—BasedonLatestPatternAsPerD.G.E.T.Guidelines—BasicComputerCourse

MukeshSharma

AbhishekPublications,Chandigarh/NewDelhiAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,recordingorbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers/copyrightowner.ISBN:978-81-8247-480-2

Copyright:AuthorFirstEdition:2013Price:Publishedby:

AbhishekPublicationsChandigarhOffice:SCO57-59,Sector17-C,Chandigarh-17Phone:0172-5003768Telefax:0172-2707562BranchOffice:7/10,AnsariRoad,DaryaGanj,NewDelhi-2Phone:011-30130936e-mail:abhpub@yahoo.comwww.abhishekpublications.comContentsSyllabus4

1KnowingComputer9

2.OperatingComputerusingGUIbasedOperatingSystem29

3.UnderstandingWordProcessing49

4.UsingSpreadsheet69

5.CommunicatingusingtheInternet87

6.WWWandWebBrowsers94

7.CommunicationsandCollaboration113

8.MakingSmallPresentation125

OUTLINESYLLABUS

TheoryTutorialsPractical01.KnowingComputer02.OperatingComputerusingGUIbasedOperatingSystem03.UnderstandingWordProcessing04.UsingSpreadsheet05.CommunicatingusingtheInternet06.WWWandWebBrowsers07.CommunicationsandCollaboration08.MakingSmallPresentation

DETAILEDSYLLABUS

KnowingComputer1.0Introduction1.1Objectives1.2WhatisComputer?

1.2.1BasicApplicationsofComputer1.3ComponentsofComputerSystem

1.3.1CentralProcessingUnit1.3.2Keyboard,MouseandVDU1.3.3OtherInputDevices1.3.4OtherOutputDevices1.3.5ComputerMemory1.4ConceptofHardwareandSoftware1.4.1Hardware1.4.2Software1.4.2.1ApplicationSoftware1.4.2.2SystemsSoftware1.5ConceptofComputing,DataandInformation1.6ApplicationsofIECT

1.6.1e-Governance1.6.2Entertainment1.7BringingComputertolife1.7.1ConnectingKeyboard,Mouse,MonitorandPrintertoCPU1.7.2CheckingPowerSupply1.8Summary1.9ModelAnswersOPERATINGCOMPUTERUSINGGUIBASEDOPERATINGSYSTEM2.0Introduction2.1Objectives2.2BasicsofOperatingSystem2.2.1OperatingSystem2.2.2BasicsofPopularOperatingSystem(LINUX,WINDOWS)2.3TheUserInterface2.3.1Taskbar2.3.2Icons2.3.3Menu2.3.4Runninganapplication2.4OperatingSystem2.4.1ChangingSystemDateandTime2.4.2ChangingDisplayProperties2.4.3ToAddorRemoveAWindowsComponent2.4.4ChangingMouseProperties2.4.5AddingandRemovingPrinters2.5FileandDirectoryManagement2.5.1CreatingandRenamingofFilesandDirectories2.6CommonUtilities2.7Summary2.8ModelAnswers

UNDERSTANDINGWORDPROCESSING

3.0Introduction3.1Objectives3.2WordProcessingBasics3.2.1OpeningWordProcessingPackage3.2.2MenuBar3.2.3UsingtheHelp3.2.4UsingtheIconsbelowMenuBar3.3OpeningandClosingDocuments

3.3.1OpeningDocuments3.3.2SaveandSaveas3.3.3PageSetup3.3.4PrintPreview3.3.5PrintingofDocuments3.4TextCreationandManipulation3.4.1DocumentCreation3.4.2EditingText3.4.3TextSelection3.4.4Cut,CopyandPaste3.4.5SpellCheck3.4.6Thesaurus3.5FormattingofText3.5.1FontandSizeSelection3.5.2AlignmentofText3.5.3ParagraphIndenting3.5.4BulletsandNumbering3.5.5ChangingCase3.6TableManipulation3.6.1DrawTable3.6.2ChangingCellwidthandHeight3.6.3AlignmentofTextinCell3.6.4Delete/Insertionofrowandcolumn3.6.5BorderandShading3.7Summary3.8ModelQuestion&Answers

USINGSPREADSHEET

4.0Introduction4.1Objectives4.2ElementsofElectronicSpreadsheet4.2.1OpeningofSpreadsheet4.2.2AddressingofCells4.2.3PrintingofSpreadsheet4.2.4SavingWorkbooks4.3ManipulationofCells4.3.1EnteringText,NumbersandDates4.3.2CreatingText,NumberandDateSeries4.3.3EditingWorksheetData4.3.4InsertingandDeletingRows,Columns4.3.5ChangingCellHeightandWidth4.4FormulasandFunction4.4.1UsingFormulas4.4.2Function4.5Summary4.6ModelAnswers

COMMUNICATIONUSINGTHEINTERNET

5.0Introduction5.1Objectives5.2BasicofComputerNetworks5.2.1LocalAreaNetwork(LAN)5.2.2WideAreaNetwork(WAN)5.3Internet5.3.1ConceptofInternet5.3.2ApplicationsofInternet5.3.3ConnectingtotheInternet5.3.4Troubleshooting5.4Summary5.5ModelAnswers

WWWANDWEBBROWSER

6.0Introduction6.1Objectives6.2WorldWideWeb(WWW)6.3WebBrowsingSoftwares6.3.1PopularWebBrowsingSoftwares6.4SearchEngines6.4.1PopularSearchEngines/Searchforcontent6.4.2AccessingWebBrowser6.4.3UsingFavoritesFolder6.4.4DownloadingWebPages6.4.5PrintingWebPages6.5UnderstandingURL6.6SurfingtheWeb6.6.1Usinge-GovernanceWebsite6.7Summary6.8ModelAnswers

COMMUNICATIONSANDCOLLABORATION

7.0Introduction7.1Objectives7.2BasicsofE-mail7.2.1WhatisanElectronicMail7.2.2E-mailAddressing7.3UsingE-mails

7.3.1OpeningE-mailAccount7.3.2Mailbox:InboxandOutbox7.3.3CreatingandSendinganewE-mail7.3.4ReplyingtoanE-mailmessage7.3.5ForwardingandE-mailmessage7.3.6SortingandSearchingE-mails7.4DocumentCollaboration7.5InstantMessagingandCollaboration7.5.1Usinginstantmessaging7.5.2Instantmessagingproviders7.5.3Netiquettes7.6Summary7.7ModelAnswers

MAKINGSMALLPRESENTATIONS

8.0Introduction8.1Objectives8.2Basics8.2.1UsingPowerPoint8.2.2OpeningaPowerPointPresentation8.2.3SavingaPresentation8.3CreatingaPresentation8.3.1CreatingaPresentationusingaTemplate8.3.2CreatingaBlankPresentation8.3.3EnteringandEditingText8.3.4InsertingandDeletingSlidesinaPresentation8.4PreparationofSlides8.4.1InsertingWordTableoranExcelWorksheet8.4.2AddingClipArtPictures8.4.3InsertingOtherObjects8.4.4ResizingOtherObjects8.5PresentationofSlides8.5.1ViewingaPresentation8.5.2ChoosingaSetupforPresentation8.5.3PrintingSlidesandHandouts8.6SlideShow8.6.1RunningaSlideShow8.6.2TransitionandSlideTimings8.6.3AutomatingaSlideShow8.7Summary8.8ModelAnswers

Chapter1

IntroductiontoComputers

In today’s world wherever we go we are surrounded by various varieties ofcomputers.Theyenableus to sendor receivedata fromanypart of theworldwith a click of a mouse. Today we can write e-mails, play games, watchtelevision,listentomusic,workonourofficedata,watchvideolecturesanddoendless things throughour computers.Computers today come inmany shapesandsizeslikedesktop,laptop,palmtods,PDAsetc.

WhatIsaComputerAcomputerisadevicethatacceptsinformation(intheformofdigitalizeddata)and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence ofinstructionsonhowthedataistobeprocessed.Aprogrammerisapersonwhoinputsthedataintothecomputerinordertogetadesiredfinalresult.

BasicApplicationsofaComputerComputershavebecomeanimportantpartofourlives.Youcanusecomputertogetinformationaboutthereservationoftickets(railways,airplanesandcinemahalls),books ina library,medicalhistoryofaperson,aplace inamap,or thedictionarymeaningofaword.Theinformationmaybepresentedtoyouintheformoftext,images,videoclips,etc.

EducationComputersareextensivelyused,asa toolandasanaid,for imparting education. Educators use computers to prepare notesand presentations of their lectures. Computers are used to developcomputer-based training packages, to provide distance educationusing the e-learning software, and to conduct online examinations.Researchers use computers to get easy access to conference andjournaldetailsandtogetglobalaccesstotheresearchmaterial.Entertainment Computers have had a major impact on theentertainment industry. The user can download and view movies,playgames, chat,book tickets for cinemahalls,usemultimedia formaking movies, incorporate visual and sound effects usingcomputers, etc. The users can also listen to music, download andsharemusic,createmusicusingcomputers,etc.

SportsA computer can be used towatch a game, view the scores,improve the game, play games (like chess, etc.) and create games.Theyarealsousedforthepurposesoftrainingplayers.Advertising Computer is a powerful advertising media.Advertisement can be displayed on different websites, electronic-mailscanbesentandreviewsofaproductbydifferentcustomerscanbeposted.Computersarealsousedtocreateanadvertisementusingthe visual and the sound effects. For the advertisers, computer is amediumviawhich theadvertisements canbeviewedglobally.Webadvertisinghasbecomeasignificantfactorinthemarketingplansofalmostallcompanies.Infact,thebusinessmodelofGoogleismainlydependentonwebadvertisingforgeneratingrevenues.Medicine Medical researchers and practitioners use computers toaccessinformationabouttheadvancesinmedicalresearchortotakeopinionofdoctorsglobally.Themedicalhistoryofpatientsisstoredinthecomputers.Computersarealsoanintegralpartofvariouskindsof sophisticatedmedical equipments like ultrasoundmachine, CATscan machine, MRI scan machine, etc. Computers also provideassistancetothemedicalsurgeonsduringcriticalsurgeryoperationslikelaparoscopicoperations,etc.ScienceandEngineeringScientistsandengineersusecomputersforperformingcomplexscientificcalculations,fordesigningandmakingdrawings (CAD/CAM applications) and also for simulating andtestingthedesigns.Computersareusedforstoringthecomplexdata,performing complex calculations and for visualizing 3-dimensionalobjects. Complex scientific applications like the launch of therockets, space exploration, etc., are not possible without thecomputers.Government The government uses computers to manage its ownoperations and also for e-governance.Thewebsites of the differentgovernmentdepartmentsprovideinformationtotheusers.Computersare used for the filing of income tax return, paying taxes, onlinesubmissionofwaterandelectricitybills,fortheaccessoflandrecorddetails, etc. The police department uses computers to search forcriminalsusingfingerprintmatching,etc.

Home Computers have now become an integral part of homeequipment. At home, people use computers to play games, to

maintain the home accounts, for communicating with friends andrelativesviaInternet,forpayingbills,foreducationandlearning,etc.Microprocessors are embedded inhouseholdutilities like,washingmachines,TVs,foodprocessors,hometheatres,securitydevices,etc.

Components of a Computer System A computer is a system of many partsworking together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, arecollectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand, refers to theinstructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.) The illustrationbelowshows themost commonhardware in adesktopcomputer system.Yoursystemmay look a little different, but it probably hasmost of these parts. Alaptop computer has similar parts but combines them into a single notebook-sizedpackage.

DesktopcomputersystemLet'stakealookateachoftheseparts.

SystemunitThesystemunit is the core of a computer system.Usually it's arectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box aremanyelectronic components that process information. The most important of thesecomponents is the central processingunit (CPU), ormicroprocessor, whichacts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random accessmemory(RAM),whichtemporarilystoresinformationthattheCPUuseswhilethecomputerison.TheinformationstoredinRAMiserasedwhenthecomputeristurnedoff.Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using

cables.Thecablesplug into specificports(openings), typicallyon thebackofthesystemunit.Hardwarethatisnotpartofthesystemunitissometimescalledaperipheraldeviceordevice.

SystemunitStorageandComputerMemoryComputermemoryisoftwotypesnamely,primaryandsecondary.

Primarymemory:-Alternativelyreferredtoasinternalmemory,mainmemory, and primary memory, primary storage is a storage location thatholds memory for short periods of times while the computer running. Forexample, computer RAM and cache are both examples of a primary storagedevice.Thisstorageisthefastestmemoryinyourcomputerandisusedtostoredatawhileit'sbeingused.Forexample,whenyouopenaprogramdataismovedfromthesecondarystorageintotheprimarystorage.

SecondaryMemory:-Secondarymemoryreferstostoragedevices,suchasharddrivesandsolidstatedrives.Itmayalsorefertoremovablestoragemedia,such

asUSBflashdrives,CDs,andDVDs.Unlike primary memory, secondary memory is not accessed directly bythe CPU. Instead, data accessed from secondary memory is first loadedinto RAM and is then sent to the processor. The RAM plays an importantintermediate role, since it provides much faster data access speeds thansecondary memory. By loading software programs and files into primarymemory,computerscanprocessdatamuchmorequickly.While secondary memory is much slower than primary memory, it typicallyoffers far greater storage capacity. For example, a computer may have aoneterabyteharddrive,butonly16gigabytesofRAM.Thatmeansthecomputerhas roughly 64 times more secondary memory than primary memory.Additionally,secondarymemoryisnon-volatile,meaningitretainsitsdatawithorwithoutelectricalpower.RAM,ontheotherhand,iserasedwhenacomputeris shut down or restarted. Therefore, secondary memory is used to store"permanentdata,"suchastheoperatingsystem,applications,anduserfiles.StorageDevicesYourcomputerhasoneormorediskdrives—devicesthatstoreinformationonametal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when yourcomputeristurnedoff.

HarddiskdriveYourcomputer'sharddiskdrivestoresinformationonaharddisk, a rigidplatteror stackofplatterswith amagnetic surface.Becauseharddisks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually serve as yourcomputer'sprimarymeansofstorage,holdingalmostallofyourprogramsandfiles.Theharddiskdriveisnormallylocatedinsidethesystemunit.

HarddiskdriveCDandDVDdrives

Nearly all computers today come equippedwith aCD orDVD drive, usually

locatedon the frontof the systemunit.CDdrivesuse lasers to read (retrieve)datafromaCD,andmanyCDdrivescanalsowrite(record)dataontoCDs.Ifyou have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blankCDs.YoucanalsouseaCDdrivetoplaymusicCDsonyourcomputer.

CD

DVDdrivescandoeverythingthatCDdrivescan,plusreadDVDs.IfyouhaveaDVDdrive,youcanwatchmoviesonyourcomputer.ManyDVDdrivescanrecorddataontoblankDVDs.

FloppydiskdriveFloppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, alsocalledfloppiesordiskettes.ComparedtoCDsandDVDs,floppydiskscanstoreonlyasmallamountofdata.Theyalsoretrieveinformationmoreslowlyandaremore prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popularthantheyusedtobe,althoughsomecomputersstillincludethem.

FloppydiskWhyarefloppydisks"floppy"?Eventhoughtheoutsideismadeofhardplastic,that'sjustthesleeve.Thediskinsideismadeofathin,flexiblevinylmaterial.

MouseAmouse isa smalldeviceused topoint toandselect itemsonyourcomputerscreen.Althoughmicecomeinmanyshapes,thetypicalmousedoeslookabitlikeanactualmouse. It'ssmall,oblong,andconnected to thesystemunitbya

longwirethatresemblesatail.Somenewermicearewireless.

Mouse

Amouseusuallyhastwobuttons:aprimarybutton(usuallytheleftbutton)andasecondarybutton.Manymicealsohaveawheelbetweenthetwobuttons,whichallowsyoutoscrollsmoothlythroughscreensofinformation.

Whenyoumovethemousewithyourhand,apointeronyourscreenmovesinthesamedirection.(Thepointer'sappearancemightchangedependingonwhereit'spositionedonyourscreen.)Whenyouwanttoselectanitem,youpointtotheitemandthenclick(pressandrelease)theprimarybutton.Pointingandclickingwithyourmouseisthemainwaytointeractwithyourcomputer.

KeyboardAkeyboardisusedmainlyfortypingtextintoyourcomputer.Likethekeyboardonatypewriter,ithaskeysforlettersandnumbers,butitalsohasspecialkeys:

Thefunctionkeys,foundonthetoprow,performdifferentfunctionsdependingonwheretheyareused.Thenumerickeypad, locatedon the right sideofmost keyboards,allowsyoutoenternumbersquickly.Thenavigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to moveyourpositionwithinadocumentorwebpage.

KeyboardYoucanalsouseyourkeyboardtoperformmanyofthesametasksyoucanperformwithamouse.

MonitorAmonitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. Theportionofthemonitorthatdisplaystheinformationiscalledthescreen.Likeatelevisionscreen,acomputerscreencanshowstillormovingpictures.

There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitorsandLCD(liquidcrystaldisplay)monitors.Bothtypesproducesharpimages,butLCD monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRTmonitors,however,aregenerallymoreaffordable.

LCDmonitor(left);CRTmonitor(right)

PrinterAprintertransfersdatafromacomputerontopaper.Youdon'tneedaprintertouseyourcomputer,buthavingoneallowsyoutoprinte-mail,cards,invitations,announcements,andothermaterials.Manypeoplealso likebeingable toprinttheirownphotosathome.

The twomain types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjetprintersarethemostpopularprintersforthehome.Theycanprintinblackandwhiteorinfullcolorandcanproducehigh-qualityphotographswhenusedwithspecialpaper.Laserprintersarefasterandgenerallybetterabletohandleheavyuse.

Inkjetprinter(left);laserprinter(right)

SpeakersSpeakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit orconnectedwith cables. Speakers allow you to listen tomusic and hear soundeffectsfromyourcomputer.

