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Comparative Government and

PoliticsINTRODUCTION

(Basic Concepts)

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K ey Terms

POLITICS having to do with humandecisions

Political Science is the study of humandecisions

GOVERNMENTS- organizations of individuals empowered to make decisionson behalf of a community

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It is the activity by which differinginterests within a given unit of rule are

conciliated by giving them a share inpower in proportion to their importanceto the welfare and survival of the wholecommunity.

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GOVERNMENT

4 Meanings of Government :

The process of governing.

A condition of ordered rule.

The people who govern.

The mode of governance.

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It is prac tically impossi bl e to talk a bout politics

without talking a bout gov er nm ent .

Proc ess = Gov er nanc e

Con dition = Th e stat e o f a ff airs wh er e in gov ernanc e can be f oun d.Peopl e = Executiv e, Le gislatur e,Bur eaucrats , e tc .Mo de = Syst ems o f gov ernm ent : Am erican gov ernm ent , th e British syst em , gov ernm ent in th e P hilippin es , e tc .

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K ey Terms

POLITICAL SYSTEM- a set of institutions,such as parliaments, bureaucracies, courts,

that formulates and implements the collectivegoals of a society or of groups within it.

GOVERNMENT SYSTEM stategovernance, part of political system

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K ey Terms

AUTHORITY - the ability to influencesomebody to do something that he/she

would not have donePOWER - refers to a claim of legitimacy,the justification and right to exercisethat powerSOVEREIGNTY -is the quality of havingsupreme, independent authority over aterritory

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State A community of persons more or less

numerous, permanently occupying adefinite portion of territory, having agovernment of their own to which thegreat body of inhabitants render obedienceand enjoying freedom from externalcontrol.

Concepts of State

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a) People: the mass of population livingwithin the state

b) T erritory: it includes not only the landover which the jurisdiction of the stateextends but also the rivers and lakestherein, a certain area of the sea whichabuts upon its coasts and the air spaceabove it.

Elements of State

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c. Government

It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carriedout.

Forms of government may be classified:a. according to the number of persons exercisingauthority (ex. monarchy, aristocracy anddemocracy);

b. extent of powers exercised by central ornational government (ex. unitary or federal);c. relationship between executive and legislative

branches (ex. parliamentary and presidential)

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According to the number of persons

exercising sovereign powerMonarchy: one in which the supreme and final

authority is in the hands of a single person

K inds of monarchy:a) Absolute monarchy one in which the ruler rules

by divine right

b) Limited monarchy one in which the ruler rulesin accordance with the constitution

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Aristocracy: one in which political power is exercisedby a few privileged class

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D emocracy: one in which political power isexercised by a majority of the people

a) D irect or pure democracy : one in which thewill of the State is formulated or expresseddirectly and immediately through the people ina mass meeting or primary assembly

a) Indirect, representative or republicandemocracy or one in which the will of thestate is formulated and expressed through theagency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as theirrepresentatives

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A cc ording to the extent of powersexer c ised by the c entral government

Unitary government : one in which the control of national and local affairs is exercised by thecentral or national government

Federal government : one in which the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other forlocal affairs.

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A cc ording to the relationship between

the execu

tive and the legislativebran c hes of government

Parliamentary: one in which the state confersupon the legislature the power to terminate thetenure of office of the real executive

Presidential government: one in which the statemakes the executive constitutionally independent

of the legislature as regards his policies and acts

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The politics of the Philippines takes place in an

organized framework of a presidential,representative and democratic republic wherebythe president is both the head of state and thehead of government within a pluriform multi-partysystem.

This system revolves around three separate andsovereign yet interdependent branches: thelegislative branch (the law-making body), theexecutive branch (the law-enforcing body), andthe judicial branch (the law-interpreting body).