriately with other municipal waste. If any waste handling incinerator is available in the vicinity, the waste should be transported to the facility for incineration. Otherwise if a municipal landfill is not available, a landfill should be prepared at the site for the disposal of waste.

• During construction, all excess construction garbage are continuously collected and disposed off at a designated area.

11.4 Check list for education facility (schools) 1- Activity description (major components); e. g. demolition, site clearance, grading, excavation, installing equipment, and erecting structures.

2- Activity location (describe surroundings land form, topography vegetation etc)

3- Estimate area to be cleared of vegetation

2- Land acquisition (apply the land acquisition tool according RPF)

5- Type of soils a) sandy soils b) Clay soils c) Rocky and gravels d) Other types

6- Will the activity result in:

� Structures incompatible with existing land use yes no � Conversion of prime agricultural land to nonagricultural yes no � Loss of open space yes no � Need for new health care services yes no � Additional amounts of solid and liquid waste generation yes no � Change to the visual character of the area yes no � Loss of existing dwelling through demolition or removal yes no � Dust or noise above allowable limits yes no � Displacement of current residents yes no � For all (yes) answers discuss

- Impact-----

- Mitigation measures 7- Is the design of the school considered proper location of the following?

a- Pit latrines yes no b- The number of pit latrines according to number of students yes no c- In mix education schools separate facilities for girls and boys yes no d – Provision of water for washing near pit latrines yes no e- Clauses for the contractor to remove left building materials yes no f- Proper location of drinking water Zeers yes no g – Provision of walls to protect the school yes no h- Provisions to improve school environments yes no

i – For all no answers describe--------- - Mitigation measures - Impacts

8- Other mitigation measures

• Encourage teachers to introduce environmental awareness • Encourage tree planting • Encourage water harvesting • Organize cleanup campaigns

References

(1) Gaafar Karrar & Partners (1994), Social and Environmental Impacts of Heightening Roseiris Dam, Ministry of Irrigation.

(2) Hassan A. Ati (2002), Sustainable Development in Sudan, Environmentalists Society,

Khartoum. (3) Government of Sudan (2005), Sudan Interim Constitution, Ministry of Justice. (4) Government of Sudan (2001), Environment Conservation Act.

(5) High Council for Environment (1996), Towards National Environmental Action Plan in Sudan, Khartoum.

(6) Khalid A. El Amin (1999), Land Tenure Forms in Darfur, Sudan, DSRC, Khartoum. (7) Ministry of Environment and Physical Development (1995), List of Environmental

Legislation in Sudan, Khartoum. (8) Sudan Standards and Metrology Organization (2002), Standards for Drinking Water,

Khartoum. (9) World Bank (2005), the Republic of Sudan – Multi Donor Fund – Project Proposal,

Decentralized Health Services Development Project (DHSDP). (10) World Bank (2005), the Republic of Sudan – Multi Donor Fund – Project Proposal,

Community Development Fund Project (CDF). (11) World Bank (1991), Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Environment Department,

Washington DC. (12) World Bank (2005), Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank

Projects with Multiple Small – Scale Activities, aToolkit, Africa Region. (13) World Bank (1999), Operational Policies (OP 4.01), Environmental Assessment. (14) World Bank (1999), Operational Policies (OP 4.01), Annex A - Environmental

Assessment. (15) Yagoub Abdalla Mohamed (2002), Sudan Policy and Institutional Changes for the

Implementation of Agenda 21, in Hassan A. Ati (ed.) Sustainable Development in Sudan, Environmentalists Society.

(16) Yagoub Abdalla Mohamed (2005), Land Tenure, Land Use and Conflicts in Darfur,

Paper presented in a workshop organized by University for Peace and University of Khartoum.

Appendix (A) Existing Legislations

• Appendix (A1): List of Environmental Legislation in Sudan • Appendix (A2): List of Protected Natural Resources • Appendix (A3): Standards for Drinking Water SSMO – Sudan

Appendix (A1) List of Environmental Legislation in Sudan

A. Land Tenure and Land Use Planning

1. Encouragement of Environment Act (1991) 2. Unregistered Land Act (1970) – repealed 3. Acquisition Act (1970) 4. Town and Village Planning Act 5. Taxation of Land and Date Trees Ordinance (1925), and Regulations 6. Land Settlement and Registration Act (1925) 7. Road Traffic Ordinance (1922) 8. Mechanized Farming Public Corporation (Establishment) Regulations (1975) 9. Rural Water and Development Corporation (1967) 10. Survey Department (Organization) Act (1974) 11. Demarcation and Survey Act (1930) 12. Land Acquisition Act (1930) 13. Town Replanning Act (1930) 14. Lands and Planning Act (1994) 15. Gezira Land Act (1922) 16. Gezira Scheme (1960) 17. Premises Rents Act (1992) 18. Rahad Agricultural Corporation Act (1972) 19. Relief and Rehabilitation Corporation Act (1985)

B. Soil Conservation

1. Rural Water Development Corporation Act (1967) 2. Allotment of Lands for the Development of the Mechanized Farming Corporation Act 3. Parts of the National Parks, Sanctuaries and Reserves Regulation (1939), issued under

the Preservation of Wild Animals Ordinance (1935) 4. Gezira Scheme (1960) 5. Mining and Quarries Act (1972) 6. Mining and Quarries Act (1973) 7. Mechanized Farming Corporation (Establishment) Regulations (1975) 8. Plant Disease Act (1913) 9. Agricultural Pest Control Act (1919) 10. Seeds Act (1990)

C. Forest Conservation 1. Forests Act (1989) 2. Forests National Corporation Act (1932) 3. Central Forests Act (1932) - repealed but rules and regulations effective until repealed 4. Provisional Forests Acts (1932) - repealed but rules and regulations continue in effect

until repealed

D. Wildlife and Protected Areas 1. Wildlife Conservation and National Park Act (1987) 2. Wildlife Conservation Forests Act (1981) 3. Wildlife Protection Act (1936)