Computer

speakersModemTo connect your computer to the Internet, you need amodem.Amodem is adevice that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line orhigh-speedcable.Modemsaresometimesbuiltintothesystemunit,buthigher-speedmodemsareusuallyseparatecomponents.

Modem

ComputerSoftwaresAcomputercannotdoanythingonitsown.Itmustbeinstructedtodoadesiredtodoadesiredjob.Hence,itisnecessarytospecifyasequenceofinstructions,whichacomputermustperformtosolveaproblem.Softwaretellsthecomputerwhattodoandhowtodo.Acomputerperformsdifferentoperationsaccordingtotheinstructionofsoftware.Softwareisdevelopedinacomputerprogramming

language.

TypesofsoftwareAlthough,therangeofsoftwareavailabletodayisvastandvaried,mostsoftwarecanbedividedintotwomajorcategories:1.SystemSoftware,2.ApplicationSoftwareSystemSoftware:System software is a set of one or more programs, designed to control theoperationandextendtheprocessingcapabilityofacomputersystem.Ingeneral,acomputer’ssystemsoftwareperformsoneormoreofthefollowingfunctions:Supportsthedevelopmentofotherapplicationsoftware.Supportstheexecutionofotherapplicationsoftware.Monitorstheeffectiveuseofvarioushardwareresources,suchasCPU,memory,peripherals,etc.Communicates with and controls the operation of peripheral devices, such asprinter,disk,tape,etc.Hence, system software makes the operation of a computer system moreefficientandeffective.It helps the hardware componentswork together, andprovides support for thedevelopmentandexecutionofapplicationsoftware.Theprogramsincludedinasystemsoftwarepackagearecalledsystemprograms,andtheprogrammerswhopreparesystemsoftwarearereferredtoassystemprogrammers.Someof themost commonly known types of system software are:OperatingSystems:Everycomputerhasanoperatingsystemsoftware,whichtakescareofthe effective and efficient utilization of all the hardware and softwarecomponentsofthecomputersystem.Programming Language Translators: Programming language translators aresystemsoftware,whichtransformtheinstructionspreparedbyprogrammersinaprogramminglanguage,intoaform,whichcanbeinterpretedandexecuted.Communication Software: In a network environment, communicationssoftwareenablestransferofdataandprogramsfromonecomputertoanother.Utility Programs: Utility programs are set of programs, which help users insystemmaintenance tasks, and in performing tasks of routine nature. Someofthe task commonly performed by utility programs include formatting of harddiskor floppydisks, takingbackupof files storedonharddisk, sortingof the

recordsstoredinafile,etc.ApplicationSoftware:Application software is a set of one or more programs, designed to solve aspecificproblem,ortodoaspecifictask.Forexample,applicationsoftwareforpayroll processing products pay slips as the major output, and applicationsoftware forprocessingexamination resultsproducesmarksheetsas themajoralong with some other statistical reports. Similarly, a program written by ascientisttosolvehis/herparticularresearchproblemisalsoapplicationsoftware.The programs included in application software package are called applicationprograms,andtheprogrammerswhoprepareapplicationsoftwarearereferredtoas application programmers. Some of the most commonly known applicationsoftware’sare:Word-ProcessingSoftware:Wordprocessing software enablesus to make use of a computer system for creating, editing, and viewing,formatting,sorting,retrievingandprintingdocuments.Spreadsheet Software: Spreadsheet software is a numeric data analysis tool,whichallowsustocreateakindofcomputerledger.Amanualledgerisabookhavingrowsandcolumns,whichaccountantsuseforfinancialtransactions,andforpreparingfinancialstatements.DatabaseSoftware:Adatabaseisacollectionofrelateddatastoredandtreatedasaunitforinformationretrievalpurposes.Databasesoftwareisasetofoneormoreprograms,which enable us to create a database,maintain it, organize itsdataindesiredfashion,andtoselectivelyretrieveusefulinformationfromit.GraphicsSoftware:Agraphics softwareenablesus touseacomputer systemforcreating,editing,viewing,sorting,retrievingandprintingdesigns,drawings,pictures,graphs,andanythingelsethatcanbedrawninthetraditionalmanner.EducationSoftware:Educationsoftwareallowsacomputersystemtobeusedasteachingandlearningtool.Afewexamplesofsuchapplicationsarethosethatteach young children to do(a) mathematics; (b) recognize alphabets; and (c)readwholeandsentences.EntertainmentSoftware:Entertainmentsoftwareallowsacomputersystemtobeused as an entertainment tool. A good example of such an application iscomputervideogames.Concept of Computing, Data and Information Computing is a purposeorientedactivityrequiring,benefitingfromcomputers.Forexample,computing

includes designing, developing and building hardware and software systems;processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doingscientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behaveintelligently;creatingandusingcommunicationsandentertainmentmediaetc.

Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts or instruction in aformalizedmannerwhichshouldbesuitableforcommunication,interpretationorprocessingbyhumanorelectronicmachine.Dataisrepresentedwiththehelpofcharacterslikealphabets(A–Z,a–z),digits(0-9)orspecialcharacters(+,–,/,*,<,>,=etc).

Information is organised or classified data so that it has some meaningfulvaluestothereceiver.Informationistheprocesseddataonwhichdecisionsandactions are based. For the decision to bemeaningful, the processed datamustqualifyforthefollowingcharacteristics

Timely-Informationshouldbeavailablewhenrequired.Accuracy-Informationshouldbeaccurate.Completeness-Informationshouldbecomplete.

Applications of I.E.C.T. (Information Electronics and CommunicationTechnologies) I.E.C.T. is a branch of DOEACC society, that deals with thetrainingofgovernment sponsorsprogram incomputer fundamentals,operationsystem,MSOffice,Internet,TroubleshootingandMaintenanceofPCetc.

ApplicationsofI.E.C.T.1.E-governance:-Insimplewordse-governancereferstotheusebygovernment agencies of information technologies (such as Wide AreaNetworks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that have the ability totransform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms ofgovernment. These technologies can serve a variety of different ends:betterdeliveryofgovernmentservices tocitizens, improvedinteractionswith business and industry, citizen empowerment through access toinformation, or more efficient government management. The resultingbenefits can be less corruption, increased transparency, greaterconvenience,revenuegrowth,and/orcostreductions.

2. Entertainment :- I.E.C.T. has a very important role to play ingeneral entertainment With the creation of the Internet and fasterprocessors, the livegeneral andeducational entertainmenthasgot abigboost.Computersnowhavealmostunlimitedaccesstoanysongbyanyartist.Manywebsiteservicesallowuserstopurchaseindividualtracksor

albums directly to their PCs.With the advancement of video card andInternetspeeds,moviesandprogramsarejustaclickaway.

BringingComputerToLife:-ConnectingKeyboardtoCPUConnectthekeyboardtotheportonthebackofthecomputer.Whenlookingatthebackofthecomputeryou'llnoticetwoPS/2portsnexttoeachother.Verifyyou'reconnectingthekeyboardintothepurpleconnectionasshowninthebelowpictures. If your PS/2 ports are not color coded the keyboard will be theconnectionclosesttotheleftedgeofthecomputer(whenlookingatitfromtheback). If the connections are vertical and not horizontal as shown below thekeyboard connection may be either depending on the case and motherboard.Lookforasmallsymbolnexttotheporttoidentifywhatoneisthekeyboard.

ConnectingMouseToCPUConnectthemousetotheserialportonthebackofthecomputer.Ifthecomputerhasserialdevicescurrentlyconnectedtothecomputerandthecomputerhastwoserialportswerecommendyouuse thefirstserialconnection ifyouencounterproblemsconnectingthemouse.

ConnectingMonitorToCPUBefore you connect yourmonitor to your PC, you need to decide where youwant to position the monitor. Set the monitor atop your desk, generally backawayfromwhereyousit,toaccommodateroomforthekeyboard.Yourmonitorfallsintooneoftwocategories:

Standard monitor: A regular monitor plugs into the VGA,orgraphicsadapter,jackonthebackoftheconsole,asshowninthisfigure.Thepluggoesinonlyoneway.

Digitalmonitor:Ifyouhaveadigitalmonitor,findandusethedigitaljack(seethisfigure).

HowToConnectPrinterstoComputersPrintersareoneoftheeasiestdevicesto set up and configure. With some printers, you can set up your printer bysimply connecting the printer to your PC and a power supply. Other printersrequireafewmoresteps.

1. Freetheprinterfromitsbox.Also,removeallthevariouspiecesoftapeandevilStyrofoam.2. Connecttheprinter’spowercable.Plug one end into the printer and the other into the nearest wall outletorpowerstrip.3. Connecttheprinter-to-consolecable.No printer comeswith this cable, so you have to buy the printer cableseparately.GetaUSBcable if theprinter isUSB-happy.Otherwise,buyastandard,bidirectionalPCprintercable.4. Readtheprinter’sinstructionsheet.Seewhetheryouneedtoinstallsoftwarebeforeturningtheprinteron.5. Ifyouneedto,installyourprinter’ssoftwareonyourPC.

Yourprinter’sinstructionsheetshouldexplainhowtoinstallthissoftware.6. Turntheprinteronbypressingitspowerbutton. A USB printer is instantly recognized and configuredby Windows. Life is good. Printers using the traditional printer cable,ornetworkprinters,requiremorework.7. If youhave anon-USBprinter, click theAddaPrinter toolbar

buttoninthePrinterswindow.

TheAddPrinterWizardstartsandyou justhave to followitsdirections tolocateandsetupyourprinter.

Most printers, like computers, can now be left on all the time. The printer

automatically slips into a low-power sleepmode when it’s no longer needed.However,ifyoudon’tprintoften(atleasteveryday),it’sperfectlyfinetoturnoffyourprinter.CheckingPowerSupplyofTheComputerTheonlycomponentthatshouldbeattachedtothepowersupplyshouldbeasingleharddrive,themotherboardandpossibly theCPU.Using thepowerswitchon thefrontof the tower,power-upthecomputer.Ifthefaninsidethepowersupplybeginstorun,thepowersupplyislikelyfunctioningproperly.Thecomputerhasbeenpoweredupandthepowersupplyhaspassedthefirsttest.Reattach each component and complete the power supply test. Plug in eachcomponent, one by one, using the appropriate connector to determine if eachcomponent'spowerconnectionisfunctioningproperly.

ModelAnswers

Q1.Whatisacomputer?Ans.Acomputerisadevicethatacceptsinformation(intheformofdigitalizeddata)andmanipulatesitforsomeresultbasedonaprogramorsequenceofinstructionsonhowthedataistobeprocessed.Q2.Whicharethe4maincomponentsofacomputersystem?Ans.Themaincomponentsofacomputersystemare:CPUMemoryInputDevicesOutputdevicesQ3.Whatareapplicationsoftware?Ans. Application software is a set of one ormore programs,designedtosolveaspecificproblem,ortodoaspecifictask.Forexample,applicationsoftwareforpayrollprocessingproductspayslipsas themajoroutput, and application software for processing examination resultsproducesmarksheetsasthemajoralongwithsomeotherstatisticalreports.Q4.WhatareSystemSoftwares?Ans.Systemsoftwareiscomputersoftwaredesignedtooperatethecomputer hardware and to provide and maintain a platform for runningapplicationsoftware.

Q5.Whatarehardwareandsoftware?Ans:Computerhardwarereferstothephysicalpartsofacomputerandrelateddevices.Thesoftwareistheinformationthatthecomputerusestogetthejobdone.SoftwareneedstobeaccessedbeforeitcanbeusedQ6.Whatarethedifferenttypesofsystemsoftware?Ans.Themostbasictypesofsystemsoftwareare:ThecomputerBIOSanddevicefirmware,. Theoperatingsystem(prominentexamplesbeingMicrosoftWindows,MacOSXandLinux),.Utilitysoftware.Q7.WhatisI.E.C.T.anditsapplications?Ans. Applicationsof I.E.C.T. (InformationElectronicsandCommunicationTechnologies) I.E.C.T. is a branch ofDOEACC society,that dealswith the training of government sponsors program in computerfundamentals, operation system,MSOffice, Internet,Troubleshooting andMaintenanceofPCetc.ApplicationsofI.E.C.T.1.E-governance:-Insimplewordse-governancereferstotheusebygovernment agencies of information technologies (such as Wide AreaNetworks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that have the ability totransformrelationswithcitizens,businesses,andotherarmsofgovernment.Thesetechnologiescanserveavarietyofdifferentends:betterdeliveryofgovernment services to citizens, improved interactionswith business andindustry, citizen empowerment through access to information, or moreefficientgovernmentmanagement.2.Entertainment:-I.E.C.T.hasaveryimportantroletoplayingeneralentertainmentWith the creation of the Internet and faster processors, thelivegeneralandeducationalentertainmenthasgotabigboost.Computersnowhavealmostunlimitedaccesstoanysongbyanyartist.Q8.Whatarethetypesofmemory?Ans.Primaryandsecondary.Q9.Whatarethetypesofsecondarymemorydevices?Ans.CDs,DvDs,ExternalHardDiscsetc.Q10.Whatisaprogram?Ans.Aprogramisasetofinstructions.Q11.Whatarethemaincomponentsofacomputer?

Ans.Input,CPUandOutput.QuestionsforselfpracticeQ1.Whatisacomputer?Q2.Whatarethebasicapplicationsofacomputer?Q3.Whatarecomputerhardwareenlistafew?Q4.Whataresoftwaresanditstypes?Q5.Whatareapplicationsoftwaresanditstypes?Q6.Whataresystemsoftwaresanditstypes?Q7.WhatarethevariousapplicationsofIECT?MultipleChoiceQuestionsQ1.Whatistheformatofcomputerprocessinga) Output-cpu-inputb) input-cpu-outputc) Bothofthesed) NoneoftheaboveQ2.Whatarethetypesofcomputermemories?a)Primaryb)Secondaryc)HardDiskd)AandBQ3.Keyboardisana)Hardwareb)Softwarec)MemoryDeviced)None.Q4._______isasecondarystoragedevice?a)Speakersb)InternalHardDiskc)PenDrived)MouseQ5.Whatisthecomputerscreenreferedtoas?a)Visualdisplayunitormonitorb)Glassc)Tvd)NoneoftheaboveQ6.Thereare_______typesofsoftwares?a)1b)2c)3d)4Q7.WhatisthefullformofI.E.C.T.?a)IndianElectronicsandComputerTraining.b)InternationalElectricalandComputerTribunal.c)InformationElectronicsandCommunicationTechnologies.d)Noneoftheabove.Q8.Acomputerhas_____typesofmemoriesa)4b)6c)8d)2

Answers:1-b;2-d;3-a;4-c;5-a;6-b;7-c;8-dTrueandFales:-

1. Computerisamanmadedevice.

2. Computercanbeusedtofeeddata.3. Computerhas4typesofmemories.4. CDsareanexampleofprimarymemory.5. Softwaresareof2types.6. Utilityprogramsareapartofapplicationsoftwares.7. Primarymemoryislonglasting.8. Softwareisadevicethatprocessestheinput.9. Keyboardisanoutputdevice.

Answers:1-true;2-true;3-false;4-false;5-true;6-false;7-false;8-true;9-false.

Chapter-2

OperatingComputerUsingGUIBasedOperatingSystemAnoperatingsystem(OS)isaninterfacebetweenhardwareanduser,whichisresponsibleforthemanagementandcoordinationofactivities

andthesharingoftheresourcesofacomputer,thatactsasahostforcomputingapplicationsrunonthemachine.UnlikeacommandlineoperatingsystemlikeUnixorMS-DOS,GUIOperatingSystemsaremucheasierforend-userstolearnandusebecausecommandsdonotneedtobeknownormemorized.Becauseoftheireaseofuse,GUIOperatingSystemshavebecomethe

dominantoperatingsystemusedbyend-userstoday.GraphicalUserInterface,theGUIwasfirstdevelopedatXeroxPARCbyAlanKay,Objectives

Everycomputerthatreceiveshumaninputneedsauserinterface,whichallowsaperson to interactwith the computer.While devices like keyboards,mice andtouchscreensmakeupthehardwareendofthistask,theuserinterfacemakesupthe software for it. The two most common forms of a user interface havehistorically been the Command-line interface, where computer commands aretyped out line-by-line, and the Graphical user interface, where a visualenvironment(mostcommonlywithwindows,buttons,andicons)ispresent.BasicsofpopularoperatingsystemMost of the operating systems perform the following important functions: 1. Processormanagement, that is,assignmentofprocessortodifferenttasksbeingperformedbythecomputersystem.

2.Memorymanagement,thatis,allocationofmainmemoryandotherstorageareastothesystemprogrammesaswellasuserprogrammesanddata.3.Input/outputmanagement,thatis,coordinationandassignmentofthedifferentoutputandinputdevicewhileoneormoreprogrammesarebeingexecuted.4.Filemanagement,thatis,thestorageoffileofvariousstoragedevices to another. It also allows all files to be easily changed andmodifiedthroughtheuseoftexteditorsorsomeotherfilesmanipulationroutines.5.Establishmentandenforcementofaprioritysystem.Thatis,itdeterminesandmaintainstheorderinwhichjobsaretobeexecutedinthe

computersystem.6. Automatictransitionfromjobtojobasdirectedbyspecialcontrolstatements.7.Interpretationofcommandsandinstructions.8.Coordinationandassignmentofcompilers,assemblers,utilityprograms,andothersoftwaretothevarioususerofthecomputersystem.9.Facilitieseasycommunicationbetweenthecomputersystemand thecomputeroperator (human). It alsoestablishesdata securityandintegrity.

