COST MANAGEMENT

COPYRIGHT © 2009 South-Western Publishing, a division of Cengage Learning.Cengage Learning and South-Western are trademarks used herein under license.

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Accounting & ControlHansen▪Mowen▪Guan

Chapter 2Basic Cost Management

Concepts

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Study Objectives

1. Explain the cost assignment process.2. Define tangible and intangible products, and

explain why there are different product cost definitions.

3. Prepare income statements for manufacturing and service organizations.

4. Explain the differences between traditional and contemporary cost management systems.

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Cost Assignment: Direct Tracing, Driver Tracing and Allocation

• A cost object is any item, such as products, customers, departments, projects, activities, and so on, for which costs are measured and assigned.– Example: A bicycle is a cost object when you are

determining the cost to produce a bicycle.

• An activity is a basic unit of work performed within an organization. – Example: Setting up equipment, moving materials,

maintaining equipment, designing products, etc.

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Cost Assignment: Direct Tracing, Driver Tracing and Allocation

• Traceability means that costs can be assigned easily and accurately, using a causal relationship.

• Methods of tracing:– Direct tracing: relies on physical observance of

causal relationships to assign costs to cost objects.– Driver tracing: relies on drivers as causal factors to

assign costs to cost objects.

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Cost Assignment Methods

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Examples of Product Cost Definitions

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Product Costs

• Direct materials: those materials directly traceable to the goods or services being produced.

– Example: The cost of wood in furniture.• Direct labor: labor that is directly traceable to the

goods or services being produced. – Example: Wages of assembly-line workers.

• Overhead: all other manufacturing costs.– Example: Plant depreciation, utilities, property

taxes, indirect materials, indirect labor, etc.

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Prime and Conversion Costs

Direct Direct Prime+ =Materials Labor Costs

Direct Overhead Conversion+ =Materials Costs Costs

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Nonproduction Costs

• Amount and timing of benefit cannot be reasonably estimated

• Period costs– Not inventoried– Expensed as incurred

• Examples– Research and development– Marketing costs– Administrative costs

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Production and Nonproduction Costs

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External Financial Statements

• Income Statement ~ Manufacturing Firm– Functional categories of expense

• Cost of goods sold• Operating expenses

– Supporting schedules• Cost of goods manufactured• Cost of goods sold

• Income Statement ~ Service Organization– No finished goods inventory

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Income Statement: Manufacturing Firm

Sales 2,000,000$ Less: Cost of Goods Sold 1,300,000 Gross margin 700,000$ Less operating expenses:

Research and development 100,000$ Selling 300,000 Administrative 150,000 550,000

Operating income 150,000$

Manufacturing OrganizationIncome Statement

For the Year Ended December 31, 2009

From the Cost of Goods Sold Schedule

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Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured

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Cost of Goods Sold Schedule

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Cost Management Systems

• Functional-Based– Assumes a linear production cost behavior– Assigns costs to organizational units

• Activity-Based– Emphasizes tracing over allocation– Identifies non-unit-based activity drivers

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Functional-BasedCost Management

• Unit-based drivers • Allocation-intensive• Narrow and rigid product costing• Focus on managing costs• Sparse activity information• Maximization of individual unit

performance• Uses financial measures of performance

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Activity-BasedCost Management

• Unit- and non-unit-based drivers• Tracing intensive• Broad, flexible product costing• Focus on managing activities• Detailed activity information• System-wide performance maximization• Uses both financial and nonfinancial

measures of performance

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Trade-Off between Measurement Costs and Error Costs

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Shifting Costs

COST MANAGEMENT

COPYRIGHT © 2009 South-Western Publishing, a division of Cengage Learning.Cengage Learning and South-Western are trademarks used herein under license.

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Accounting & ControlHansen▪Mowen▪Guan

End Chapter 2