4. Hides and Animals Skins Act (1935) 5. Preservation of Wild Animals Act (1935) 6. Game Regulations (1935) 7. National Parks, Sanctuaries and Reserves Regulation (1939) 8. Arms Ammunition and Explosives Ordinance (1939) 9. Local Government Act

E. Water Resources

1. Nile Water Pump Control Act (1939) 2. Irrigation and Flood Control Act (1990) 3. Environmental Health Act (1975), amended (1993) 4. Public Health Act (1935) 5. Rural Water Development Corporation Act (1966) 6. General Electricity and Water Corporation Act (1966) 7. Water Hyacinth Control Act (1960) 8. Fresh Water Fisheries Ordinance (1954) 9. River Transport Ordinance (1958) 10. Nile Pumps Control Ordinance (1939) 11. Nile Pumps Use Control (Tendencies) Regulations (1969) 12. Nile Pumps Control (Standby) Regulations (1953) 13. Nile Pumps Control (general) Regulations (1951) 14. Public Ferries Ordinance (1939) 15. Regulations of Inland Navigation Act (1980)

F. Marine Resources and Coastal Zone Management

1. Maritime Act (1961) 2. Marine Fisheries Act (1973) 3. General Regulations and Control of Merchant Shipping Act (1971) 4. Harbours and Shipping Ordinance (1961) 5. Terrestrial Waters and Continental Shelf Act (1970)

G. Animal Resources

1. Rabies Act (1974) 2. Animal Disease Free Zone Act (1973) 3. Diseases of Animals Act (1901) 4. Hides and Animal Skins Act (1954) 5. Animals Export and Import Act (1913)

H. Hazardous Substances 1. Pesticides Act (1974) 2. Food Control Act (1973) 3. Pharmacy and Poisons Act (1913) 4. Narcotics Act 5. Industrial Safety Act (1978) 6. Sulphur Ordinance (1932)

I. Energy and Mining 1. Mines and Quarries Act (1974) 2. Mining and Quarries Regulations (1973) 3. Investment Act (1989) 4. Petroleum Act (1931)

J. Environmental Health (Including Pollution Control)

1. Environmental Health Act (1975) amended (1993) 2. Public Health Act (1975) 3. Locusts Destruction Act (1907) 4. Plant Diseases Act (1913) 5. Investment Act (1989) 6. Industrial Safety Act (1976) 7. Road Traffic Act (1983) 8. Quarantine Act (1974) 9. Industrial Waste Local Order (1971), Khartoum North

K. Cultural Environment

1. Antiquities Ordinance (1952) 2. Organization of Higher Education Act (1990)

Appendix (A2) List of Protected Areas According to Ecological Zones

Ecological Zone National Parks Protected Areas Hunting Zones Desert Wadi Hawar - - Semi – Desert - Sanganeib Marine

Park - Dungunab Marine

Park - Jebel El Hassania

- Tokar - Sabalouka

- Erkawit - Sinkat - Khartoum Sunt

Forest

Savanna - Dinder National Park - Radom N. P. - Southern N. P. - Nimole N. P. - Boma N. P

- Shekow - Ashana - Nimatine - Juba - Kideibo

-----

Wetlands - Badinglo N. P. - Shambei N. P.

- Fani Kang - Zaraf Island

--

Equatoria Rainforest - --

- Mebarzanga - Bningai - Birkibts

---

Mountainous - - - Total 11 12 3

Areas Proposed for the Establishment of Bird Sanctuaries

1. Khasm El Girba Dam 2. Abyad Lake 3. Keilak Lake 4. Kundi Lake 5. Lake Nubia 6. Sennar Dam 7. Maschar Marches 8. Wadi Hawar 9. Port Sudan 10. Suakin Island 11. Imatong Mountains 12. Jebel Merra 13. Roseiris Dam 14. Jebel Aulia Dam 15. Red Sea Hills 16. Sabaloka Are

Appendix (A3) Standards for Drinking Water Bacteriological Value Limits

Organisms Guideline Value 1. all water intended for drinking

A. E. Coli or thermo - tolerant coli - form bacteria

B. Pathogenic intestinal protozoa

• Must not be detectable in any 100 ml

sample

2. Treated water entering the distribution system

A. E. Coli or thermo - tolerant coli - form bacteria

B. Total coli – form bacteria C. Pathogenic intestinal protozoa

• Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample

3. Treated water in the distribution system A. E. Coli or thermo - tolerant coli - form

bacteria B. Total coli – form bacteria

C. Pathogenic intestinal protozoa

• Must not be detectable in any 100 ml

sample. • Must not be detectable in any 100 ml

sample. In the case of large supplies where sufficient samples are examined, must not be detectable in 95% of samples examined throughout any consecutive 12 – month’s period.

• Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample

Heavy Metals – Max. Permissible Limits Parameter Max. permissible limit in µg / l Antimony 0.004 Arsenic 0.007 Barium 0.5 Boron 0.2 Cadmium 0.003 Chromium (Total) 0.04 Copper 1.5 Cyanide 0.05 Fluoride 1.5 Lead 0.007 Manganese 0.5 Mercury (Total) 0.0007 Molybdenum 0.05 Nickel 0.014 Nitrate as NO3 50 Nitrate as NO2 2 Selenium 0.007

Max. Permissible Limits Parameter Max. permissible limit in µg / l Chlorinated Alkanes:

• Carbon tetrachloride • Dichloroethane • 1,2Dichloroethane

1.3 14 20

Chlorinated Ethanes: • Vinyl Chloride • 1,1Dichloroethane • 1,2Dichloroethane • Trichloroethane • Tetra Chloroethane

3.5 20 35 50 30

Aromatic Hydrocarbons: • Benzene • Toluene • Xylenes • Ethyl Benzene • Styrene • Benzo (a) Pyrene

7500 350 200 15 0.5

Chlorinated Benzene: • Monochlorobenzene • 1,2Dichlorobenzene • 1,4Dichlorobenzene • Trichlorobenzene (Total)