TheUserInterfaceAuserinterface(UI)bringsstructuretotheinteractionbetweenauserandthecomputer.Inthelastdecade,almostalldevelopmentinuserinterfaceshasbeenin the area of the graphical user interface (GUI), with twomodels, Apple'sMacintoshandMicrosoft'sWindows,receivingmostoftheattentionandgainingmostofthemarketshare.Thepopularopen-sourceLinuxoperatingsystemalsosupportsagraphicaluserinterface.TaskBarA bar located at the bottom of the screen that was first introducedwithMicrosoftWindows 95 and found in all versions ofWindows after that.The Taskbar allows the user to locate and launch programs through the Startbutton, see anyprogram that is currentlyopen,display the timeordate, itemsrunninginthebackgroundthroughtheSystray,andwithsubsequentversionsoftheWindowsoperatingsystem,theQuickLaunch.

Windows98TaskbarWindows7TaskbarIntheabovetwopictures,areexamplesofdifferencesbetweenWindowsTaskbars.First,theWindows98TaskbarisanexampleofwhattheTaskbarlookslikeinmanyoftheearlierversionsofMicrosoft

Windows.Ascanbeseenbythispicture,thisTaskbarhastheStartbutton,theQuicklauncharea,thecurrentlyrunningprograms,andtheSystrayandsystem

time.

TaskbarelementsAsstatedabovethereareseveralelements locatedwithinthetaskbar,here isadescriptionofeachofthebasicelementsyouwillfind.

Startbutton- theStartbuttongivesyouaccesstothestartmenuthatgives the user an easy way to access and navigate programs,documentsandcomputersettings.TheQuickLaunchBar-withthiselement,youcanaccessshortcutstoapplications.YouwillfindthatthereisadefaultsetupforthequicklaunchbarthatincludesIEexplorer,MSOffice(ifavailable),etc.Taskbar Buttons-When you open an application inWindows, youshouldseeasmall tab located in the taskbar.Sincemostapplicationstakeupthefullscreen(e.g.WordandIE),usingthetaskbarbuttonsbyclickingonitwithyourmousecaneasilyhelpyounavigatefromoneopen application to another. If youhave several applications runningyoushouldseethemalllistedastaskbarbuttonsonthetaskbarNotification Area- while commonly referred to as the system tray(whichisincorrect),thenotificationareacontainsaplacetoshowyouthestatusofprograms,aclock(bydefault)andwhenaspecifictaskisinprocess(e.g.printingapage).

Customization of theWhat is theWindowsTaskbar?It should benoted that with many of the visual elements of Windows, you caneasilycustomizethetaskbar.Forinstance,youcanchangethetaskbarfrom being located horizontally on the bottom of the screen tovertically on either side of your screen or even at the top of yourscreen.

IconsA graphic symbol that denotes a program or a command or a data file or a

conceptinagraphicaluserinterface.

TherearethousandsoficonsinwindowsOpratingsystem.Someimportanticonsarecategorizedintosixgroupsandshownintheabovefigure.Filemanagementicons are used for storing and retrieving files and folders within the system.Databasemanagementiconsareusedforaccessingdifferenttypesofdatabases.OfficeIconsareusedforaccessingofficeapplication.Internetaccess iconsareusedforuploadanddownloadfilesfromtheinternet.Multimediaiconsareusedforaccessingaudioandvideofiles.UtilityIconsareused.ComputerMenuTheStartmenuis themaingatewaytoyourcomputer'sprograms,folders,andsettings. It's called a menu because it provides a list of choices, just as arestaurantmenudoes.Andas"Start"implies,it'softentheplacethatyou'llgotostartoropenthings.UsetheStartmenutodothesecommonactivities:

StartprogramsOpencommonlyusedfoldersSearchforfiles,folders,andprogramsAdjustcomputersettingsGethelpwiththeWindowsoperatingsystemTurnoffthecomputerLogofffromWindowsorswitchtoadifferentuseraccount

Getting started with the Start menu To open the Start menu, clickthe Start button in the lower-left corner of your screen. Or, presstheWindowslogokey onyourkeyboard.TheStartmenuappears.

TheStartmenuisdividedintothreebasicparts:Thelargeleftpaneshowsashortlistofprogramsonyourcomputer.Your computer manufacturer can customize this list, so its exactappearancewillvary.ClickingAllProgramsdisplaysacompletelistofprograms(moreonthislater).Inthelowerleftcorneris thesearchbox,whichallowsyoutolookforprogramsandfilesonyourcomputerbytypinginsearchterms.The right pane provides access to commonly used folders, files,settings, and features. It's also where you go to log offfromWindowsorturnoffyourcomputer.

RunninganApplicationRunning an application in GUI based operating system is easy enough. Justdouble click on the icons of an application. If icon is not available in yourdesktopthencreateshortcutindesktop.OtherwiseyouclickonStartMenuthenclickonRunandtypethenameoftheapplicationinthetextboxandpressenter.OperatingSystemsSimpleSettings

ChangingSystemDateandTime1. Right-click on the time in the bottom-right of the screen and

selectAdjustDate/Time.

<2. Use thearrows to therightof themonth/yearand thearrows to the

rightoftheclocktochangethetimetothecorrecttime.

ChangingDisplayProperties

1. Click Start , and then click Control Panel . The Control Panelwindowwillopen.

2. FromtheControlPanelwindow,double-clickDisplay.TheDisplayPropertieswindowwillopen.

3. IntheDisplayPropertiespanel,clicktheSettings tab.Settings tab–XP

4. Tochangethescreenareasize,clicktheslideunderDesktoparea .Dragtheslidetothelefttodecreasethescreenarea,ortotherighttoincreasethesizearea.

5. Tochange thenumberof colors, select thedesiredquality from thedrop-downmenuunderColorquality .Whenusingmorecolors,thepicturesandimageswillappearmorerealistic;however,moredisplaymemoryisusedandthedisplayrefreshtimeisslower.

6. ClickApply,andthenclickOKtosavethesettings.7. ClosetheDisplayPropertieswindows

ToAddaWindowsComponent1. LogonasAdministratororasamemberoftheAdministratorsgroup.2. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Add or

RemovePrograms.3. Click Add/Remove Windows Components. The Windows

ComponentsWizardstarts.4. IntheComponents list,clicktoselectthecheckboxthatisnextto

the component that you want to add. If the check box for acomponent is shaded, only some of its subcomponents are selectedforinstallation.

To view a list of the subcomponents, clickDetails. Click to select thecheck box next to the subcomponents that you want to add, and thenclickOK. If theDetails button is unavailable, the component does notcontainsubcomponents.5. ClickNext.6. If the Insert Disk dialog box appears, use one of the following

methods:InsertyourWindowsXPCD-ROMintoyourCD-ROMorDVD-ROMdrive,andthenclickOK.Click OK to locate your Windows XP installation files. Inthe Files Needed dialog box, click Browse, locate yourWindows XP installation files, and then click Open. Forexample,theinstallationfilesmightbeintheD:\I386folder.

7. In the Completing the Windows Components Wizard screen,clickFinish.

ToRemoveaWindowComponent

1. LogonasAdministratororasamemberoftheAdministratorsgroup.2. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Add or

RemovePrograms.3. Click Add/Remove Windows Components. The Windows

ComponentsWizardstarts.4. In theComponents list, click to clear the check box next to the

component thatyouwant to remove.Note that a shadedcheckboxnext toa component indicates thatonly someof its subcomponentsareinstalled.

Ifyouwanttoremoveasubcomponent,clickDetails.Then,clicktoclear the check box next to the subcomponents that you want toremove,andthenclickOK.

5. ClickNext.6. In the Completing the Windows Components Wizard screen,

clickFinish.ChangingMousePropertiesWithyourcomputerloggedintoWindowsyoushouldhavethedesktoploaded.Inthelowerleftcornerofthescreenclickthe'Start'button.Averticalmenuwillpopup.Ontherightofthepopupstartmenuaremanycommonlyuseditems.Aspictured'ControlPanel'isoneoftheseitems.Clickthe'ControlPanel'optiononthestartmenu.

Thecontrolpanelwillloadshowingalloftheavailablesettings.Youwillseeanicon for 'Mouse'whichwe have highlighted in the picture.With yourmouse,doubleclickthe'Mouse'icon.TheMousepropertieswindowwillappear.

Withthemousesettingsyoucanswitchtheleftandrightbuttonsandchangethedoubleclickspeed.Atthetopofthedisplayedwindowyouwillseeapictureofa mouse with the left mouse button highlighted. To the left is a checkboxlabelled'Switchprimaryandsecondarybuttons'.Below this is the double click speed setting which allows you to adjust howresponsivethedoubleclickistosuityourclickingstyle.Toalterthemouseclickspeedmovethesliderbetweenslowandfastbyclickandholdingtheleftmousebuttonanddraggingthemouse.

To change the buttons for a left handed person tick the 'Switch primary andsecondarybuttons'andyouwillseeasinourexamplethatthehighlightedbuttonisnowtherighthandsidebutton.Thismeansthatyouusetherighthandbuttontoselectandclickitemsandthelefthandbuttontoproducemenus.Torevertthesetting back you may have to right click the checkbox to switch the buttonsback.

Clickthe'Pointers'taballowsyoutochangethecursorlook.Youwillseeadropdown box under the scheme heading which by default says 'None'. Click thedrop down box and youwill see a list of available cursor schemes to choose

from.Clickthedinosaurscheme.

Youwillseeinthecentreofthepointerswindowisapreviewboxthatshowsallthe cursor styles for the selected scheme. If you are happy with the selectedscheme, click 'Ok' or choose another from the drop down menu. Click the'PointerOptions'tabalongthetopofthemousepropertieswindow.

In the pointer options settings you can change the speed at which the cursormovesinrelationtoyoumovingthemouse.Toadjustthisspeedmovethesliderbetween the slow and fast labels. You can see the other settings that areavailable.Toenableasettingtickthecheckbox.Todisableasettinguntickthecheckbox.

Clickthe'Wheel'tabatthetopofthemousepropertieswindow.Youwillseetheoptiontochangehowthemousescrollwheeloperates.Youcanseethatyoucanhavethescreenscrollmoreorlesswitheachturnofthewheeloryoucanselecttohaveonepagescroll inonego.Onceyouhavemadechanged to themousesettingsclickthe'Ok'buttonatthebottomofthemousepropertiesboxtoexit.AddingAPrinterIfyourprinterdoesn’tconnectviaUSB,andyoudon’thavesetupinstructionsordrivers,followthesesteps.

1.TurnoffthePCandconnecttheprinter.PoweronboththePCandtheprinter.2. InWindows7,clickStart,DevicesandPrinters. InVista,clickStart,ControlPanel,HardwareandSound,Printers.3.ClickAddaprinter.4.IftheprinterisphysicallyconnectedtothePC,clickAddalocalprinter.Iftheprinterisconnectedwirelesslyoroveranetwork,skiptoStep5.

4a.SelectUseanexistingport,andthenchooseyourprinterportfromthedrop-downlist.ThedefaultLPT1selectionishighlylikelytobecorrect.ClickNext.4b. Selectyourprintermanufacturerandmodelfromthetwolists. If your model is not listed and your system is connected to theInternet,clicktheWindowsUpdatebutton.IfyouhaveadriveronadiskorCD,orifyoudownloadedafile,clickHaveDisk...topointWindowstothedriveryouwanttouse.ClickNext.4c.Assignacustomnametoyourprinter,ifyouwantaneasywaytoidentifyit.ClickNext.4d.Ifprompted,selectasharingoption.Ifyouareunsurewhattodo,selectDonotsharethisprinter.ClickNext.4e.ClickPrintatestpagetoconfirmasuccessfulinstallation.ClickFinish.

5. Ifyourprinter isconnectedwirelesslyoroveranetwork,clickAddanetwork,wirelessorBluetoothprinter.5a. Select theprinteryouwould like to install from the list.ClickNext.5b.Ifprompted,clickInstalldriver.ClickNext.5c.ClickPrintatestpagetoconfirmasuccessfulinstallation.ClickFinish.

RemovingaPrinter1.InWindows,clickStart,ControlPanel,HardwareandSound,Printers.2.Right-clicktheprinteryouwishtoremove,clickDelete.

File&DirectoryManagementAfile isaplacewhereonecankeepallhisdocumentsfallingunderaspecificheading inoneplace.TheFilemenu iswhereyouopen, save, andcreatenewfiles.

1. Click the File menu in the program you are using, and thenclickNew.

Ifyoucancreatemore thanonekindof file in theprogram,youmightalsoneedtoselectanitem,suchasatemplate,fromalist.2. When you are finished working with the new file, click

theFilemenu,andthenclickSaveAstonamethefileandsaveitonyourcomputer.

RenamingofaFileInordertorenameafileonecanselect thefile inthefolder,rightclickonthefileandfollowtheoptionofrename.Afterclickingonrename,wecantypethedesirednameandpressenter.CommonUtilitiesUtilitysoftwareisakindofsystemsoftwaredesignedtohelpanalyze,configure,optimizeandmaintainthecomputer.Asinglepieceofutilitysoftwareisusuallycalledautilityortool.Disk storage or disc storage is a general category of storage mechanisms, inwhich data are digitally recorded by various electronic, magnetic, optical, ormechanicalmethodsonasurface layerdepositedofoneormoreplanar, roundand rotating platters. Disk defragmenters can detect computer files whosecontents are broken across several locations on the hard disk, and move thefragmentstoonelocationtoincreaseefficiency.Backuputilitiescanmakeacopyofallinformationstoredonadisk,andrestoreeithertheentiredisk(e.g.inaneventofdiskfailure)orselectedfiles(e.g.inaneventofaccidentaldeletion).Archiveutilitiesoutputastreamorasinglefilewhenprovidedwithadirectoryora setof files.Archiveutilities,unlikearchive suites,usuallydonot includecompressionorencryptioncapabilities.Somearchiveutilitiesmayevenhaveaseparateun-archiveutilityforthereverseoperation.

ModelQuestionandAnswer

Q1.Whatisoperatingsystem?Theoperatingsystemistheinterfacebetweenuserandhardware,thatisresponsible for the management and coordination of activities and thesharingoftheresourcesofacomputer.Q2.WhataretheBasicFunctionsofanOperatingSystem?1.Processmanagement2.MemoryManagement3.Filemanagement

4.Input&OutputDeviceManagementetc.Q3.WhataretheBasicsofpopularoperatingsystemsMostofthe operating systems perform the following important functions: 1.Processormanagement,2.Memorymanagement,3.Input/outputmanagement,4.Filemanagement,5.Establishmentandenforcementofaprioritysystem.6. Automatictransitionfromjobtojobasdirectedbyspecialcontrolstatements.Q4.WhyGUIismorepopularthanCommand-lineinterface?Ans.GUI ismorepopular thanCommand-line interfacebecause inGUIthereisnoneedtorememberthecommandsyntax.JustclickonthemenuandsubmenuwhichreplacetheCommandinGUI.Q5.Wherethetaskbarislocatedinthewindowandwhatitsfunctionis?Ans.AtaskbarisabardisplayedonafulledgeofaGUIdesktopthatisusedtolaunchandmonitorrunningapplications.Q6. HowcanwechangetheScreenSaverofthecomputerscreen?Ans.RightclickonthedesktopandchoosepropertiesthenclickontheScreenSavertabandchoosescreensaverfromthedropdownlist.Q8.HowcanwesettheDateandTimeinacomputer?Ans. Clickonstartmenu thenclickonsettingand thenoncontrolpanel.Withinthecontrolpanelclickondateandtimeicon.Q9.Howtorenameafileorfolder?Ans.RightclickonthenameofthefileandfolderapopupmenuappearthenselectRenameandtypethenewname.Q10.Howtoremoveawindowcomponent?Ans.Byfollowingtheundersaidstepwecanremoveawindowcomponent:-1. LogonasAdministratororasamemberoftheAdministratorsgroup.2. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Add or

RemovePrograms.3. Click Add/Remove Windows Components. The Windows

ComponentsWizardstarts.4. In the Components list, click to clear the check box next to the

component thatyouwant to remove.Note that a shadedcheckboxnext toa component indicates thatonly someof its subcomponentsareinstalled.

Ifyouwanttoremoveasubcomponent,clickDetails.Then,clicktoclear the check box next to the subcomponents that you want toremove,andthenclickOK.

5. ClickNext.6. In the Completing the Windows Components Wizard screen,

clickFinish.Q11.Whatisthescreenofacomputerrefertoas?Ans.DesktopQ12.ExamplesofOperatingsystems?Ans.WindowsandMSDOS.QuestionsforselfpracticeQ1.Whatisanoperatingsystem?Q2.Whatarethebasicsofpopularoperatingsystems?Q3.Howcanwechangedateandtimeinasystem?Q4.Howcanweaddaprintertothesystem?Q5.Howcanweremoveaprinterfromasystem?Q6.Howcanwemakeachangeinmouseproperties?Q7.Howcanweremoveawindowcomponent?MultipleChoiceQuestionsQ1.Whichofthefollowingarethebasicsofoperatingsystemsa) Process management b) Memory management c) FilesManagement.d) All theaboveQ2. These are an exampleofoperatingsystems.a)MSDosb)Windowsc)BothAandBd)Noneoftheabove.Q3.Whichoftheseareapartofcomputermenu?a)Startprogramsb)Opencommonlyusedfoldersc)Searchforfiles,folders,andprogramsd)AllTheAbove.

Q4.Whichofthefollowingisnotataskbarelement?a)StartButton.b)Printerc)QuickLaunchBar.d)NotificationArea.Q5.WhatistheFullFormofGUIa)GraphicalUserInterface.b)GeneralUserInterface.c)GeographicalUserInterfaced)Noneoftheabove.Q6Anoperatingsystem(OS)isaninterfacebetween___and____.a)Computerandinternetb)Hardwareanduserc)PrinterandCPUd)NoneAnswers:1-d;2-c;3-d;4-b;5-a;6-bTrueandFalse1. Isanoperatingsystemaninterfacebetweenuserandhardware.2. Memorymanagementisnotabasicofanoperatingsystem.3. Awindowcomponentcanneverberemovedfromacomputer.4. Wecannotchangeormodifymouseproperties.5. Wecanloadanewprintertothecomputer.6. Wecanchangeorsetdateandtimeofacomputer.7. MSDOSisakindofanoperatingsystem.8. Windowsisnotanoperatingsystem.9. UIstandsforuserinterface.10. Computerscreenisreferedtoasadesktop.Answers:1-true;2-false;3-false;4-false;5– true;6-true;7-true;8-false;9-true;10-true.

.

Chapter3

UnderstandingWordProcessing

Using a computer to create, edit, and print documents. Of all computerapplications,wordprocessingisthemostcommon.Toperformwordprocessing,youneedacomputer,aspecialprogramcalledawordprocessor,andaprinter.Aword processor enables you to create a document, store it electronically ona disk, display it on a screen, modify it by enteringcommandsandcharactersfromthekeyboard,andprintitonaprinter.

IntroductionToMicrosoftWord

MicrosoftWordis(practicallyspeaking)“identical”onboththeMacintoshandWindowscomputerplatforms.Thuswecan learn touse theMacintoshversionof Word on an IBM compatible and visa-versa. While we will be usingMicrosoftWordasourwordprocessingprogram,manyofthetechniqueswe’llcoverareapplicableonotherwordprocessingprogramsaswell.MostMicrosoftprogramsallowaminimumof3differentways toaccomplishany single task. It isn’t necessary for you to learn all three. Simply pick themethod,which best fits your personality type. I personally like theHotKeys,whichallowmetokeepmyhandsonthekeyboard.PleasenotethatMacandPCHotKeysare thesameexcept thePCalwaysuses theControlKeyCtrlalongwithanotherkeyandtheMacalwaysusestheCommandKey(Apple)Keyalongwithanotherkey.ForExample:Undoon thePC isCtrl+Z:Undoon theMacis(Apple)Z

How To Start Microsoft Word

StartingWordviaStartMenu(PCOnly):ClickontheSTARTMenu(usuallythelowerleft-handsideofthescreen)andselect“MicrosoftWord”fromthe“Programs”Folder.viatheMicrosoftOfficeManager:TheMicrosoftOfficeManager,isanoptionaltoolbarwhichfloatsaroundontheWindow’sdesktop.OntheMac,itsfoundasamenuoption(nearhelp).via the Desktop (Word in the MS Office Folder): Open “MyComputer”, open “C:”, open “Programs”, open “MicrosoftOffice”,andthendoubleclickon“MicrosoftWord”.

BasicComponentsofMSWordMenuBarMSWordoffersavarietyofoperation,rightfromtypingdatatoaddingstatisticstotakingprintsandmakingitattractive.Themenubaroffersthefollowinglist

ofheadswithvarietyofoperations.

FileOptionsFileoptions inMSwordoffersopeningofnewdocuments, savingdocuments,printing,importingandexportingfilesetc.

UsingHelpWord isauser friendly software, itoffers simplicity inoperationsand if at allthereisanyinformationandproblemthattheuserisfacing,wordprovidesthefacilityof“Help”optiononitsmenuwherebyuserscantypetheirproblemandcangetanonlineandofflinesupport.OpeningandClosingofNewDocumentsOpeningNewDocumentsInordertoopenanewdocumentonehastoclickonthefilebuttononthetopbarofthe

MSWord.Onopeningthesamethefirstoptionnewappearsonthescreenandbyclickingonitwegetafreshdocumenttoworkon.

SaveandSaveAsPost typingthematerialonthewordfile,MSWordgivesusanoptiontosavethefile for futurereference.Wehave toclickon thefilemenuandselectsaveoption.

Afterclickingonthesaveoption,thecomputergivesusthechoiceofsavingthefileindesireddirectoryanddesiredfile.Postselectionofdirectoryandfilewehavetoclick“Save”.

SaveAsIn cases where we would like to make amendments to a file and save it inanothername.Inthatcaseinplaceofsaveweusethesaveasoptioninthiscaseanditssystemissameasthatofsaveoption.PageSetupWhile getting started with a new word file. We get an option of selecting acompletepagesize,itsmargings,headers,etc.Foreffectivepagesetupselectthe“pagelayout”optionfromthetopbarandselectthedesiredoptions.

PrintPreviewItsalwaysbettertoseeaprintpreviewofthedocumentbeforeactuallyprintingitasinthatcaseonecansavewastageofpaper,timeandeffort.Inordertoseeaprintpreviewonehastoclickonthefilemenu,thenselecttheprintoptionandfurtherselectprintpreviewtogeneratepreviewofthedocument.

PrintingOfDocuments After being satisfied with the print preview, we canproceedtowardsprintingofthedocuments.Fromthefilebarselectprintoptionandfurtherselectprintoption.

Postselecting theprintoption thecomputeropens theprintsetup,wherebywecandecideonthequality,quantity,sizeof thepageetc.Onselectionofall theoptionsasdesiredandthenclickOK.

Text Creation andManipulationDocumentCreation:This is the foremostfunctionofMicrosoftwordtocreatedocuments,wehaveseenhowtocreateanewdocumentearlierinthischapter.EditingText :Editing of text is very easy inMSWord.We can just use themouseandclickontheplaceswewanttoinsettextorinsertspacesormakeanykindofmodifications.TextSelection:Itisafeaturethatmakeswordeasytouse.Onecaneasilywiththeuseofamouseselectthecontentthathedesires.Presstheleftbuttononurmouseandkeepitpressedforthetimeandlineyouintendtoselect.

CutCopyandPasteItisthemostusefultechniqueusedforcopyinglinesfromonefileandpastingittoanotherfileinwordandothersupportingsoftwares.Cut:This command cuts the line selected from a file permanent and can bepastedtoanotherfile.Copy:This command helps in copying the content, while retaining it in theoriginalfileevenwhilebeingpastedtoanotherfile.Paste: It is the optionwe click onwhenwehave already cut or copied a filefromanother file. It isused topaste the text fromanother file to theoperatingfile.

Spell-CheckandThesaurusWord provides its userswith facilities like spellcheckand thesaurusunder the“review”headingon the topbar.Ongiving thespellcheckcommandthewordinitselfstartscheckingthewrongspellingintheselected content on the word file. It gives a complete instruction beforecorrectingthespellingsandaskstheuserifhewantstoreplacethespellingsornot.Thesaurusfacilityhelpsinfindingtherightmeaningandsynonymousfortheselectedwordsfromthetextfile.

Formatting theText Presentation of text is all about the format andway itsbeenpresented.Wordoffersqualityformattingoptionslikelinealignment,bulletpoints,case,headersetc.AlignmentofTextWordgivesvariousfacilitiesforalignmentoftextmaterial,ausercansidealign(leftandright),centrealignorstraightalignthecontentasperhisdesire.Onthehomebar of theword there are aligningoptions available to theuser.We canselectthetextcontentandalignitatwish.Foraligningthetextonehastoselectthecontentandclickontheoptionsonthebarmenu.

IndentingtheParagraphIndentationdeterminesthedistanceoftheparagraphfromeithertheleftortherightmargin.Withinthemargins,youcanincreaseordecrease the indentation of a paragraph or group of paragraphs.You can alsocreateanegative indent(alsoknownasanoutdent),whichpulls theparagraphout toward the leftmargin.Youcanalsocreateahanging indent, inwhich thefirstlineoftheparagraphisnotindented,butsubsequentlinesare.

Indentonlythefirstlineofaparagraph1. Clickinfrontofthelinethatyouwanttoindent.2. On the Page Layout tab, click the Paragraph Dialog Box

Launcher,andthenclicktheIndentsandSpacingtab.

3. IntheSpeciallistunderIndentation,clickFirstline,andthenintheBybox,settheamountofspacethatyouwantthefirstlinetobeindented.

Thefirstlineoftheparagraphandallsubsequentparagraphsthatyoutypewill be indented. However, any paragraphs before the selectedparagraphmustbemanuallyindentedbyusingthesameprocedure.

Increaseordecreasetheleftindentofanentireparagraph1. Selecttheparagraphthatyouwanttochange.2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Paragraph group, click the

arrows next to Indent Left to increase or decrease the leftindentationoftheparagraph.

Increaseordecreasetherightindentofanentireparagraph

1. Selecttheparagraphthatyouwanttochange.2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Paragraph group, click the

arrows next to Indent Right to increase or decrease the rightindentationoftheparagraph.

SetanindentbyusingtheTABkey

1. Click theMicrosoft Office Button , and then clickWordOptions.

2. ClickProofing.3. Under AutoCorrection settings, click AutoCorrect Options,

andthenclicktheAutoFormatAsYouTypetab.4. Select the Set left-and first-indent with tabs and backspaces

checkbox.5. Toindentthefirstlineofaparagraph,clickinfrontoftheline.To indent an entire paragraph, click in front of any line but the firstline.

Bullets&NumberingWhilepresentingareportorananalysisitsalwaysbettertopresent thehighlightedor importantpointsintheformofnumberedlinesorbulletpoints.Inwordwehavetheedgeofusingbullets,pointers,numbersetc.Forour linewehave toselect thechoiceofbulletornumberingpointers frombarmenuandjustenterthedata.

ChangingCaseTextcanbetypedinlowercaseorsmallletters,uppercaseorcapitalletters,ora

mixof the two cases.Haveyou foundyourselfwishingyou could change thecapitalizationofasectionoftextwithouthavingtoretypethewholething?Youcan,whenyouusetheFormat|ChangeCaseCommand.Propernounsshouldbecapitalized.The firstwordof sentences shouldbecapitalized.Titles shouldbecapitalized. What if you forget? What if you capitalize where you normallywould not? You can change the case of all the text at once with a singlevcommand--agreattimesaver!Todoso:

1.Highlightthetextyouwanttochange.2.ChooseFormat|ChangeCase.ThisopensthedialogboxthatgivesyouthechoicebetweenSentencecase, lowercase,UPPERCASE,TitleCase,andtOGGLEcASE.Next,choose the typeofformattingyouwanttousefromthebelowchoicesandclickOK.Sentencecase:capitalizesthefirstletterofthefirstwordandputstherestinlowercase. Lowercase:changeseverythingtolowercase,withnothingcapitalized.Titlecase:capitalizesthefirstletterofeveryword.Togglecasechanges capital letters to lowercase and vice versa. (You don't use thischoice much anymore because if you make a mistake such at typingtOGGLE,usingtheShiftkeywhileCapslockison,Wordautomaticallycorrects itandturnsoff theCapslock.)Alternatively,press theShift+F3shortcut key repeatedly to cycle through three formats: UPPER CASE,lowercase andTitleCase.Capitalization is under your control, even forlargeamountsoftext.WhenyouuseTitleCase,you'llmostlikelyhavetogo back and make a few corrections. In titles, small words (such as:articles, coordinate conjunctions, and prepositions, such as "the," "and,""in," "on," "for," etc.) should not be capitalized unless they are the firstwordinthetitle.

TableManipulationMethod1:CreateaTablebyUsingtheStandardToolbar

1. Clickwhereyouwanttocreateatable.2. OntheStandardtoolbar,clickInsertTable.3. Dragtoselectthenumberofrowsandcolumnsthatyouwant.4. Whenyou finish creating the table, click into a table cell, and then

eitherstarttypingorinsertagraphic.

Method2:CreateaTablebyUsingtheTableMenu1. Clickwhereyouwanttocreateatable.2. OntheTablemenu,pointtoInsert,andthenclickTable.3. In the Insert Table dialog box, change Number of

columns andNumber of rows to the size that you want for yourtable,andthenclickOK.

Forexample,changeNumberofcolumns to5,andchangeNumberofrowsto2.4. Whenyou finish creating the table, click into a table cell, and then

eitherstarttypingorinsertagraphic.Method3:DrawaTablebyUsingtheTablesandBordersToolbar

1. OntheViewmenu,pointtoToolbars,andthenclicktoselectTablesandBorderstodisplaytheTablesandBorderstoolbar.

2. On theTables andBorders toolbar, clickDrawTable (the pencilicon).Themousepointerchangestoapencil.

3. Todrawyour table, position the pencil in the documentwhere youwanttheinsertthetable,andthenclickanddragtodrawalinefromonecornerofthetabletothecornerthatisdiagonallyopposite.Thisactiondefinestheboundaryoftheentiretable.

4. Toaddcolumnsandrows,clickwhereyouwanttoinsertthecolumnorrow,andthendragtodrawyournewcolumnorrow.

5. Toturnoffthetabledrawingtool,clickDrawTable(thepencilicon)ontheTablesandBorderstoolbar.

6. Whenyou finishcreating the table, click intoa table cell, and theneitherstarttypingorinsertagraphic.

HowtoCreateaTableInsideAnotherTable(NestedTables)1. OntheTablesandBorderstoolbar,clickDrawTable.2. Positionthepencilinthecellwhereyouwantthenestedtable(atable

insideanothertable).3. Drawthenewtable.Todefinethetableboundaries,drawarectangle.

Thendrawthecolumnandrowlinesinsidetherectangle.HowtoChangetheWidthandHeightofTableColumnsandRowsChangetheColumnWidthinaTableRestthepointeronthecolumnboundarythatyouwanttomoveuntilthepointerbecomes a horizontal two-pointed arrow, and thendrag the boundaryuntil the

columnisthewidththatyouwant.NOTES:

Tochangeacolumnwidthtoaspecificmeasurement,clickacellinthe column.On theTablemenu, clickTable Properties, and thenclicktheColumntab.Choosetheoptionsthatyouwant.Tomakethecolumnsinatableautomaticallyfitthecontents,clicktoselect the table, point to AutoFit on the Tablemenu, and thenclickAutoFittoContents.To display columnwidthmeasurements, click a cell and then holddownALTasyoudragthemarkersontheruler.

ChangetheRowHeightinaTableRest thepointeron the rowboundary thatyouwant tomove,until thepointerbecomesaverticaltwo-pointedarrow,andthendragtheboundary.

NOTES:Tochangearowheighttoaspecificmeasurement,clickacellintherow. On the Table menu, click Table Properties, and then clicktheRowtab.Selecttheoptionsthatyouwant.To display row height measurements, click a cell, and hold downALTasyoudragthemarkersontheverticalruler.

MakeMultipleRowsorColumnstheSameSize1. Selectthecolumnsorrowsthatyouwanttomakethesamesize.2. On the Tables and Borders toolbar, click Distribute Columns

EvenlyorDistributeRowsEvenly.HowtoAddColumnsandRowstoanExistingTableDooneormoreofthefollowing:

Toaddanewrowaboveorbelowanexistingtablerow,clickintothetablerow.OntheTablemenu,point toSelect,and thenclickRow.On the Table menu, point to Insert, and then click RowsAboveorRowsBelow.

-or-Toaddarowattheendofatable,clickintothelastcellofthelastrowofyourtable,andthenpresstheTABkeytocreateanewtablerow.

-or-

Toaddanewcolumntotheleftorrightofanexistingcolumn,clickintoatablecellof thecolumn.OntheTablemenu,point toSelect,andthenclickColumn.OntheTablemenu,pointtoInsert,andthenclickColumnstotheLeftorColumnstotheRight.

-or-Toaddacolumntotherightofthelastcolumninatable,clickjustoutside the rightmost column.On theTablemenu, point to Insert,andthenclickColumnstotheRight.

HowtoAddandRemoveBordersandShadingfromTablesNOTE:Whenyouinsertatable,ithasablack,one-halfpoint,solid,single-lineborderbydefault.Thefollowingmethodsdiscusshowtoaddadifferentborderordeletetheexistingborder.Method1:UsetheEraserTool

1.ClickEraser(erasericon)ontheTablesandBorderstoolbar.2.Clicktoselectoneofthebordersofthetable.3. Afteryouclickandreleasethemouse,thetableborderwillbeerased.4.Continuethisprocedureuntileachborderofthetableiserased.

NOTE:TheErasertoolcanonlybeusedtoremovebordersormergecells,nottoapplyborders.ForadditionalinformationaboutwhattodoiftextisremovedfromatablewhenyouusetheEraser,clickthearticlenumberbelowtoviewthearticleintheMicrosoftKnowledgeBase:Method 2: Automatically Format Table Borders and Shading by UsingTableAutoFormat

1.Clickthetable.2.OntheTablemenu,clickTableAutoFormat.3.IntheFormatsbox,clicktoselecttheformatthatyouwant.4.Clicktoselecttheoptionsthatyouwant.

NOTE:AutoFormatTable isalso located in theInsertTable dialogbox (ontheTablemenu,pointtoInsertandthenclickTable).Method3:CreateTableBordersandShadingbyUsing the"Bordersand

Shading"DialogBox1. Dooneofthefollowing:

Toaddabordertoatable,clickanywhereinthetable.-or-

To add a border to a specific cell, select the cell that youwant,includingtheend-of-cellmarker.

OntheFormatmenu,clickBordersandShading,andthenclicktoselecttheBorderstab.UsetheSetting,Style,Color,andWidthoptions toaddadifferentborder.Makesuretheappropriateoption(TableorCell)isselectedintheApplytobox.To specify that borders are applied only to specific sides,click Custom under Setting. Under Preview, click the diagram'ssides,orusethebuttonstoapplyandremoveborders.To specify the exact position of the border relative to the text,clickParagraphunderApplyto,clickOptions,andthenselecttheoptionsthatyouwant.

Method 4: Create Table Borders and Shading by Using the "Tables andBorders"Toolbar

1. DisplaytheTablesandBorderstoolbarbypointingtoToolbarsontheViewmenu,andthenclickingTablesandBorders.

2. Clickanywhereinthetable.3. OntheTablesandBorderstoolbar,usetheoptionsthatyouwant:

ClicktheBordersbuttontoselect theborder thatyouwant.By default, the Borders button displays the OutsideBordersScreenTip,butitmaydisplaythemostrecentlyusedborderinstead.