200 700 200 15

Miscellaneous: • Di (2 – ethylexyl) adipate • Di (2 – ethylexyl) phthalate • Acrylamide • Epichlorohydrine • Edetic acid (EDTA) • Nitrilotriacetic acid • Tributylin oxide • Hexachlorobutadiene

55 5.4 0.4 0.3 150 150 1.5 0.4

Max. Permissible Limits Parameter Max. permissible limit in µg / l Pesticides: Alachlor

15

Aldrin / Dieldrin 0.02 Aldicarb 7.5 Atrazine 1.5 Bentazone 20 Carbofuran 3.5 Chlorodane 0.15 Chlorotoluron 20 1,2 –Bromo – 3 – Chloropropane 0.7

DDT 1.5 2,4 –D 201,2 Dichloropropane 15 1,3 Dichloropropane 15 Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide 0.02 Hexachlorobenzene 0.7 Isoproturon 7 Lindane 1.5 MCPA 1.5 Methoxychlor 15 Metolachlor 7.0 Molinate 4.0 Pendimethaline 15 Pentachlorophenol 7.0 Permitherin 15 Propanil 15 Pyridate 75 Simazine 1.5 Trifluralin 1.5 Parameter Max. permissible limit in µg / l Chlorophenoxy Herbicides other than 2,4 and MCPA:

• 2,4– DB • Dichloroprop • Fenoprop • Mecoprop • 2,4,5 – T

67 75 676

Disinfectants: • Monochloramine • Chlorine

2000 3400

Disinfectants by products: • Bromate • Chlorite • 2,4,6 – Trichlorophenol • Formaldehyde • Bromoform • Dibromochloromethane • Bromodichloromethane • Chloroform • Dichloroacetic acid • Trichloroacetic acid • Chloral Hydrate

(Trichloroacetaldehyde) • Dichloroacetonitrile • Dibromoacetonitrile • Trichloroacetonitrile • Cyanogen Chlorides (CN)

17 150 150 600 75 75 40 150 35 75 760 75 0.7 50

Max. Permissible Limits for Radioactive material Parameter Screening Value in Bq / l Cross alpha activity 0.07 Cross beta activity 0.7

Max. Permissible Limits for Organoleptic, Physical and Chemical Properties affecting Drinking Water Acceptability by Consumers Parameter Levels Likely to Give Rise to Consumer

Complains Physical parameters:

• Colour • Taste and odour • Temperature • Turbidity • pH

15 TCU Acceptable Acceptable 5 NTU 6.5 –8.5

Inorganic Constituents: • Aluminium • Ammonia • Chloride • Hydrogen sulphide • Iron (Total) • Sodium • Sulphate • Total dissolved solids (TDS) • Zink

0.2 µg / l 1.5 µg / l 250 µg / l 0.05 µg / l 0.3 µg / l 200 µg / l 250 µg / l 1000 µg / l 3 µg / l

Organic Constituents: • 2 – Chlorophenol • 2,4 Dichlorophenol

5 µg / l 2 µg / l

Appendix (B)

Environmental Impacts & Good Practice Procedures

Appendix B1: Good Practice Environmental Procedures.

Appendix B2: Typical Construction Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Appendix B3: Draft Environmental Contract Clauses

Appendix B4: Best Practice and Recommendations

Appendix (B1) Good Practice Environmental Procedures

1. Introduction

The prevention of injury and/or illness to site personnel and the public, damage to the Works and to public and private property, protection of the environment, and compliance with applicable laws, shall be the primary objectives of the contractor. All work shall be carried out in a way as to minimize disturbance and avoid dangers to the public. Selected minimum requirements are outlined in these Good Practice Environmental Procedures with which contractors shall comply. Given that these Procedures cannot cover every eventuality, the contractor shall be expected to exercise good judgment in all such matters, even though not mentioned in these Procedures, and shall take all necessary measures to meet his responsibility with respect to environmental matters.

The Contractor shall, throughout the execution and completion of the Works and remedying of any defects therein: • Have full regard for the safety of all persons on Site and keep the Site and the Works in an

orderly state appropriate to the avoidance of danger to any person; • Know and understand all laws governing his activities along with any site requirements and

work site hazards; • Take all necessary measures to protect his personnel, other persons, the general public and

the environment; • Avoid damage or nuisance to persons or to property of the public or others resulting from

pollution, noise or other causes arising as a consequence of carrying out the Works. 2. Protection of the Environment

The Contractor shall comply with all environmental requirements, rules and regulations under Sudanese laws, laid down by Sudanese Authorities or issued by the Employer or the Engineer. Specific attention should be paid to regulations for materials, including hazardous substances or wastes under his control. The Contractor shall not dump, release or otherwise discharge or dispose of any such dump without the authorization of the Engineer. When releases resulting from Contractor action occur, the Contractor shall take proper precautionary measures to counter any known environmental or health hazards associated with such releases. These would include remedial procedures such as spill control and containment and notification of the proper authorities.

3. Air Pollution

The Contractor shall take all necessary measures to limit pollution from dust and any wind blown materials during the Works, including wetting down with water on a regular basis during construction.

The Contractor shall ensure that all trucks leaving the Site are properly covered to prevent discharge of dust, rocks, sand, etc. 4. Water Pollution

The Contractor shall not dispose of waste solvents, petroleum products, toxic chemicals or solutions in the village drainage system or watercourse, and shall not dump or bury any garbage on the Site. He shall maintain the Site in a sanitary condition and shall remove from the Surface of the ground all rubbish, surplus spill, and litter which may have been left on site.

All wastes shall be taken to an approved disposal facility regularly as specified by the locality. The Contractor shall dispose of all fluids and test pumping discharge in a manner that does not cause contamination or nuisance. He shall also be responsible to control all run-offs, erosion, etc.

Where a temporary reduction in downstream flow or discoloration by suspended solids from excavations is, in the opinion of the Engineer, unavoidable, the Contractor shall make alternative arrangements for supplying all effected users throughout the period of flow reduction or coloration.