NOTE:BordersisalsolocatedontheFormattingtoolbar.ChangetheLineStyleboxtothelinestylethatyouwant.ChangetheLineWeightboxtothelineweightthatyouwant.ChangetheBorderColorboxtothecolorthatyouwant.ChangetheShadingColorboxtothecolorthatyouwanttoapplytothecellsortotheentiretable.

HowtoChangethePositionorDirectionofTextinaTableChangetheTextOrientationofaTableCell

1. Click the table cell that contains the text that you want tochange.2.Dooneofthefollowing:

OntheFormatmenu,clickTextDirection.-or-

On the Tables and Borders toolbar, click Change TextDirection.

Clicktheorientationthatyouwant.ChangetheTextAlignmentofaTableCell

1. Clickthetablecellthatcontainstextthatyouwanttoalign.2. On the Tables and Borders toolbar, select the option for the

horizontalandverticalalignmentthatyouwant(forexample,AlignBottomCenterorAlignTopRight).

HowtoPositionaTableonthePageChangetheAlignmentofaTablebyUsingTableProperties

1. Clicktoselectthetable.2. OntheTablemenu,clickTableProperties.3. OntheTabletab,underAlignment,selecttheoptionthatyouwant.

For example, to indent a left-aligned table, type a number intheIndentfromleftbox.

TIP:Toquicklyalignatableonapage,selectthetable,andthenusethealignmentbuttonsontheFormattingtoolbar.

MoveaTablebyUsingtheTableMoveHandle1. Restthepointeronthetableuntilthetablemovehandleappearson

theupper-leftcornerofthetable.2. Restthepointeronthetablemovehandleuntilafour-headedarrow

appears.3. Dragthetabletothenewlocation.

ModelQuestionsandAnswers

Q1HowtoOpenaWordDocument?Ans.MicrosoftWordcanbeopenedin3ways:-

viaStartMenu (PCOnly): Click on the STARTMenu (usually the

lower left-handsideof thescreen)andselect“MicrosoftWord”fromthe“Programs”Folder.viatheMicrosoftOfficeManager:TheMicrosoftOfficeManager,isanoptionaltoolbarwhichfloatsaroundontheWindow’sdesktop.OntheMac,itsfoundasamenuoption(nearhelp).via the Desktop (Word in the MS Office Folder): Open “MyComputer”, open “C:”, open “Programs”, open “Microsoft Office”,andthendoubleclickon“MicrosoftWord”.

Q2.HowtousespellcheckandthesaurusinMSWord?

Ans.Wordprovidesitsuserswithfacilitieslikespellcheckandthesaurusunderthe“review”headingonthetopbar.Ongivingthespellcheckcommandthewordinitselfstartscheckingthewrongspellingintheselected content on the word file. It gives a complete instruction beforecorrectingthespellingsandaskstheuserifhewantstoreplacethespellingsor not. Thesaurus facility helps in finding the right meaning andsynonymousfortheselectedwordsfromthetextfile.Q3.WhatisCut,CopyandPaste?Ans.Cut:Thiscommandcutsthelineselectedfromafilepermanentandcanbepastedtoanotherfile.Copy:Thiscommandhelpsincopyingthecontent,whileretainingitintheoriginalfileevenwhilebeingpastedtoanotherfile.Paste:Itistheoptionweclickonwhenwehavealreadycutorcopiedafilefrom another file. It is used to paste the text from another file to theoperatingfile.Q4.HowtoSelecttextinwordfile?Ans.Itisafeaturethatmakeswordeasytouse.Onecaneasilywiththeuseofamouseselectthecontentthathedesires.Presstheleftbuttononurmouseandkeepitpressedforthetimeandlineyouintendtoselect.Q5.Howtochangethefontsizeinworddocument?Ans.TochangethefontsizeoftextwithinMicrosoftWord,followthebelowsteps.1.Highlightthetextyouwishtochangethesizeof.2.Clickthedownarrownexttothesizeontheformatbar.Often,thedefaultsizeis12,asshownintheaboveexample.

3.Afterclickingthedownarrowforthefont,youshouldhaveaselection of different sizes to select from. Some fonts may not scaleproperly so some fontsmay only have a few size options and sometimesmayonlyhaveone.4.Ifyoudonothaveanytexttohighlightorwishtotypetextinadifferent size,move the cursor to the location ofwhere youwant to newtext,clickthedownarrowonthesizeoptionontheformattingtoolbarandselectthesizeyouwishtouse.Q6.Whatarethestepsforprintingaworddocument?Ans.Stepsforprintingaworddocument:1.OntheFilemenu,clickPrint.2.UnderPagerange,specifytheportionofthedocumentyouwanttoprint.4. O.K.Q7.Howtousesaveandsaveasinworddocuments?Ans.Posttypingthematerialonthewordfile,MSWordgivesusanoptiontosavethefileforfuturereference.Wehavetoclickonthefilemenuandselectsaveoption.Afterclickingonthesaveoption,thecomputergivesus the choice of saving the file in desired directory and desired file. Postselectionofdirectoryandfilewehavetoclick“Save”.SaveAsIncaseswherewewouldliketomakeamendmentstoafileandsave it in another name. In that case in place of savewe use the save asoptioninthiscaseanditssystemissameasthatofsaveoption.QuestionsForSelfPracticeQ1.Howtoprintaworddocument?Q2.Howtoseeaprintpreviewofawordfile?Q3.Howtosaveaworddocument?Q4.Howtoinsertapictureoraclipartinawordfile?Q5.Writeashortnoteonparagraphindentinginawordfile.Q6.Howtoaddtabletoawordfile?

Chapter4

UsingSpreadsheet

Excel is an electronic spreadsheet program that can be used for storing,organizingandmanipulatingdata.Whenyou lookat theExcelscreen(refer tothe example on this page) you see a rectangular table or gridofrowsandcolumns.Thehorizontalrowsareidentifiedbynumbers(1,2,3)andthevertical columnswith lettersof thealphabet (A,B,C).Forcolumnsbeyond26,columnsareidentifiedbytwoormoreletterssuchasAA,AB,AC.The intersectionpointbetweenacolumnanda row isa small rectangularboxknown as a cell. A cell is the basic unit for storing data in the spreadsheet.Because anExcel spreadsheet contains thousands of these cells, each is givenacellreferenceoraddresstoidentifyit.Elements of Electronic Spreadsheet

ActiveCellInaworksheet, thecellwith theblackoutline.Data is alwaysentered into theactivecell.FormulaBarLocatedabovetheworksheet,thisareadisplaysthecontentsoftheactivecell.It

canalsobeusedforenteringoreditingdataandformulas.NameBoxOrCellAddressLocatednexttotheformulabar,theNameBoxdisplaysthecellreferenceorthenameoftheactivecell.ColumnLetterColumnsrunverticallyonaworksheetandeachoneis identifiedbya letter inthecolumnheader.RowNumbersRowsrunhorizontallyinaworksheetandareidentifiedbyanumberintherowheader.Togetheracolumnletterandarownumbercreateacellreference.EachcellintheworksheetcanbeidentifiedbythiscombinationoflettersandnumberssuchasA1,F456,orAA34.SheetTabSwitchingbetweenworksheetsinaMicrosftExcelfileisdonebyclickingonthesheettabatthebottomofthescreen.OpeningaSpreadsheet In order to open a spreadsheet, one can click on the“Start” button and then select “Microsoft Office” and from sub parts select “MicrosoftExcel”.

PrintingofSpreadsheetInordertoprintaspreadsheetonehastoclickonthe“officebutton”andthenselect“printoption”.Printoptiongivesvariousoptionslike “print preview” to preview the file before printing. Secondly it gives anoptionof“Print”.

Afterselectingthelast“Print”option.Theexcelsheetwillopenprinteroptions,wherebywecanchoosetheprinter,pagesize,quality,copiesetc.

SavingWorkbooksFollowingstepsaretakeninordertosavetheworkfileStep1:opentheofficebuttonStep2:Selectthesaveoption.

Step3 : If the file is an existing file and anew file is tobe saved then select“SaveAs”option.Step4:Selectthedirectoryorfilewheretheworksheetistobesaved.

ManipulationofCellsEnteringTexts,NumbersandDatesInordertoentertextinaexcelsheetselectacell,doubleclickonthatcellandstartenteringthetext“Excelisgood”.Usetabbuttontomovetothecellontherighthandsideaftertypinginthefirstcell.

Repeatthesameexerciseinordertoenternumericalornumberdataintheexcelsheet.Inordertoenterdatesinexcelsheetswehavetousedd/mm/yyyyformatlikefor1stapril3013,itwillbetypedas01/04/2013.CreatingText,NumbersandDatesSeriesForcreatingtextseriesinexcelwehavetofollowthefollowingsteps:-

1.SelectanyblankcellfromworksheetandTypealphanumericvalue.2.Select‘Fill’optionfromEditmenu.3.ChooseSeriesfromFillsubmenuandappear‘Series’dialoguebox.4.Typestepvalueofseriesinto‘StepValue’boxandtypelastvalueoflistinto‘StopValue’box.5.Clickon‘OK’button.

CreatingNumberSeriesInordertocreateanumberseriesinexcelfollowthefollowingsteps

1. SelectanyblankcellfromworksheetandTypenumber.2. Select‘Fill’optionfromEditmenu.3. SelectSeriesfromFillsubmenuandappear‘Series’dialoguebox.4. Typestepvalueofseriesinto‘StepValue’boxandtypelastvalueof

listinto‘StopValue’box.5. Clickon‘OK’button.

Creating Dates Series In order to create a date series in excel follow thefollowingsteps

1. SelectanyblankcellfromworksheetandTypedate.2. Select‘Fill’optionfromEditmenu.3. SelectSeriesfromFillsubmenuandappear‘Series’dialoguebox.4. Typestepvalueofseriesinto‘StepValue’boxandtypelastdateof

listinto‘StopValue’box.5. Clickon‘OK’button.

EditingWorksheetDataInordertoeditworksheetdata,doubleclickonthecellinwhichthedataistobemodified.

(Exceldatabeforedoubleclick)(Excelsheetafterdoubleclick)InsertingandDeletingRowsandColumnsTo

insertaroworcolumn:1. Selecttherowaboveorthecolumntotherightofwheretheinsertion

shouldoccur.Orclickinanycellinthatroworcolumn.2. ChooseHome→Cells and click the arrow to the right of the Insert

buttontoopenthedrop-downlistfortheInsertbutton.

3. Fromthemenu,chooseInsertSheetRowsorInsertSheetColumns.

DeletingRowsandColumnsDeletingaroworcolumnworksinasimilarway:1. Selecttherow(s)orcolumn(s)youwanttodelete.2. ChooseHome→Cells3. PressDelete.

TheDeletebuttonhasadrop-downlist,justliketheInsertbuttondoes.Fromit,youcanchoosewhatyouwantedtodelete:cells,rows,orcolumns.However,inStep1,youselectwhatyouwant todelete,sothat isn’tnecessaryinthiscase;youcansimplyclickthebuttontodeletewhatwasselected.

ChangingCellHeightandWidthInordertochangetheheightselectaroworacolumnanddragitslowerandrightsidelinetoextenditinheightandwidthrespectively.

(Rowandcolumnbeforeextension)(ColumnandRowafterextension)FormulasandFunctionsFormulasaretherealworkhorsesofanExcel2010worksheet.Ifyousetupaformulaproperly,itcomputesthecorrectanswerwhenyouenteritintoacell.Fromthenon,itkeepsitselfuptodate,recalculatingtheresultswheneveryouchangeanyofthevalues

thattheformulauses.You letExcelknow thatyou're about to enter a formula in the currentcell byentering the equal sign (=).Some formulas follow the equal signwith abuilt-infunctionsuchasSUMorAVERAGE.Manysimpleformulasuseaseriesofvalues or cell references that contain values separated by one or more of thefollowingmathematicaloperators:

ThisMathematicalOperator...

...IsUsedFor

+(plussign) Addition

-(minussignorhyphen) Subtraction

*(asterisk) Multiplication

/(slash) Division

^(caret) Raising a number to an exponentialpower

Forexample,tocreateaformulaincellC2thatmultipliesavalueenteredincellA2byavalueincellB2,enterthefollowingformulaincellC2:=A2*B2ToenterthisformulaincellC2,followthesesteps:

1. SelectcellC2.2. Typetheentireformula=A2*B2inthecell.3. PressEnter.Or1. SelectcellC2.2. Type=(equalsign).3. Select cell A2 in the worksheet by using the mouse or the

keyboard.ThisactionplacesthecellreferenceA2intheformulainthecell.

Tostarttheformula,type=,andthenselectcellA2.4. Type*(Shift+8onthetoprowofthekeyboard).5. Select cell B2 in the worksheet by using the mouse or the

keyboard.ThisactionplacesthecellreferenceB2intheformula.

6.PressEnter.Excel displays the calculated answer in cell C2 and theformula=A2*B2intheFormulabar.

If you select the cell youwant touse in a formula, eitherby clicking it orbymoving the cellcursor to it, you have less chance of entering the wrong cellreference.Now comes the fun part:After creating a formula that refers to the values incertain cells (rather than containing those values itself), you can change thevalues in those cells, and Excel automatically recalculates the formula, usingthesenewvaluesanddisplayingtheupdatedanswerintheworksheet.Usingtheexampleshowninthefigures,supposethatyouchangethevalueincellB2from

100 to 50. The moment that you complete this change in cell B2, Excelrecalculatestheformulaanddisplaysthenewanswer,1000,incellC2FunctionsExcel provides many statistical functions in particular the Average function.Excelprovidestwowaysforenteringfunctionnames.YoucantypethenameofthefunctioninifyouknowitoryoucanusetheFunctionWizard.TousetheFunctionWizardyoucanchooseFunctionfromtheInsertmenuoryou can click on theFunctionWizard button ( ) located on the Standardtoolbar.

- SelectcellC12andopentheFunctionWizarddialogboxbyeithermethoddescribedabove.

Observe:

WewanttousetheAVERAGEfunction.TheAVERAGEfunctionwilltaketheaverageofallthenumbersyoulistintheparentheses.TheFunctionWizardwilltakeyouthroughsettinguptheformulastepbystep.- Within the FunctionWizard dialog box highlight the Function Category:MostRecentlyUsedandhighlighttheFunctionName:AVERAGEthenclickontheOKbutton.The following dialog box should appear:

-EntertherangeB2:B10andthenclickontheOKbutton.-ClickontheEnterbuttonorpresstheReturnkeytoentertheformula.

Yourworkbookshouldlookasfollows: Now that youknowhow to enter formulasusingoperators and functions, youcanpracticeonyour"checks"workbook.

-CloseWorkbook3anddon'tsavethefile.-Openthe"checks"workbook.- Select cell F3 and enter the following formula:

This formula will computer your balance after check 100 has beenwritten.- Select cell F4 and enter the following formula:

Thisformulawillcomputeryourbalanceaftercheck101hasbeenwritten.- Select cell F5 and enter the following formula:

Thisformulawillcomputeryourbalanceaftercheck102hasbeenwritten

plusthe$900dollardeposithasbeenaccountedfor.-SelectcellF6andentertheforumlathatwouldcomputethebalanceafter103hasbeenwritten.Your "checks" workbook should look as follows:

Ifsomethingisincorrectinyour"checks"workbook,gobackandcheckoveryourformulas.-Saveyourchanges.-StartingincellB3,buildthefollowingtable:

Youwilllearnhowtoformatthedates,headings,anddollaramountsinthenextpartofthetutorial.

ModelQuestionandAnswers

Q1.WhatisMicrosoftexcel?Ans.Excelisanelectronicspreadsheetprogramthatcanbeusedforstoring,organizingandmanipulatingdata.Q2.Howtoprintanexcelsheet?Ans.Inordertoprintaspreadsheetonehastoclickonthe“officebutton” and then select “print option”. Print option gives various optionslike“printpreview”topreviewthefilebeforeprinting.Secondlyitgivesanoptionof“Print”.

Q3.Howcanwecreatedataseriesinexcel?Ans.Inordertocreateadateseriesinexcelfollowthefollowingsteps1. SelectanyblankcellfromworksheetandTypedate.2. Select‘Fill’optionfromEditmenu.3. SelectSeriesfromFillsubmenuandappear‘Series’dialoguebox.4. Typestepvalueofseriesinto‘StepValue’boxandtypelastdateoflist

into‘StopValue’box.5. Clickon‘OK’button.Q4.HowtoDeletearoworacolumninexcel?Ans.Deletingaroworcolumnworksinasimilarway:1. Selecttherow(s)orcolumn(s)youwanttodelete.2. ChooseHome→Cells3. PressDelete.Q5.Howcanwechangetheheightandwidthofacellinexcel?Ans. Inordertochangetheheightselectaroworacolumnanddrag its lower and right side line to extend it in height and widthrespectively.Questionsforselfpractice.Q1.WhatisMicrosoftexcel?Q2.Howcanweentertextintoanexcelsheet?Q3.Whatistheformatforenteringdatesintoexcelsheet?Q4.Whatarethestepsofsavinganexcelsheet?Q5.Howcanweseeaprintpreviewinanexcelsheet?Q6.Howcanweperformmultiplicationinexcel?

Chapter-5

CommunicationUsingTheInternet

The Internet is aglobalnetwork connectingmillionsof computers.More than100countriesarelinkedintoexchangesofdata,newsandopinions.TheInternetismore of a concept than an actual tangible entity, and it relies on a physicalinfrastructurethatconnectsnetworkstoothernetworks.Computer Networks Two or more computers connected together through acommunicationmediaformacomputernetwork.Thecomputersareconnectedina network to exchange information and data. The computers connected in anetworkcanalsouseresourcesofothercomputers.ComputerNetworkComponentsTherearedifferentcomponentsofanetwork.Followingarethebasiccomponentsofnetwork.