5. Solid Waste General Housekeeping:

The Contractor shall maintain the Site and any ancillary areas used and occupied for performance of the Works in a clean, tidy and rubbish-free condition at all times. Upon completion of work, the Contractor shall clear away and remove from the Site all Contractors’s Equipment, surplus material, rubbish and temporary works of any kind, and leave the Site in a clean condition to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Rubbish Removal and Disposal:

The Contractor shall comply with the local orders of the locality and requirements for the disposal of rubbish and waste. No waste shall be burnt on site unless approved by the Engineer.

6. Noise Control

The Contractor shall adopt the best practicable means of minimizing noise. All equipment shall be maintained in good mechanical order and fitted with the appropriate silencers, mufflers, or acoustic covers where applicable. Stationary noise sources shall be sited as far away as possible from noise-sensitive areas, and where necessary acoustic barriers shall be used to shield them.

7. Additional Requirements for Work in Public Areas

7.1 Method Statements

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer in a timely manner a method statement which will include:

- A general description of the identified mitigation measures and methodology of how it will be carried out;

- Details of the measures and temporary works to minimize disturbance and safeguard the public. These shall include temporary diversions, safety barriers, screens, signs, lighting and arrangements for control of traffic and pedestrians and advance warning to be given to the public.

7.2 Site Clearance and Removal of Topsoil Site clearance shall be carried out over the areas to be occupied by the permanent Works before beginning excavation or filling or other work, and shall include the clearance of all trees, stumps, bushes and other vegetation and the removal of all boulders. Materials arising from site clearance shall be disposed by the Contractor off the Site, or where approved by the Engineer, on the site in a manner and place approved by the Engineer and in accordance with the locality local orders. The Contractor shall preserve as far as practicable all grass and other vegetation outside the limits of trenches and permanent works and shall not unnecessarily destroy crops or any vegetation whose removal would not be essential to his operations.

7.3 Existing Services The Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining all existing services such as electricity, telephone, water, sewerage and drainage. Any curtailment of these services shall only be undertaken with the prior approval of the Engineer. The Engineers approval of proposals for alternative services shall only be given after consultation with the effected consumers. Any accidental curtailment of services resulting from the Contractor’s activities shall be treated as an emergency and repaired without undue delay, notwithstanding that the Engineer may not be immediately available. All such accidents shall be reported in writing to the Engineer with details of the remedial action undertaken.

7.4 Closure of Roads

The closure or partial closure of roads, pavements and other public areas will only be permitted if approved by the Relevant Authorities and closure permit has been issued by the Authority. The Contractor shall detail for each closure the extent of area to be closed, the reasons and duration of the closure and, where appropriate, proposed diversion.

7.5 Protection of Buildings and Properties When working adjacent to existing properties, the Contractor shall: - Advise owners or occupiers of adjoining property of the dates on which work is to be

executed; - Obtain permission of the owners if it is necessary to erect Temporary Works or otherwise use

adjoining property and pay all charges; - Take all reasonable precautions to prevent damage to adjoining property and, if any damage

is caused as a result of the execution of the Works, make good to the satisfaction of the owner.

7.6 Protection of Archeological and Historical Sites

Excavation in sites of known archaeological interest should be avoided. Where this is unavoidable, prior discussions must be held with the Department of Antiquities, who should be given the opportunity to undertake pre-construction excavation or assign an archaeologist to log discoveries as construction proceeds.

Where historical remains are unexpectedly discovered in an area not previously known for its archaeological interest, work should be curtailed and the finds reported to the Department of Antiquities, who will be given the opportunity to visit the site and undertake rescue excavation.

7.7 Excavation

The following guidelines apply to all types of excavation and shall be observed by the Contractor.

(i) before commencing work the contractor shall: - Obtain an excavation permit from the relevant local authority. - Notify the Engineer on the location and duration of the work. An excavation permit

signed by the Engineer must be issued before excavation proceeds in any work location.

- Erect all temporary works such as barriers, warning signs, lighting, etc. - Not deposit excavated materials on public or private land except where directed by

the Engineer or with the consent in writing of the relevant Authority or of the owner or responsible representative of the owner of such land and only then in those places and under such conditions as the relevant Authority, owner or representative may prescribe.

7.8 Safety Barriers

Safety barriers shall be provided to the perimeter of work areas and to trench and other types of excavations and to existing openings such as manholes, draw pits and the like. When exposed to the public, safety barriers shall be provided to both sides of trenches and around all sides of openings.

The Contractor shall provide details of the type or types of safety barriers for each excavation for approval of the Engineer prior to commencing work. No work shall commence until the safety barriers are in place.

7.9 Use of explosives Explosives shall not be used on any part of the Works without the approval of the Engineer and permission from the relevant authorities. The Contractor shall: - Observe all regulations regarding proper purchasing, transportation, storage handling and use

of explosives; - Ensure that explosives and detonators are stored in separate and approved building, located

and clearly marked in English and Arabic “DANGER – EXPLOSIVES” to the approval of the Engineer;

- Ensure that all possible precautions are taken against accidental fire or explosion, and that all explosives are kept in a proper and safe condition;

- Ensure explosives and detonators are always transported in separate vehicles and kept apart until the last possible moment and that metallic tools are not used to open boxes.

Blasting Procedures: the Contractor shall carry out blasting operations in a manner that will not endanger the safety of the persons and property. Adequate warning of blasting shall always be given and all persons cleared from the area, before blasting take places. The Contractor shall:

- Ensure that police and other relevant authorities are kept fully informed of the blasting program so they may be present during blasting if they so require.

- Erect warning notices around the area affected indicating that blasting operations are in progress.

- Ensure explosive charges are not excessive charged, that boreholes are properly protected, and appropriate precautions are taken for the safety of persons and property.

- Maintain an up-to-date inventory of all explosive devices and submit a monthly report to the Engineer, detailing the use of explosives by date and location.