1.Server:Powerfulcomputersthatprovidesservicestotheothercomputersonthenetwork.2.Client:Computerthatusestheservicesthataserverprovides.Theclientislesspowerfulthanserver.3. Media:A physical connection between the devices on anetwork.4.NetworkAdopter:Networkadopterornetworkinterfacecard(NIC) is a circuit boardwith the components necessary for sending andreceivingdata.It ispluggedintooneoftheavailableslotsonthePcandtransmissioncableisattachedtotheconnectorontheNIC.5.Resources:Anythingavailabletoaclientonthenetworkisconsidered a resource .Printers, data, fax devices and other networkdevicesandinformationareresources.6.User:Anypersonthatusesaclienttoaccessresourcesonthenetwork.7.Protocols:Thesearewrittenrulesusedforcommunications.They are the languages that computers use to talk to each other on anetwork.

Somebasictypesofcomputernetworksinclude:

LocalAreaNetwork(LAN)Itconnectsnetworkdevicesoverarelativelyshortdistancelikeinasingle building or campus. LANs are typically owned, controlled andmanagedbyasinglepersonandorganization.

WideAreaNetwork AWAN provides long distance transmission ofdata,voice,imageandvideoinformationoverlargegeographicalareasthatmaycompriseacountry,continent,oreventhewholeworld.

InternetTheInternetisaglobalsystemofinterconnectedcomputernetworksthatusethestandard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion usersworldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private,public,academic,business,andgovernmentnetworks,oflocaltoglobalscope,that are linkedby abroad arrayof electronic,wireless andoptical networkingtechnologies.The Internet contains billions ofweb pages created by people and companiesfromaroundtheworld,makingitalimitlesslocationtolocateinformationandentertainment. The Internet also has thousands of services that helpmake lifemoreconvenient.Forexample,manyfinancialinstitutionsofferonlinebankingthatenablesausertomanageandviewtheiraccountonline.

BasicApplicationsofInternetTheinternetistreatedasoneofthebiggestinvention.Ithasalargenumberofuses.

1.Communication:itisusedforsendingandreceivingmessagefromoneandotherthroughinternetbyusingelectronicmail.Someoftheweb sites providing this service are yahoomail.com Hotmail.comrediffmail.cometc2.Jobsearches:gettinginformationregardingavailability of job in different sectors and areas. You can publish yourresumeinonlineforprospectivejob.Someofthewebsitesprovidingthisservice are naukri.com, monster.com, summerjob.com,recuritmentindia.cometc.3. Findingbooksandstudymaterial :booksandotherstudymaterial stored around theworld can be easily located through internet.Latestencyclopaediasareavailableonline.4. Health and medicine: internet provide information andknowledge about field of health medicine people can have informationaboutvariousdiseaseandcanreceivehelp.patientcanbetakentovirtual

checkroomwheretheycanmeetdoctors.Someofthewebsitesprovidingthis service are 5. Travel: one can use internet to gatherinformation about various tourist place . it can be used for bookingHolidaytours ,hotels, trainandflights.Someof thewebsitesprovidingthisserviceareindiatravelog.com,rajtravel.com,makemytrip.com.6. Entertainmentonecandounlodejokes,songsmuvis,latestsports updates through internet Some of the web sites providing thisservicearecricinfo.com,movies.comespn.com7. Shopping :internet isalsoused foronlineshopping.By justgivingaccountsdetailsyoucanperformthetransaction.Youcanevenpayyourbillsandperformbankrelatedtransaction.8.Stockmarketupdates:youcansellorbuyshareswhilesittingon computer through internet. Several websites like ndtvprofit.com,moneypore.com,provideinformationregardinginvestment.9. Research :a largenumberofpeopleareusing internet forresearch purposes you can download any kind information by usinginternet.

TCP/IPApplicationsThe highest-level protocols within the TCP/IP protocol stack are ApplicationProtocols.Theycommunicatewithapplicationsonother internethostsandaretheuser-visibleinterfacetotheTCP/IPprotocolsuite.Allapplicationprotocolshavesomecharacteristicsincommon:-Theycanbeuser-written applications or applications standardized and shipped with theTCP/IPproduct.Indeed,theTCP/IPprotocolsuiteincludesapplicationprotocolssuchas:

1. Telnetforinteractiveterminalaccesstoremoteinternethosts2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for high-speed disk-to-disk file

transfers3. SimpleMailTransferProtocol(SMTP)asaninternetmailingsystem4. MostapplicationsuseClient/Servermodelofinteraction.

ConnectingtotheInternetTheInternetisaglobalnetworkofcomputersthatallows rapid, worldwide communication. There are currently more than 250million people connected to the Internet. The purpose of the Internet is tocommunicateandshareinformation.

ConnectingfromHomeTherearefourmaincomponentstogettingconnected

to theInternet:1. Computer:-ForPCaccess, a400Mhzor fasterProcessor is recommended.WithWindows95/98at least48MBofRAMandmore will help increase the computer’s speed for faster Internet cruising. ASound Card and Speakers also are recommended so one can hear the audioinformationontheInternet.

2.Modem:-Amodemallowsdigitaldatatobetransmittedtoandfrom computer over phone lines. A modem (from Modulate andDemodulate) isadevice thatmodulatesananalogcarrier signal toencodedigital information.Thegoalis toproduceasignalthatcanbetransmittedeasily anddecoded to reproduce the original digital data.Modems canbeusedoveranymeansof transmittinganalogsignals, fromdrivendiodes toradio. Modern modems run at 56,000 bps (bits per second). This iscommonlyreferredtoasa56Kmodem.3. Internet Service Provider (ISP):- ISPs (Internet ServiceProviders)areOrganizationsthatallowuserstodialintoISPcomputers(fora fee) to connect to the ISP’s Internet link. ISPs generally provide anInternetconnectionandane-mailaddress.4.Software:-AWebBrowserorInternetBrowserisasoftwareapplication for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resourcesontheWorldWideWeb.AninformationresourceisidentifiedbyaUniformResource Identifier (URI) andmaybe awebpage, image, video, orotherpiece of content. Although browsers are primarily intended to access theWorldWideWeb,theycanalsobeusedtoaccessinformationprovidedbyWebServersinprivatenetworksorfilesinfilesystems.

Basic Internet and Network Set Up People use the Internet everyday tocommunicatewithfriendsandfamily,gatherinformation,findentertainmentanddomuchmore.There are several differentways to connectwithyour InternetService provider. In most cases, connection is set up using a Dial-UpConnection, DSL or Cable. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a family oftechnologies that provide digital data transmission over the wires of a localtelephonenetwork.Connecting to the Internet using Broadband Broadband connections to theInternet have becomemore popular and affordable than ever. DSL andCableofferhigherspeedconnections thanDial-Up,andalsoallowstoconnect to theInternetwithouttyingupwiththeTelephoneLine,orgettingasecondlinejustforInternetaccess.

AccessingtheInternetthroughaDialUpAccountUsingaDial-UpaccountisagoodandinexpensivewaytoconnecttotheInternetifyouprimarilyjustcheckemailanddosomelightwebbrowsing.Dial-Upaccountsarealsogreat ifyoutravelalot,sincemostISPshaveaccessnumbersthroughoutthecountry.TroubleshootingLosing access to one’s e-mail and favoriteWeb sites can be as frustrating aspicking up a dead telephone receiver.Although the problemmay liewith theISP,it'sworthknowinghowtotroubleshootuser’sownendoftheline,too.

Modelquestionsandanswers

Q1.Whatarecomputernetworks?Ans.Twoormorecomputersconnectedtogetherthroughacommunicationmediaformacomputernetwork.Thecomputersareconnectedinanetworktoexchangeinformationanddata.Q2.Whatarethebasictypesofcomputernetworks?Ans.Somebasictypesofcomputernetworksinclude:

LocalAreaNetwork(LAN)WideAreaNetworkAWAN

Q3.WhatdoyouunderstandbyInternet?Ans. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computernetworks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serveseveralbillionusersworldwide.Q4.WhatisaLocalAreaNetwork?Ans.Itconnectsnetworkdevicesoverarelativelyshortdistancelike ina singlebuildingorcampus.LANsare typicallyowned,controlledandmanagedbyasinglepersonandorganization.Q5.Whatisawideareanetwork?Ans.Provideslongdistancetransmissionofdata,voice,imageandvideo information over large geographical areas that may comprise acountry,continent,oreventhewholeworld.QuestionsforselfpracticeQ1.Whatarecomputernetworks?Q2.Whatisalocalareanetwork?Q3.Whatisawideareanetwork?

Q4.Whatisinternet?Q5.Whataretheapplicationsofinternet?Q6.WhatisaTCP/IP?Q7.Basisofconnectinginternetfromhome?MultipleChoiceQuestionsQ1. ComputerNetworksareof__types.a)2b)3c)4d)5Q2.WhichoftheseisnotafeatureofaWideAreaNetwork.a)Voiceb)Imagec)Smallareacoveraged)VideoInformationQ3.TheInternetisaglobalsystemofinterconnectedcomputer_______a)Networksb)Ropesc)Wiresd)ScreensQ4.DSLstandsfora) DigitalSystemLineb) DigitalSubscriberLinec) DomesticsewerLined) NoneoftheaboveQ5.Amodemallowsdigitaldatatobetransmittedtoandfromcomputerover______.a) Computernetworkb) RadioWavesc) PhoneLinesd) DigitalLines.Q6.WhatisthefullformofLANa)LocalAreaNetwork.b)LocalAncilliaryNetwork.c)LongAreaNetworkd)Noneoftheabove.Answers:1-a;2-c;3-a;4-b;5-c;6-aTrueandFalse1. Computernetworksareof4types.2. Localareanetworkcoversalongrangeofarea.3. WANisnotowned.4. LANistypicallyowned.5. Internethasnoapplicationinthefieldofbanking.6. Amodemallowsdigitaldata tobe transmitted toand fromcomputer

overphonelines.7. Protocolsarewrittenrulesusedforcommunication.8. Aphysicalconnectionbetweendevicesandnetworkismedia.Answers:1-false;2-false;3-true;4-true;5-false;6-true;7-true;8-true.

Chapter6

WWW&WebBrowsingWorld Wide Web (WWW) is the leading information retrieval service oftheInternet(theworldwidecomputernetwork).TheWebgivesusersaccesstoavast array of documents that are connected to each other by meansof hypertext or hypermedia links—i.e., hyperlinks, electronic connections thatlinkrelatedpiecesof informationinorder toallowausereasyaccess to them.Hypertextallowstheusertoselectawordfromtextandandtherebyaccessotherdocuments that contain additional information pertaining to that word;hypermediadocumentsfeaturelinkstoimages,sounds,animations,andmovies.The Web operates within the Internet’s basic client-server format;servers arecomputerprogramsthatstoreandtransmitdocumentstoothercomputersonthenetworkwhenaskedto,whileclientsareprogramsthatrequestdocumentsfroma server as the user asks for them.Browser software allowsusers to view theretrieveddocuments.Thedevelopmentof theWorldWideWebwasbegunin1989byTimBerners-LeeandhiscolleaguesatCERN,an international scientificorganizationbasedinGeneva,Switz.Theycreatedaprotocol,HyperTextTransferProtocol(HTTP),whichstandardizedcommunicationbetweenserversandclients.Theweb is themost popular Internet service next to e-mail, but it accesses alargerquantityandgreatervarietyofdatathananyotherserviceontheInternet.TheWorldWideWeborthewebinshortisanInternetbasedglobalinformationsystem. It makes available multimedia information from over 4 millioncomputersaround theworld.Theweboffersvideo, interactivemultimediaandliveaudio,inadditiontomorebasicdatatypes,suchastextdocumentsandstillphotographs.ImportantElementsof theWebWebsitesVsWebPagesAwebpage iswhatyouseethroughyourbrowserbyscrollingthewindowupanddown.Awebsiteis composed of a group of webpages linked together. A complete website isusually fairly self-contained, with pages created and maintained by the sameauthorsandoftenstoredonasinglecomputer.Thepagesmaylinktootherpagesthat are not part of that site.We'll take a look at how to find outmore about

websiteslaterinthissection.Aswithlibraries,websitesvaryinsizeandcomplexity.Forexample,theValleyLibrary'swebsite is a distinct site, but is also part of the largerOSUwebsite.ThistutorialisaseparatewebsitewithlinkstovariouspagesontheLibrary'ssite(andelsewhere).Asyou'llsee,boththistutorialsiteandtheLibrary'ssitelinktomanyotherpagesonotherwebsites.Dynamic andStaticWebsite A staticwebsite contains information that doesnot change. It remains the same, or static, for every viewer of the site.Adynamicwebsitecontainsinformationthatchanges,dependingontheviewerofthesite,thetimeoftheday,thetimezone,thenativelanguageofthecountrytheviewer is inormanyother factors.Adynamicwebsitecancontainclient-side scripting or server-side scripting to generate the changing content, or acombination of both scripting types. These sites also include HTMLprogramming for the basic structure. The client-side or server-side scriptingtakescareofthegutsofthesite.HyperTextHypertext is the organization of information units into connected associationsthat a user can choose to make. An instance of such an association is calleda link or hypertext link. (And the highlighted word "link" in the previoussentenceisanexampleofahypertextlink.)HypertextwasthemainconceptthatledtotheinventionoftheWorldWideWeb,whichis,afterall,nothingmore(orless) than an enormous amount of information content connected by anenormousnumberofhypertextlinks.HyperlinksAhyperlinkisaword,phrase,orimagethatyoucanclickontojumptoanewdocumentoranewsectionwithinthecurrentdocument.HyperlinksarefoundinnearlyallWebpages,allowinguserstoclicktheirwayfrompagetopage.Texthyperlinksareoftenblueandunderlined,butdon'thavetobe.Whenyoumovethe cursor over a hyperlink, whether it is text or an image, the arrow shouldchange toa smallhandpointingat the link.Whenyouclick it, anewpageorplaceinthecurrentpagewillopen.Hyperlinks,oftenreferredtoasjust"links,"arecommoninWebpages,butcanbe found in other hypertext documents. These include certain encyclopedias,glossaries, dictionaries, and other references that use hyperlinks.The links actthe samewayas theydoon theWeb, allowing theuser to jump frompage topage.Basically,hyperlinksallowpeopletobrowseinformationathyperspeed.WebBrowser

Browser, short for web browser, is a software application used to enablecomputers users to locate and accesswebpages.Browsers translates thebasicHTML(HypertextMarkUpLanguage)code thatallowsus tosee images, textvideosandlistentoaudiosonwebsites,alongwithhyperlinksthatletustraveltodifferent web pages. The browser gets in contact with the web server andrequestsforinformation.Thewebserverreceivestheinformationanddisplaysitonthecomputer.Therearedifferentbrowsersforvariousthingsyoudoontheinternet.There'satextbasedbrowser.Withatextbasedbrowseryouareonlyallowedtoseetext.Graphical material are not displayed. Hyperlinks are accessed by typing it inthroughthekeyboard.AnexampleofatextbasedbrowserisLYNX.There'sagraphicalbrowserandthatallowstheusertoseealltypesofmultimedia.Thereareseveral typesofbrowsersbut theone thing theyhave incommon isthat they carry out the same function; they transfer hypertext. Here are somefamiliarcommonwebbrowsers:

MozillaFireFoxNetscapeNavigatorMicrosoftInternetExplorer

PopularWebBrowsingSoftwaresGoogleChromeIt is a Web browser that is designed for Windows systems. It gives users aminimal design that Google refers to as th 'sophisticated technology' whichmakeathewebfaster,safer,andeasieronWindows-basedPCs.GoogleChromeincludessearchingfromtheaddressbar,thumbnailviewsofyourfavoritepages

forquickaccessMozillaFirefox

MozillaFirefox isa free,opensource,cross-platform,Webbrowserdevelopedby theMozillaCorp.andhundredsofvolunteers.MozillaCorp. is responsibleforthebrowser,wherevolunteersandenthusiastshavecreatedmanyoftheplug-insavailableforthebrowser.

MicrosoftInternetBrowserMicrosoft'sInternetExplorer(IE)iscurrentlyconsidered the dominant browser. IE version 7X offers tabbed browsing,instant access to e-mail, integrated RSS support, better standardscompliance,abuilt-inphishingfilter,advancedsecurity(cross-domainscriptbarriers, InternationalDomainNameAnti-Spoofingprotection and soon),and an option for deleting browsing history by removing user-identifiableinformation.

NetscapeNavigatorThefirstcommercialWebbrowserwasNetscape.ThelatestversionisavailableforWindowsXP,Windows2000,Windows98SEandWindowsME.NetscapeBrowser 8x is the next-generation release of Netscape's venerable and onceextremely popularWeb browser. Version 8.0 is based on code from companyspin-off Mozilla, borrowing much of the functionality and format from theincreasinglypopularFirefoxbrowser.

LYNX

Lynx is a highly configurable text-based web browser for use on cursor-addressable character cell terminals. It is the oldest web browser currently ingeneraluseanddevelopment.

NcsaMosaicitwasthefirsttomakeamajorsplash.InNovember1993,Mosaicv1.0brokeawayfromthesmallpackofexistingbrowsersbyincludingfeatures—likeicons,bookmarks, a more attractive interface, and pictures—that made the softwareeasy touse andappealing to "non-geeks."NCSAofferedMosaic free from itswebsite,andsoonmorethan5,000copieswerebeingdownloadedeachmonth;the center was receiving hundreds of thousands of email inquiries a week,andInternettrafficwasdramaticallyrising.