Appendix (B2) Typical Construction Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

IMPACT GOOD PRACTICE MITIGATION MEASURES Obstruction of Access: Installation of pipelines may require partial or total closure for the duration of construction, causing obstruction and necessitating the diversion of vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

Avoiding total closure of roads and maintain single line traffic; diversion of traffic through suitable roads to the expected traffic loading; provision of adequate diversion signs; minimizing lengths of open trench; expeditious completion of backfill and reinstatement

Disruption of Services Existing services such as water, sewerage, electricity and telephones may be temporarily disconnected, thus causing inconvenience to consumers. They may also be subject to accidental damage during construction.

Minimizing the period of disconnection; provision of alternative arrangements when disruption for an extended period is unavoidable.

Increased Traffic Generation Contractors’ heavy transport and construction equipment will result in increased traffic.

Restriction of heavy transport and equipment activity to normal working hours.

Soil and Water Pollution Improper dumping of excavated and construction materials, chemicals, solvents and oils may contaminate the soil as well as surface and ground waters. Runoff contamination may also affect flora and fauna.

Collection and disposal of demolition and excavated materials at appropriate locations; collection and recycling of lubricants; precaution to avoid accidental spills.

Soil Erosion Soil erosion may occur from excavations, road cuttings and other exposed surfaces during periods of rain. This may result in alteration to landforms and natural drainage and in accumulation of sediments in rivers and streams.

Limitation of earth moving to dry periods so major excavations and movements of spoil are undertaken during the summer months; protection of most susceptible surfaces with mulch; covering open trenches with plastic sheeting and supporting their sides.

Disruption of Drainage New roads traversing surface water catchment areas can reduce runoff or divert natural drainage, thus causing a diminution in flow downstream to the detriment of bank-side vegetation and aquatic invertebrate fauna.

The excavation of cut-off trenches and diversion channels may need to be constructed as Temporary Works until land re-grading, concrete culverts or permanent diversion channels can be completed.

Increased Noise High noise levels from equipment, machinery and vehicles will cause disturbance to surrounding residences and particularly impact upon hospital, schools, churches, mosques, and upon cultural and recreational facilities that require quiet conditions for their enjoyment.

Restriction of work to normal working hours; using the quietest available plant/and or machinery; maintaining all equipment in good mechanical order and fitting them with the appropriate silencers, mufflers….

Reduced Air Quality Dust and particulate matter from the works may have a particularly serious impact upon people with respiratory problems, as well as on adjacent vegetation and buildings. Increased traffic will increase vehicle fumes and odors, and tire and exhaust particles can coat roadside vegetation.

Keeping access and haul roads swept and sprayed with water especially during the dry/hot season; spraying of spoil heaps with water; ensuring that vehicle and other engines are not kept running needlessly; preventing any lorries which expel high levels of exhaust from further work until they have been rectified.

Damage to Vegetation The removal of vegetation may affect both local ecological communities and the physical environment. The immediate result is the intensification of physical factors such as sunlight, desiccation, wind and water erosion. This, in turn, may lead to a paucity of food, shelter, nesting materials and habitats for birds and small animals.

Minimizing loss of natural vegetation during construction; replanting any damaged trees or shrubs.

Accumulation of Spoil Accumulations of spoil generated from road cuttings and other excavations are visually unsightly and may be rapidly eroded by rainfall. The suspended solids content of surface runoff may increase

Reusing spoil for backfill and reinstatement, or transporting to an approved site for such disposal; grading small quantities in adjacent land where this does not result in the deterioration of soil fertility; balancing the quantities of ‘cut’ and ‘fill’ to minimize the generation of excess spoil.

and culverts and drainage channels become silted. Spoil tipped on hillsides may be inherently unstable and subject to slippage.

Destruction of Archaeological Sites Excavations may result in the destruction of archaeological remains.

Avoiding excavation in sites of known archaeological interest; undertaking pre-construction excavation in sites with potential historical remains; assigning an archaeologist to log discoveries as construction proceeds.

Contractors’ Yards Sites containing offices, storage areas, maintenance shops, prefabrication yards generate domestic and industrial waste, including spent oils and chemicals, damaged materials and abandoned equipment. The excavation, crushing, washing, treatment and transport of rock materials and the construction of pre-cast units will cause increased noise, air pollution and heavy traffic.

Careful siting, construction and management of contractor’s yards

Appendix (B3) Draft Environmental Contract Clauses

Clause No. ___ Environmental Management, Safety and Security 1. Before the order to commence civil works, the contractor is required to implement the

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) as specified in the Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) prepared for the particular road works. The plan shall spell out how the contractor should achieve environmental targets and objectives specified in the EMP and agreed upon by the Environmental Coordinator, Environmental Management Unit, and the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development. The plan shall include, to the extent practicable and reasonable, all steps to be taken by the Contractor to protect the environment in accordance with the provisions of the Environment Act, 2001 and Environmental Guidelines for Transport Projects, 2005. Where the EMP does not exist, the clauses obtained herein shall form the basis of a rehabilitation plan.

2. Not withstanding the contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall

implement all measures necessary to restore the sites to acceptable standards and abide by environmental performance indicators specified under the EMP to measure progress towards achieving objectives during execution or upon completion of civil works. These measures shall include, but not limited to the following:

(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living downward of dust producing activities.

(b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and communities near rock –blasting areas.

(c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and / or re – established where they are disrupted due to civil works being carried out.

(d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used / produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies / reservoirs and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

(e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the bio – physical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore / rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards.

(f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, report such findings to the Department of Antiquities, in fulfillment of the Environment Act, 2001, and outline measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.

(g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities.

(h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevent siltation, etc.

(i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps.

(j) Ensure in as much as possible that local materials are utilized to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation.

(k) Ensure public safety and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

3. The contractor shall indicate the period within which he / she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure significant perturbations arising from such works have been taken into account.

4. The contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to both project management and the Environmental Coordinator and the Environmental Management Unit (EMU), so that impact management can be implemented properly and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions.

5. the Project Coordinator, EMU, in conjunction with the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development, shall inspect significant sites where civil works have been carried out and proposed mitigation measures implemented and shall give certification regarding the adequacy or inadequacy of rehabilitation measures carried out in the bio – physical environment and compensation for socio – economic disruption resulting from implementation of civil works.