SearchEngineAsearchengineisaweb-basedtoolthatenablesuserstolocateinformationontheWorldWideWeb.PopularexamplesofsearchenginesareGoogle,Yahoo!,and MSN Search. Search engines utilize automated software applications(referredtoasrobots,bots,orspiders)thattravelalongtheWeb,followinglinksfrompagetopage,sitetosite.TheinformationgatheredbythespidersisusedtocreateasearchableindexoftheWeb.Everysearchengineusesdifferentcomplexmathematical formulas togeneratesearchresults.TheresultsforaspecificqueryarethendisplayedontheSERP.Search engine algorithms take the key elements of aweb page, including thepagetitle,contentandkeyworddensity,andcomeupwitharankingforwheretoplacetheresultsonthepages.Eachsearchengine’salgorithmisunique,soatoprankingonYahoo!doesnotguaranteeaprominentrankingonGoogle,andviceversa.Tomakethingsmorecomplicated,thealgorithmsusedbysearchenginesare not only closely guarded secrets, they are also constantly undergoingmodification and revision. Thismeans that the criteria to best optimize a sitewithmustbesurmisedthroughobservation,aswellastrialanderror—andnotjustonce,butcontinuously.PopularSearchEnginesGoogleGoogle is the undisputed king of web search. While it doesn't offer all theshopping center features of Yahoo!, Google is fast, relevant, and the largestsingle catalogue of Web pages available today. Google offers outstandingfeatureslikephotos,mapsandmanymore.

Yahooitisasearchengine,anewsaggregator,ashoppingcenter,anemailbox,atraveldirectory,ahoroscopeandgamescenter,andmore.This'webportal'breadthofchoicemakesthisaveryhelpfulsiteforInternetbeginners.SearchingtheWebshould also be about discovery and exploration, and Yahoo! delivers that inwholesalequantities.AltaVistaAlta Vista was created by the research facility of Digital ElectronicsCorporation(DEC)ofUSA.Thissearchenginehasaspidercalledscooter thattraversesthewebandUsenetnewsgroups.Indexingisbasedonthefulltextofadocument and the first few lines are used as an abstract. AltaVista searchsupports fullBoolean, phrase and case sensitive searches.The engine has twomodesofsearchtypesnamely,simpleandadvancedsearch.HotBotHotBotisawebsearchenginecurrentlyownedbyLycos.Thissearchengineismost suitable for searching specific words or phrases. The HotBot searchcontains a text box for the users to enter their query string, and a list box tochoosetheappropriaterule,likeallwords,anywords,orexactphrases.HotBotisprimarilyusedforfine-tunningyoursearch.WebcrawlerWebCrawler is a metasearch engine that blends the top search resultsfromGoogle Search and Yahoo! Search.WebCrawler also provides users theoptiontosearchforimages,audio,video,news,yellowpagesandwhitepages.WebCrawler is a registered trademark of InfoSpace, Inc. WebCrawler wasoriginally a separate search engine with its own database, and displayedadvertising results in separate areas of the page. More recently it has beenrepositioned as a metasearch engine, providing a composite of separatelyidentifiedsponsoredandnon-sponsoredsearchresultsfrommostofthepopularsearchengines.InfoseekIt is a popular search engine with a robot that retrieves HTML and PDFdocuments.Itindexesfulltextandgeneratesashortsummaryofeachdocument.InfoSeekallowssearchesintheweb,Usenetgroups,andwebFrequentlyAskedQuestions (FAQ).Thisoffers indexed site searchesanddivides theweb intoanumberofconvenientbaskets.UnlikeYahoo!InfoSeekaimstohavecataloguedmorewebsitesthanvirtuallyanyothersearchengineontheInternet.

LycosItcontains66millionpagesinitsdatabase.Thissearchenginehasarobotthatuses heuristics to navigate the web and build a searchable index. For eachdocument indexed, the robotkeeps theoutgoing links inaqueueandselectsaURLfrom it.Oneheuristics for examplemay force the robot to select aURLthatpointstoawebserver’shomepage.UserscansubmitURLsforindexing.

AccessingWebBrowserToaccessawebbrowseryouneedtodothefollowing:1.Installawebbrowser software like Internet Explorer,Mozila Firefox on any other in yourmachine.

2. Double click thatparticular icon.Toopen thebrowser3.ProvideanaddressofapagewhichyouwanttoseeintheaddressbarandpressEnter.

UsingFavoritesFolderInternet Explorer Favorites, also known as bookmarks, are simply a way ofsavingasitethatyoulikesoyoucanfindit laterwithoutgoingontheWebtosearch for it. It's also a great system for organizing your search efforts inmanageablefolders.Ifyoudon'thaveInternetExplorerandwouldliketotryitout,downloadInternetExplorerfromMicrosoft'sInternetExplorersite.

HowToCreateAFavoriteinInternetExplorer1.Identifythesitesofyourchoicethatyouenjoyinyourwebsearchtravels,andwouldliketosaveforfuturereference.

2.Clickonthe"Favorites"iconintheInternetExplorertoolbar.3. You'll see either a drop downmenuor a left side screenwindow pop up; depending on which Favorites icon or button youselected.Select"Add",andclickOK.4. Inmyownexperience, it's best toorganizeyour InternetExplorerFavoritesasyouaddthembycollectingtheminfolders.

UsingYourInternetExplorerFavoritesTheinternetfavouritescanbeusedbyclickingthefavouritesicononthetoolbarandthenselectthesiteyouwouldliketovisit.Organizing Your Internet Explorer Favorites In order to organize yourfavouritesfollowthefollowingsteps1. ClickontheFavoritesicon,thenontheOrganizeFavoritesbutton.

2.SelecttheNewFolderbutton.Pickanintuitivename,suchas

"FavoriteBlogs",andclickOk.3.Now,selecttheFavoriteyouwanttoorganize,andclickontheMovebutton.4. Select the folderyouwant tomove this InternetExplorerFavoriteto,andclickOk.5.ThebestwaytokeepyourFavoritesuseableistomovetheFavoritetoafolderassoonasyouwanttoaddit.

DownloadingWebPagesInordertodownloadawebpagefollowthefollowingsteps:

1. Openadesiredwebsite2. Openadesiredpagetobedownloadedfromthewebsite.3. Clickonthefileoptionandselect“SavePageAs”4. Selectthedriveandfolderthefileistobesaved.5. ClickOK.

PrintingWebPagesInordertoprintadesiredwebpagefollowingstepsarerequired:-

1. Openthewebsitecontainingthepage.2. Openthedesiredwebpage.3. Clickonthefilebuttonandselect“print”option.

4. In case you want to preview the file click on the “print preview”

optionelseselecttheprintoption.5. Clicking on the print option, the computer will open a print box

wherebywecanselecttheprinter,quantityandqualityoftheprint.

6. Onselectingthedesiredquality,quantityandprinter,clickok.UnderstandingURLEveryWebpagehasauniqueaddresscalledaURL(UniformResourceLocator)whichidentifieswhereitislocatedontheWeb.Forexample,theURLforCSMLibrary's home page is:http://www.smccd.eduaccountscsmlibrary/index.htmThebasicpartsofaURLoftenprovide"clues"towhereawebpageoriginatesandwhomightberesponsiblefortheinformationatthatpageorsite.URLshave threebasicparts: theprotocol, the servername and the resourceID. Look again at CSM Library's URL below to see these three parts. TheprotocolisshownatthebeginningoftheURLbeforethedoubleslash(//); the

servernameisbetweenthedoubleslash(//)andthefirstsingleslash(/);andtheresourceidiseverythingafterthefirstsingleslash(/).http://www.smccd.eduaccountscsmlibrary/index.htmprotocol | servername |resource idLet'sexamineeachpartof thisURL:Firstpart:protocol (http://)The protocol identifies the method (set of rules) by which the resource istransmitted.AllWebpagesuseHyperTextTransferProtocol(HTTP).Thus,allwebURL's(includingCSMLibrary's)beginwithhttp://.

Second part: server name (www.smccd.edu/) The servername identifies thecomputeronwhich the resource is found. (Computers thatstoreand"serveup"Webpagesarecalledremoteservers.)ThispartoftheURLcommonly identifies which company, agency or organization may be eitherdirectly responsible for the information, or is simply providing the computerspacewhere the information is stored.Web servernamesoftenbeginwith theletterswww,butnotalways.Theservernamealwaysendswithadotandathree-letterortwo-letterextensioncalledthedomainname.Thedomainis importantbecauseitusuallyidentifiesthe type of organization that created or sponsored the resource. Sometimes itindicates the country where the server is located. The most common domainnamesare:*.comwhichidentifiescompanyorcommercialsites*.orgfornon-profitorganizationsites*.eduforeducationalsites(mostcommonlyfour-yearuniversities)*.govforgovernmentsites* .net for Internet service providers or other types of networks If the domainnameistwoletters,itidentifiesacountry,e.g..usfortheUnitedStates,.ukfortheUnitedKingdom,.auforAustralia,.mxforMexicoor.caforCanada.Theservernameforourlibrary'sWebsiteis:www.smccd.edu.TheservernamemayalsobethenameofaWebsite.(AWebsite isacompletegroupofWebpagesthatareorganizedasacomprehensiveset.)Websitescanbeeitherallofthe pages on one server (computer) or all of the pages under a specificsubdirectoryonaserver.ForCSMLibrary, theservername(www.smccd.edu)identifiestheSanMateoCountyCommunityCollegeDistrict.TheCSMLibraryWeb site consists of all of the pages under thesubdirectory:accountscsmlibrary.Third part: resource ID (accountscsmlibrary/index.htm) The resource ID isthe name of the file for the page and any directories or subdirectories underwhich it is storedon the specified computer.The resource ID for our library'shomepageis:accountscsmlibrary/index.htm.(A"homepage"istheopeningor

mainpage foranywebsite thatprovides links toallof theotherpageson thesite.)ThepartoftheresourceIDafterthelastslash(/)isthefilename for thespecific page or other resource.The file name endswith a three or four letterdesignation thatspecifies the file type (e.g., .htmor .html fora standardWebpage,.jpgor.gifforcommongraphicfiles.)IPAddressandDomainnameWhatisanIPAddressTheIPaddresstakestheformofadotted-quadnumber,suchas128.175.13.92.Noothercomputer/serveron thesamenetworkoron theInternetcanhave thesameIPaddressatthesametime.Whenweusedomainnamestoaccessawebsiteoronlineservice,weareusingahuman readable shortcutwhich correspondswith the server's IP address.DNSserverson the Internet automatically translatedomainnames into IP addresseseachtimeweuseadomainname.WhatisaDomainName?New computer users often confuse domain names with universal resourcelocators, or URLs, and Internet Protocol, or IP, addresses. This confusion isunderstandable.Itisworthlearningthedifferencesbetweenthembecausetheseterms are ubiquitous. It is also helpful to be able to use terms correctlywhencommunicatingtotechniciansorotherpeoplewithinaprofessionalorganization.Thisnamingconventionisanalogoustoaphysicaladdresssystem.Peoplefindwebpages in amanner similar to theway that theyusemaps to findphysicallocations.IftheInternetislikeaphonebook,andawebpageislikeaphysicalbuilding, theURLwouldbe theprecise street addressof thatbuilding.The IPaddresswouldbelikethecarthattravelstoitsdestination.Therearealsootherusefulmetaphorsforunderstandingthisrelationship.DomainNamesandURLsThe universal resource locator, or URL, is an entire set of directions, and itcontainsextremelydetailedinformation.ThedomainnameisoneofthepiecesinsideofaURL.Itisalsothemosteasilyrecognizedpartoftheentireaddress.Whencomputeruserstypeawebaddressdirectlyintothefieldatthetopoftheirbrowserwindow,itinitiatesaprocessoflocatingthepagerequested.Todoso,the instructions contained inside the URL, including the domain name, mustcorrectlypoint to that location.The IPaddress isanumericalcode thatmakesthispossible.Domain Names and IP Addresses An Internet Protocol, or IP, address isdifferent than a domain name. The IP address is an actual set of numerical

instructions.Itcommunicatesexactinformationabouttheaddressinawaythatis useful to the computer but makes no sense to humans. The domain namefunctionsasalinktotheIPaddress.Linksdonotcontainactualinformation,butthey do point to the place where the IP address information resides. It isconvenienttothinkofIPaddressesastheactualcodeandthedomainnameasanickname for thatcode.A typical IPaddress looks likea stringofnumbers. Itcouldbe232.17.43.22,forexample.However,humanscannotunderstandorusethatcode.Tosummarize,thedomainnameisapartoftheURL,whichpointstotheIPaddress.HowdoDomainsWork?Domainnamesworkbecausetheyprovidecomputeruserswithashortnamethatiseasytoremember.UsersenterwebaddressesintotheURLfieldatthetopoftheirbrowser'spagefromlefttoright.Thedomainnameitselfisreadfromrightto left according to the naming hierarchy discussed below. This link providesdirections to thenetwork,whichultimately results inasuccessfulpage loadattheclientendofthetransaction.Thecommonfictitiousdomainname,www.example.com,iscomprisedofthreeessentialparts:

.com-Thisisthetop-leveldomain.

.example.-Thisisasub-domain.

.www. - This is a sub-domain prefix for theWorldWideWeb.The original use of this prefix was partly accidental, andpronunciation difficulties raised interest in creating viablealternatives.

Many servers use a three-letter naming convention for top-level domains, andtheyareseparatedfromsub-domainsbyadot.Thesignificanceofthetop-leveldomainisthemostimportantfornewuserstograsp.Itidentifiesthehighestpartof thenamingsystemusedon the Internet.Thisnamingsystemwasoriginallycreatedtoidentifycountriesandorganizationsaswellascategories.Themostcommoncategoriesareeasilyrecognizedbynewcomputerusers,andtheyinclude:

.com.org.edu.net.mil

A significant expansion of the top-level domains occurred, and they now

include:.biz.museum.info.name

Country codes are also easily recognizable to new users because theabbreviationsarethesameonesusedforotherpurposes.Theorganizationofthedomainnamehierarchyandtheabilitytoreservethemforonlyonepurposehasalready undergone several modifications. Discussions and debates concerningtheavailabilityandaffordabilityofdomainnamescanbeexpectedtocontinue.Sub-domainsareorganizedtotheleftofthetop-leveldomain,andthisisthepartofthedomainsystemthatismostrecognizabletohumans.Itiscommontoseeseveral levels of sub-domains, and some countries developed specificconventions of organization to communicate information within their internalnamingsystems.SurfingTheWebSurfingtheweb,itisthemostcommonlinewehearfromanyperson,whetherhe is a student,professionalorahomemaker. Internethaspenetrated intoourlivesatavery fastpace.Today things likeordering food, readingnewspapers,getting reciepies all can be done on a click of a mouse. Internet has a vastnumberofwebsitescateringtovariousinterestzonesandclassesthereforethereissomethingforeveryoneontheweb.Using E-governance Website e-Government is creating a comfortable,transparent, and cheap interaction between government and its respectivecitizens, government and business enterprises and relationship betweengovernments. There are four domains of e-government namely, governance,information and communication technology(ICT), business processreengineering( BPR)and e-citizen. The primary delivery models of e-Government can be divided into: Government-to-Citizen orGovernment-to-Consumer(G2C)Government-to-Business(G2B) Government-to-Government (G2G) Government-to-Employees (G2E) Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds ofactivitiestakeplace:UploadinginformationovertheInternet,e.g.:regulatory services, general holidays, public hearing schedules, issue briefs,notifications,etc.

Both-waycommunicationsbetweenthegovernmentagencies

andthecitizen,abusiness,oranothergovernmentagency.Inthismodel,userscanengageindialoguewithagenciesandpostproblems,comments,orrequeststotheagency.conductingtransactions,e.g.:lodgingtaxreturns,billpaymentsetc.

ModelQuestionswithAnswers

Q1.Whatarecomputerwww?Ans. is the leading information retrieval service of the Internet(theworldwidecomputernetwork).TheWebgivesusersaccess toavastarrayof documents that are connected to each other by meansof hypertext or hypermedia links—i.e., hyperlinks, electronic connectionsthatlinkrelatedpiecesofinformationinordertoallowausereasyaccesstothem.Q2.Whatishypertextandhypertextlink?Ans. Hypertext is the organization of information units intoconnectedassociationsthatausercanchoosetomake.Aninstanceofsuchanassociationiscalledalinkorhypertextlink.Q3.WhatisaURL?Ans.EveryWebpagehasauniqueaddresscalledaURL(UniformResourceLocator)whichidentifieswhereitislocatedontheWeb.Q4.Explainawebbrowser?Ans.Browser,shortforwebbrowser,isasoftwareapplicationusedto enable computers users to locate and access web pages. BrowserstranslatesthebasicHTML(HypertextMarkUpLanguage)codethatallowsus to see images, text videos and listen to audiosonwebsites, alongwithhyperlinks that let us travel to different web pages. The browser gets incontactwiththewebserverandrequestsforinformation.Q5.WhatisanIPAddress?Ans.IPstandsforInternetprotocols.IPisanumberorvaluethatisusedtouniquely identify a computer on the Internet. It is a 32-bit value and thisnumbercanbedividedintofourdifferentsectionsseparatedbyperiod.Q6.Whatisasearchengine?