6. If the contractor fails to implement the approved EMP, the Project Coordinator and EMU shall seek legal redress through the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development and appropriate penalties shall be instituted in accordance with the provisions of the Environment Act, 2001.

SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED Worksite / Camp Site Waste Management • All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc) containing oil, fuel, surfacing material and other

hazardous chemicals must be bonded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with the provisions of the Environment Act, 2001 and Locality orders.

• All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with the provisions of the Environment Act, 2001.

• Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re – used or sold for re – use locally.

• Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by construction diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.

• Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road. Waste and other excess material shall be used fro rehabilitating borrow areas and landscaping around the road.

• If other spoil disposal sites are necessary, they shall be located in areas of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoiled materials should be placed in low – lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality.

Material Excavation • Contractors shall obtain the appropriate license / permits from relevant authorities to operate

quarries or borrow areas. • The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant authorities

including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow area falls is traditional land, Environmental Coordinator and EMU.

• Extraction sites shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component.

• Extraction sites shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites.

• Extraction sites shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the Department of Forestry and an Environmental Impact Assessment shall be conducted.

• Extraction sites shall not be located on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value. • Only sites that can easily be rehabilitated shall be chosen. Areas with minimal vegetation

cover such as flat and bare ground or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs of height less than 1.5 m.

• Extraction site boundaries shall clearly be demarcated and marked to minimize vegetation clearing.

• Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall be done for not more than three months in advance of operation.

• Extraction sites shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of staff from the Antiquities Department.

• Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exist from workings.

Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention • To the extent practicable, rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is

similar to the rate of construction. • Always remove and retain top soil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped

when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. • Top soil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 – 2 m high are

recommended. • Revegetate the stockpile to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an

active population of beneficial soil microbes. • Locate stockpiles where they will not be disrupted by future construction activities. • To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or

impaired. • Remove toxic materials and dispose them off in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas

with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute ground water and soil.

• Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins.

• Ensure the reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long - term land use and that would allow natural regeneration of vegetation.

• Minimize the long – term visual impacts by creating landforms, which are compatible with the adjacent landscape.

• Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. • Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions

dictate otherwise. • Revegetate the area with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity,

and that will through succession; contribute to a stable and compatible ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, Forest Department and the local people, as they will be long – term beneficiaries.

Water Resources Management • The contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands for local communities. • Abstraction of water, both surface and underground, shall only be done with the consultation

of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. • Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, permits have to be

obtained from relevant authorities.

• Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way that disruption of water supplies to communities downstream is avoided and maintain the ecological balance of the river system.

• No construction water containing spoils or site effluents, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses.

• Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into watercourses or road drains.

• Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.

Traffic Management • Location of access roads / detours shall be done in consultation with the local community

especially, where access road may traverse important ecosystem components. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas.

• Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped off and rehabilitated. • Access roads shall be sprinkled with water, at least five times a day in settled areas and three

times in unsettled areas to suppress dust emissions. Blasting • Blasting activities shall not take place in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, or

wetlands. • Blasting activities shall be done during working hours and local communities shall be

consulted on the proposed blasting times. • Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. Health and Safety • The contractor, in advance of the construction work, shall amount an awareness and hygiene

campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS.

• Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc shall be provided at appropriate points.

• Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40 km per hour.

APPENDIX (C)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING

Appendix C1: Environmental Checklist

Appendix C2: Environmental Data Sheet (EDS)

Appendix C3: Environmental Appraisal Form

Appendix C4: World Bank Safeguard Policies

Appendix (C1)

Environmental Checklist

1. SUBPROJECT DESCRIPTION Description of the project and its major components.

2. SUBPROJECT LOCATION

2.1 Site Information Name of Locality Community Land use designation, total population and density

Present Use & Development Surrounding Uses/Zoning North:

South: East: West:

Access Name of roadway if direct access, description of easement from public or private roadway

Public Services Water Supply: name of district, or if private, note "private onsite well" or "shared well" Sewage: name of district or "septic system" Other: e.g. school, health clinic…

3. POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The following checklist indicates the potential level of impact and is abbreviated as follows: Known Sig.: Known significant environmental impacts. Poten. Sig. and Mitig.: Potentially significant impacts which can be mitigated to less than significant levels. Not Sig.: Impacts which are not considered significant.

3.1 GEOLOGIC PROCESSES

Will the proposal result in:

KnownSignif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Exposure to or production of unstable earth conditions such as landslides, soil creep, mudslides, ground failure (including expansive, compressible, collapsible soils), or similar hazards?

b. Disruptions, displacements, compaction or over covering of the soil by cuts, fills, or grading?

c. Permanent changes in topography? d. The destruction, covering or modification of any unique geologic or physical

features? e. Any increase in wind or water erosion of soils, either on or off the site? f. Changes in deposition, or erosion or siltation which may modify the channel

of a river, or stream, or any water body? g. The placement of septic disposal systems in impermeable soils with severe

constraints to disposal of liquid effluent? h. Excessive grading on slopes of over 20%? j. Sand or gravel removal or loss of topsoil? i. Vibrations, from short-term construction or long-term operation, which may

affect adjoining areas? j. Excessive spoils, tailings or over-burden?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.2 WATER RESOURCES/FLOODING

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Changes in the course or direction of water movements? b. Changes in percolation rates, drainage patterns or the rate and amount

of surface water runoff? c. Change in the amount of surface water in any water body? d. Discharge into surface waters, or alteration of surface water quality,

including but not limited to temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, solids?

e. Alterations to the course or flow of flood waters, or need for private or public flood control projects?

f. Exposure of people or property to water related hazards such as flooding, or accelerated runoff?

g. Alteration of the direction or rate of flow of groundwater? h. Change in the quantity of ground waters, either through direct additions

or withdrawals? i. Overdraft of any groundwater basin? Or, an increase in the existing

overdraft of any groundwater basin? j. The substantial degradation of groundwater quality? k. Substantial reduction in the amount of water otherwise available for

public water supplies?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.3 TRANSPORTATION/CIRCULATION

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Generation of substantial additional vehicular movement (daily, peak-hour, etc.) in relation to existing traffic load and capacity of the street system?

b. A need for private or public road maintenance, or need for new road(s)? c. Effects on existing parking facilities, or demand for new parking? d. Substantial impact on alteration of present patterns of circulation or

movement of people and/or goods? e. Increase in traffic hazards to motor vehicles, bicyclists or pedestrians

(including short-term construction and long-term operational)?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.4 AIR QUALITY

Will the proposal result in:

KnownSignif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. The generation of air pollutants, a contribution to an existing or projected air quality violation or exposure of sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant?

b. The creation of smoke, ash or odors? c. Dust generation?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.5 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

FLORA a. Removal or disturbance of natural vegetation? b. A loss or disturbance to a unique, rare or threatened plant community? c. A reduction in the numbers or restriction in the range of any unique, rare

or threatened species of plants? d. A reduction in the extent, diversity, or quality of native vegetation

(including bush removal for fire prevention and flood control improvements)?

e. Introduction of herbicides, pesticides, or other factors that would change or hamper the existing habitat?

FAUNA f. A reduction in the diversity or numbers of animals onsite?

g. A deterioration of existing fish or wildlife habitat ? e. Introduction of barriers to movement of any resident or migratory wildlife

species? h. Introduction of any factors (light, fencing, noise, human presence and/or

domestic animals) which could hinder the normal activities of wildlife?

Existing Plant and Animal Communities/Conditions:

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Disruption, alteration, destruction, or adverse effect on a recorded historic or archaeological site?

b. Disruption or removal of human remains? c. Increased potential for vandalizing, or sabotaging archaeological

resources? d. Ground disturbances in an area with potential cultural resource

sensitivity based on the location of known historic sites?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.7 HISTORIC RESOURCES

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Adverse physical or aesthetic impacts on a structure or property at least 50 years old and/or of historic or cultural significance to the community?

b. Beneficial impacts to a historic resource by providing rehabilitation, protection, conservation, etc.?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.8 NOISE

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Long-term exposure of people to noise levels? b. Short-term exposure of people to noise levels? c. Project-generated substantial increase in the ambient noise levels for

adjoining areas (either day or night)?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.9 LAND USE

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Structures and/or land use incompatible with existing land use? b. The induction of substantial growth or concentration of population? c. The extension of sewer trunk lines or access roads with capacity to

serve new development beyond this proposed project? d. The conversion of prime agricultural land to non-agricultural?

e. The loss of open space? f. An economic or social effect that would result in a physical change?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.10 PUBLIC FACILITIES

GENERAL SERVICES- Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. A need for new health care services? b. Student generation exceeding school capacity and/or facilities? c. Additional amounts of solid waste and wastewater generation?

d. A need for new or altered sewer system facilities (sewer lines, lift-stations, etc.)?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.11 ENERGY

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Substantial increase in demand, especially during peak periods, upon existing sources of energy?

b. Requirement for the development or extension of sources of energy?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.12 FIRE PROTECTION

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Introduction of development into an existing high fire hazard area?

b. Project-caused fire hazard? c. Introduction of development into an area without adequate

water pressure, fire hydrants or adequate access for fire fighting?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.13 RECREATION

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Conflict with established recreational uses of the area? b. Substantial impact on the quality or quantity of existing

recreational opportunities?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.14 AESTHETIC/VISUAL RESOURCES

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. The obstruction of any view open to the public or the creation of an aesthetically offensive site open to public view?

b. Change to the visual character of an area? c. Glare or night lighting which may affect adjoining areas? d. Visually incompatible structures?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.15 HOUSING

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Loss of existing dwellings through demolition, conversion, or removal?

b. Displacement of current residents?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

3.16 RISK OF UPSET/HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

KnownSignif.

Poten. Signif. and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. In the known history of the Project Area, have there been any past uses, storage, or discharge of hazardous materials? Examples of hazardous materials include, but are not limited to, fuel or oil stored in underground tanks, pesticides, solvents, or other chemicals.

b. Will the proposed project involve the use, storage, or distribution of hazardous or toxic materials?

Will the proposal result in: c. A risk of an explosion or the release of hazardous substances

(including, but not limited to oil, gas, pesticides, or chemicals) in the event of an accident or upset conditions?

d. Possible interference with an emergency response plan or an emergency evacuation plan?

e. The creation of a potential public health hazard? f. Public safety hazards? g. The contamination of a public water supply?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:

Appendix (C2)

Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) for Proposed Program

Geographical Location:

Program Reference No.:

Program Name:

Activities included in the Program:

Program Location: (besides geographic location, information about the key environmental characteristics of the area likely to be affected by the program, and proximity of any protected areas or sites or critical natural habitats)

Environmental Issues: (identified or suspected in project)

Proposed Actions: (to mitigate environmental issues described above)

Justification/Rationale for Environmental Category: (presents reasons for environmental category selected)

Reporting Schedule: (Is there a separate environmental analysis? If yes, when is it due?)

Date for first draft Current status

Remarks: (gives status of any other environmental studies, lists local groups and local NGOs consulted.)

Appendix (C3) Environmental Appraisal Form

Program Name: Ref. No:

1. Type of Sub-Projects included

2. Does the program require an environmental screening Yes No

If No, go to Question 20

3 Was the environmental screening and EDS completed satisfactorily? YesNo 4 Has any clarification of the EDS been requested? Yes No 5 Has clarification been received? Yes No 6 Is an Environmental Assessment required for any of the sub-projects? YesNo

If No, go to Question 7

If Yes, go to Question 9

7 Has the EDS information been verified during Field Appraisal? Yes No 8 Was the information found to be satisfactory? Yes No If No, give details:

Go to Question 13

9 Has the EA Report been prepared in accordance with the ToR? Yes No 10 Has the EA Report been verified during Field Appraisal? Yes No 11 Was the information found to be satisfactory? Yes No 12 Has the EA Report been approved by the HCENR? Yes No 13 Have consultations with other organizations been completed? Yes No

Organization consulted: (Delete or add as appropriate)

� Ministry of Irrigation & Water Resources

� Ministry of Environment and HCENR

� Ministry of Federal Government

� Council for the South

� State Ministries of Agriculture

� State Ministries of Education

� State Ministries of Engineering Affairs

� State Ministries of Social Affairs

� Other (name) � Directorate of Antiquities 14 Have these consultees given written approval for the program or sub-projects? YesNo 15 Has the Environmental Management Plan been approved? Yes No 16 Are the responsibilities for its implementation clearly identified? Yes No 17 Are additional resources required for its implementation? Yes No If Yes, give details:

18 Is there adequate financial provision for EMP implementation within the program budget? Yes No

19 Has the World Bank cleared the EA report? Yes No 20. Are there any outstanding environmental issues to be addressed

Before the program goes to execution? Yes No

If Yes, give details:

These issues will be addressed by:

Further study prior to implementation

Monitoring during implementation

Operational Monitoring

Other (give details)

21 Has a procedure for reporting this additional information been agreed with the PIU? Yes No

Declaration

On the basis of environmental issues, is the proposed program and its sub-projects acceptable for funding under project?

Date Signed and Stamped:

Appendix (C4) World Bank Safeguard Policies

The project is classified as a Category C or Category B project under OP 4.01. For Category B, The development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) that describes measures to mitigate negative project impacts and environmental monitoring arrangements is required. The ESMP constitutes one of the documents of the Basic Education project and includes detailed list of mitigation activities as well as a budget plan and schedule for the implementation of the ESMP. In addition to OP 4.01, the project may trigger at least six (6) World Bank environmental and social safeguard policies. The policies are described below: World Bank Safeguard Policies and Project’s Actions

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01): An Environmental and Social Assessment has to be prepared that includes an Environmental and Social Management Plan as well as an environmental monitoring program. Furthermore a number of site specific EMPs will be carried out at the project level as well as a number of EIAs if required. Pest Management (OP 4.09): The ESMP (site specific) will include proposals for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and biological pest control activities particularly in areas which will be converted to agricultural land or where land will be greened (football fields) .Cultural Property (OPN 11.03, revised as OP 4.11): The Cultural Heritage Offices in the States will need to confirm that there are no valuable cultural and religious properties in the areas of the Basic Education project. Chance find procedures are in place during construction in compliance with GONU and World Bank safeguard policies. Natural Habitats (OP 4.04): Although not yet an official Protected Area, the Lake Keilak marshlands host sensitive fauna and flora. The marshlands are currently under the use by nomads and threatened by roads built for petroleum production. Other natural habitats include grazing areas, Acacia Senegal trees or Acacia Nilotica forests along the banks of the Blue Nile in Damazin and Roseiris Areas. The Blue Nile originates from Ethiopian Highlands. Through the Nile Basin Initiative, projects are to be implemented on watershed management with possible cooperation with Basic Education activities in the Blue Nile State. In application of safeguards, the most frequent concerns include: • Environmental damage from small investments in sensitive areas; • Use of hazardous materials (e. g. pesticides, medical waste, asbestos); • Local conflicts (e. g. herders vs. farmers) or misrepresentation; • Indigenous people; • Land acquisition; • Proper monitoring of environmental and social safeguard indicators and reporting of new

concern for prompt action.

Appendix (D)

Environmental Impact Assessment

General Content of an EA Report

Executive Summary:

It should contain a concise statement of the project objectives and a brief project description in addition to a description of key project findings and recommendations for environmental management.

Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework:

Describe the pertinent regulations, permitting conditions and standards governing environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, land use control, etc. Tables should be used to list applicable standards and note which authorities are responsible for their application. Where there are no relevant local standards, suitable international norms may be used.

Project Objectives and Description:

This section should describe the need for the project in the context of the local and national situation and strategy. The effect on economic and social development goals of the locality, country and region should be described. If the project is an element of an overall development program in the area, then a description of the other program elements must be presented. A description of the relevant parts of the project should be provided using maps and including the following information: location; general layout; size; capacity; etc.; pre-construction activities; construction activities; operation and maintenance activities; and life span.

Baseline Data This section should include descriptions of the area of influence or study area and the relevant physical, biological and socioeconomic conditions. This should include any topics falling under the safeguard polices of the World Bank. The data presented should be relevant to decision making regarding project location, design, operation, and mitigation measures for adverse impacts. The source, accuracy and reliability of the data should be clearly stated.

Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures:

A prediction of the changes in the environment resulting from project construction and operation are to be considered, and an assessment of the effect on the surrounding physical, biological, and social environment, should be presented. This should include positive as well as negative impacts. Mitigation measures should be identified as well as any negative impacts for which there are no mitigative measures. This section should also identify and estimate the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions, and specific topics that do not require further attention.

Analysis of Alternatives:

This section should provide a brief description of possible alternatives to the project including the ‘no action’ alternative. These may include alternative location, site layout, technologies, design options, and management systems. The reasons why the various alternatives considered were rejected should be documented.

Environmental Management Plan:

This section should include details of the management initiatives to be implemented during both the construction and operational phase of the project. The EMP should have three main components: (i) Environmental mitigation plan: Recommend feasible and cost-effective

measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Estimate the impacts and costs of those measures, and of the institutional and training requirements to implement them. Consider compensation to affected parties for impacts which cannot be mitigated. Prepare a management plan including proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements, and other necessary support services to implement the mitigating measures.

(ii) Institutional capacity and needs: Review the authority and capability of institutions and recommend steps to strengthen or expand them so that the management and monitoring plans in the environmental assessment can be implemented. The recommendations may extend to management procedures and training, staffing, operation and maintenance training, budgeting, and financial support.

(iii) Monitoring Plan: Prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of mitigating measures and the impacts of the project during construction and operation.