Ans. A search engine is a web-based tool that enables users to locateinformationon theWorldWideWeb.Popular examples of search enginesare Google, Yahoo!, and MSN Search. Search engines utilize automatedsoftware applications (referred to as robots, bots, or spiders) that travelalongtheWeb,followinglinksfrompagetopage,sitetosite.Questions for selfpracticeQ1. What do you understand byWWW?Q2.Explainatleast3webbrowsingsoftwares.Q3.Whatdoyoumeanbysearchengines?Q4.Howcanwedownloadanprintwebpages?Q5.Whatisane-governancewebsite?Q6.Whatisadomainname?Q7.WhatisanIPAddress?Q8.WhatisaURL?Multiple Choice Questions Q1. Which of the following is not a searchengine.a)Yahoob)Googlec)Hotbotd)RediffmailQ2.Whichofthefollowingisnotawebbrowser.a)Mozillafirefoxb)GoogleChromec)Yahood)Internetexplorer.Q3. Hypertext is the organization of ____ into connectedassociations.a)InformationUnitsb)Wiresc)Internetd)Noneoftheabove.Q4.Whichoftheseisacharacteristicofe-governancewebsite.a)G2Cb)G2Gc)G2Ed)AlloftheAboveQ5.Whatarethetypesofwebsitesa)Ststicb)Dynamicc)Noneoftheaboved)BothaandbAnswer:-1-d;2-c;3-a;4-d;5-dTrueorFalse1. Mozillafirefoxisasearchengine.2. Google.comisawebbrowser.3. EverywebpagehasauniqueURL.4. Datacanbemodifiedinstaticwebsites.5. Websitesandwebpagesarethesame.6. Datacannotbechangedindynamicwebsites.7. E-governancesiteshelpsinbringinggovernmentclosetopeople.

8. wwwstandsforworldwideweb.9. Webpagescannotbedownloaded.10. Webpagescanbeprintedandstored.Answer :1-false;2-false;3-true;4-false;5-false;6-false;7-true;8-true;9-false;10-true.

Chapter-7

CommunicationsandCollaborations

Aswehave studiedearlier thebasicsof internetandwebbrowsing.Themaincomponentthatconnectstheworld,throughinternetisfacilityofcommunicationorinterationacrosstheglobe.Internettodayfacilitatesuseofemails,messagingandothersuchfacilitiesthathelpsusinconnectingwiththeworld.Wecansendemailsandmessagestoourfriendsandrelativesanywhereintheworldbyusingthemagicalfacilityofane-mail.Objective of this chapter is to understand the basics of an email or an onlinemessagingservicethatisempoweringourlifetoday.Communicationbeingthebasicmostneedofhumanbeingsissatisfiedthroughthiscomponents.BasicsofanEmail.WhatisElectronicMailorE-Mail.Goingbyabasicdefinitionwecansaythatane-mailisatextmessagesthatmaycontainfiles,images,orotherattachmentssentthroughanetworktoaspecifiedindividual or groupof individuals. Just like in old dayswhenweuse towriteletter and telegrams to our relative, an email solves the same purpose in anefficientandfasterway.Wecansendemailtoanypersononthenetworkwithavalidemailaccountwithanyhostorwebsite.Anemailislikeanyletter“From”an email account “To” another email account with a specific “Subject” and“Content”, with orwithout an “Attachment”. Here is an example of an emailfromabc@yahoo.comtoxyz@gmail.com

ComponentsofAnE-mailFrom:Itreferstothee-mailaddressfromwhichtheemailisbeingsent,likeinthecaseaboveitissentbyabc@yahoo.com.To:Itistheemailaddresstowhomtheemailisbeingsent,intheexampleabovetheemailisbeingsenttoxyz@gmail.com..Bcc:BlindCarbonCopy; It is refered to as the addition receivers towhomacopyofthemailistobesent.Subject:Itisaonelinesummaryofthecontentofthemail.Like“SubmissionofProject”,ApplicationforaJob”,etc.Send:Itisaninstructiongiventosendtheemailtoadesiredaddress.EmailAddressingUsinge-mailsisnotarocketscienceitsaneasystepbystepproceduretocommunicatewiththeworld.

1. First step is to open an email account. An email account is youridentityoraddressontheinternetwherepeoplecansendandreceiveemailsfromyou.Inordertoopenanaccountonehastolookforanemailhostingsitelikeyahoo.com,gmail.com,rediffmail.cometc.Onfillingasimpleformonthewebsitewecanopenanaccountonthewebsite.

Intheaboveexample,inordertoopenanaccountclickon“NewUser?RegisterNow”,fillasimpleformandcreateyouronlineaccount.

2. Forsendinganemail,signinintoyouremailaccountbygivingyouruser name andpassword in the desired boxes and enter your emailaddress.Onenteringintoyouraccountyouwillseeascreenshotasshown below in the picture. You can choose to see the messagesreceivedbyyoubyclickingon“Inbox”andcansendanewemailbyclickingon“Compose”.

3. Thenexttechnicalstepinemailingproceedsinyourmailbox'sSMTPserver.TheSMTPserverisaserverapplicationthatisresponsibleforsendingmessagesover theSMTPprotocol. It isa servicegenerallyprovidedbyyourISP.Themessageissentfromthemailaddress,theSMTPserverreceivesitoverthenetworkandreadstheemailaddress

set inthe"To".It thenasksfortheMXrecordcorrespondingtotherecipient’se-mailaddress.

4. Further, theDNS server respondswith theMXDNS record of therecipient’s e-mail address, and the SMTP server connects to it anddeliversthemessagetotheoppositeorreciever’smailserver.

5. Once the e-mail message is delivered to the mailbox on therecipient’s mail server, the recipient can start his mail addresssoftwareapplicationandreceivethemessagebydownloadingitfromtheserverusingthePOP3protocol.

BenefitsofEmailFollowingpointshighlightthebenefitsofemails:-EaseofCommunicationEmailhasreachedahighlevelofpopularityduelargelytotheconvenienceofit.Messagesmovequicklyandlotsofinformationcanbesharedinthebodyoftheemailor throughattachments.Emailsareeasilyarchivedandsearched.Emailsofferthewriterachancetothinkthroughhisthoughtsandpresentaprofessionallevel of communication. Businesses use email to solicit new clients, providecustomer service and keep employees in the loop on developments. Email'sversatilitymakesitanindispensablepartofanymodernsmallbusiness.

CostsBusinessescankeepcostsdownbyusing lowcostor freewebemail services.Manydocuments thatused tobesent through themailat regularpostageratescan be sent by email.These savings add up significantly over time.Money isalso saved by the speed of email. Modifying a proposal and responding tocustomerneedsquicklymightmake thedifferencebetweenamade sale andalostsale.

MarketingMarketing is a major business use of email. A well-run email marketingcampaign is effective, inexpensive andbuildsgoodwillwith customers.Brickandmortarbusinessescaneasilysendcouponsorstoreupdatestodrivevisitors.Any business can start a regular e-newsletter with compelling content thatcapturescustomers'attentionandkeepsthebusinessatthefrontoftheirminds.Allofthiscomeswithouttheprintingandpostagecostsassociatedwithphysicalnewslettersandmailings.

Ease of Access Emails can be accessed through laptops and other mobiledevicesregardlessofwhetheryouareattheoffice,ontheroad,outinthefield

or away for the weekend. Email allows employees and owners to efficientlymanagecommunications inways that fit into their timeandscheduling. It isakeyfactorinhavinganeffectivemobileworkforce.Collaboration Email can be sent to multiple people and groups for use as acollaborationortrainingtool.Thismaycomeintheformofasurveyorrequestforfeedbackfromcustomers.Itcanalsobeusedfordraftingbusinessproposalswithpartnersandkeepingemployeesinthelooponnewproceduresorprojects.Email allows the participants towork together at their own speed, rather thanunderthepressureofaconferencecallorin-personmeeting.Italsomeansthatagoodrecordoftheworkismaintainedforfuturereference.Step By StepGuide toUsing EmailsStep 1 : Opening an email AccountEmailaccountcanbeopenedwithanyweb freeemail service likegmail.com,yahoo.com, sify.com, rediffmail.com.Go to thewebsite youdesire to open anaccountwithforexamplesify.com.

Theclickonthenewuserlinkgivenunder“logintomail”andaformliketheonegivenbelowwouldappear.

Fillinyourdetails,desiredusernameandpasswordandgetafreeemailaccountforyourself.

Step2:CheckingInboxandOutboxAfteropeninganaccountonewishestocheckhisorheremailsforcheckingthemessages being received or sent by them. For this one has to login into theiraccount by given valid username and password and following options wouldappear.

Hereifweclickonthe“Inbox”wegetacompleteinformationaboutthemailsreceivedandifweclickonourboxwegetthecompletedetailsofthemailssent

byus.

Step3:CreatingandSendingaNewEmailOnenteringouremailaccount,wecanseeaplatenamed“compose”,whenweclick on “compose” the following page opens

After opening this page, we type the email address of the receiver in “To”column and one line jist of the mail in “Subject” column. Then we type thecontentofthemailinthemattercolumnandthenweclickonthe“Send”buttontosendthemail.Step4ReplyingandForwardingtoanEmails.Afterwehave received an email froman account,we can send a reply to themailbyclickingonthe“Reply”optiononthetopofthepage,afterclickingonreply it will open an compose page with receivers info in the “To” columnautomatically.

Ifwewanttoforwardthatemailtootherfriendsorbusinessassociates,thereisanoptionof“Forward”availablenextto“Reply”byclickingon“Forward”wecanentertheemailaddressesofthepeoplewewanttoforwardtheemailtoandthenclickonthe“Send”button.

Step5:SortingandSearchingEmailsInouremailaccountwegetafacilityofsorting our emails as per our choice by catagorizing them. We can create apersonalfolderwherebywecandirectsomeoftheemailsfromspecificsendersdirectly into my personal account and in the same way we can createprofessionalaccountstoo.Searchingmailsinyouremailaccountisacakewalk.Thereisabaronthetopofthescreenthatgivesyouanoptionofsearchingamail.Wecantypetheemailaddress or subject words and click on the “Search Mail” option and it willdisplayallthemailsreceivedfromthatspecificsender.

DocumentCollaborationDocumentcollaboration isbecomingoneof thefastgrowingconceptsacross theglobe.It isactuallyasimplecreationofapoolofwrittencontentbyvariouspeoplewhichishandledbyaneditor.Itinvolvesfileexchangethroughremovablemediaorbyemail,throughfileserver,informationportalsorSharePointandWikis.Withdocumentcollaboration,thecontributorsofthecontenthavetheabilitytoadd,editandevenremovethetextinthesystemif deemed appropriate. While, on the other hand, the writing process can bechangedfromtimetotimeaswelldependingonthegoalofthesystem.InstantMessagingandCollaboration It is a typeof communications servicethatenablesyoutocreateakindofprivatechatroomwithanotherindividualinorder to communicate inreal time over the Internet, analagous to a telephoneconversationbutusing text-based,notvoice-based, communication.Typically,theinstantmessagingsystemalertsyouwheneversomebodyonyourprivatelistis online. You can then initiate a chat session with that particular individual.Someof themost importantIMservices todayareprovidedbyGoogle,YahooMessenger,Rediffbol,Skypeetc.NetiquettesThe Rules of Netiquette are social norms that individuals choose to followfacilitating effective communication on the internet. There aremany acceptedinternetetiquetterulesusersfollowformanydifferentreasons.Thecorerulesofnetiquette are the most agreed upon netiquette rules. The golden Rule ofNetiquette is the foundation ofCyber Etiquette theory.As classes ofwebsitesand formats for internet communication have expanded so have socialconventions,netietiquette.Therearegroupsofinternetrulesforvariouswebsitesthataredefinedbysitetype,user,andcyberfriends.Everyonecouldusealittlenetiquette.

ModelQuestionsandAnswers

Q1.Whatisane-mail?Ans.E-mailisatextmessagesthatmaycontainfiles,images,orotherattachmentssentthroughanetworktoaspecifiedindividualorgroupofindividuals.Q2.Whatarethecomponentsofane-mail?Ans.Followingarethecomponentsofane-mailSubjectLine:-Thesubjectlineisthefirstthingseenwhenyouremailarrivesintheinbox.

Itwillalsobethebiggestfactorindeterminingwhetheryouremailwillbeopened.Subjectlinesshouldbeclearandcompelling."From"Field:Thisisequallyimportantindeterminingwhetheryour email will be opened. The "From" field should be consistent andcredible.“To”Field:Thisfielddescribestheaccountnamefromwhichtheemailhasbeen sent.Whenever auser creates anewemail this fieldgetsautomaticallycopiedfromtheaccountname.“Cc”Field:Ccfieldincludespeoplewhoshouldknowaboutthemessagebutdon'tneedtoactonit.They'llreceivethesameBody:Messagebodycontains the actual emailmessageQ3.How canwe open an emailaccount?Ans.Wecanselectasiteofourchoicetocreateanemailid.Onselectionofsitewecanregisterforanemaili.d.byfillingasmallformandenteringauseridandpassword.Q4.Howtoreplytoamail?Ans.Afterwehavereceivedanemailfromanaccount,wecansendareplytothemailbyclickingonthe“Reply”optiononthetopofthepage,afterclickingonreplyitwillopenancomposepagewithreceiversinfointhe“To”columnautomatically.Questionsforselfpractice.Q1.Howtoopenanemailaccount?Q2.Whatarethebenefitsofopeninganemailaccount?Q3.Whatarethecomponentsofanemail?Q4.Howcanwereplytoorforwardanemail?Q5.Howcanwesearchforamailinourinbox.?Q6.Whatarenetiquettes?MultipleChoiceQuestionsQ1.BCCstandsfor_______.a)BoardofCricketControl.b)BoardCircuitCollaborationc)BlindCarbonCopyd)None.Q2.Ane-mailcanbea)Repliedb)Sendc)Forwardd)AlltheaboveQ3.Newin-comingmailsarereceivedin____.a) Outboxb) Spamc) Sentd) InboxQ4.WhichofthefollowingareexampleofInstantmessanger.a)Googletalkb)Rediffbolc)Bothofthesed)Noneofthese.Answers:-1-c;2-d;3-d;4-cTrueorFalse

1. Noteveryonecanopenanemailaccount.2. Instantmessangerisanemailservice.3. Anemailcanbeforwarded.4. Wecansearchforanemailinouraccount.5. Wecansortemailsasperourpreference.6. Datacollaborationisnotpossiblethroughemail,7. Wecansendattachmentsthroughmail.Answers:-a-false;b-false;c-true;d-true;e-true;f-false;g-true.

Chapter8

MakingSmallPresentations

A tool in the computer system named “Microsoft Powerpoint” enables us tocreatepresentationsonourcomputerthatcanbeusedforpresentinganideaoraprojectinaneffectiveaudio-videoformat.Todaystudentsandcorporatesacrosstheglobe areusingpowerpoint to createpresentations in the formof slides topresenttheirdataandinformationinanappealingformat.WhatisMicrosoftPowerpointPowerPointisapresentationsoftwareprogramthatispartoftheMicrosoftOfficepackage.PowerPoint uses a graphical approach to presentations in the form of slideshows that accompany the oral delivery of the topic. This program is widelyusedinbusinessandclassroomsandisaneffectivetoolwhenusedfortrainingpurposes. PowerPoint is one of the simplest computer programs to learn. It isthe number 1 program used worldwide for presentations. Anyone can createstunningpresentationsthatlookliketheyweredesignedbyaprofessional.ASnapshotofMSPowerpoint

OpeningMicrosoftPowerpointInordertoopenMicrosoftPowerpoint,1. Clickonthestartbutton2. FromtheProgramsselect“MicrosftOffice

3. SelectMicrosoftPowerPointanddoubleclicktheleftbuttonofthemouse

OpeningAPowerPointPresentationInordertoopenanalreadymadepowerpointpresentationweneedtotakethefollowingsteps:-

1. OpenMicrosoftPowerPoint2. Leftclickonthefilebuttononthetopofthepage.

3. Clickontheoption“Open”onthebar

4. Onclickingonopenafolderoptionwillbeseenonthescreen.

5. Selectthedesiredfilefromthefolderanddoubleclickonittoopen.

SavingaPowerPointPresentation

Supposeyouhavemadeapowerpointpresentation,thenextstepistosavethatpresentationforfutureuse.Inordertosaveapresentationthefollowingstepsaretaken:-

1. ClickonthefileoptiononthetopmostbarofMicrosoftpowerpoint.

2. Clickonthe“Save”option.

3. Onclickingthe“Save”optionthepowerpointwillgenerateafolderoption, that helps you in saving the presentation in any desireddirectoryandfolder.

4. Select thedesireddirectoryandfileandclickonthesavebutton, inordertosavethefile.

CreationofPresentationNowletsbeginfromthebasicsastohowtocreateapresentationinapowerpoint.

1. OpenMicrosoftpowerpointasshownearlierinthechapter.

2. Startinganewfile:Clickonthefileoptionontopofthepageandselect“new”option.

3. SelectingTemplatesandDesigns:Gothe the topbarof thepowerpointandclickon“design”,itwillgiveyouavarietyofpagedesignsandtemplatestochoosefrom.Selectatemplatethatsuitsthethemeofyourpresentation.

4. BlankPresentation:Incaseyouwanttocreateablankpresentationthenskipstepno.3.Thiswillgiveyouablankpresentationpage.

5. InsertingandEditingText:Onselectionoftemplate,nowitstimetoentertextinyourpresentation.Therearetwotextboxesprovidedontheslide.One for theheadingandanother for thecontent.Youcansimplytypetheheadingoftheslideintheheadingtextbookandbasiccontentinthecontenttextbox.

6. In order to edit the text just click on the textbox and makeamendmentsasrequired.

7. Inserting andDeleting Slides : In order to insert a slide, click onnew slideon thehomebar of thepowerpoint page.Thiswill giveyouasimilarnewslideinsametemplateanddesign

8. Inordertodeleteaslide,gototheslidethumbnailonthesideofthepage and a rightclickon the slideyouwish todelete,will generateoptions likecut,copy,paste,delete slideetc.Select thedelete slideoptionbyclickingonit.

9. InsertingWordTableorExcelsheet:Inordertoenterawordtableorexcelsheet,clickontheinsertoptiononthetopmostbarnexttohomebar.Clickingon insertopensupvariousoptions, select tableoptiongivenontheleftsideofthebarselecttheoptionofarowandcolumntableoranexcelsheettobeinserted.

Selectingtheinsertionofanexcelsheetwillgiveyouacompleteexcelsheetonyourslide.

10. AddingClipartorPicturetotheSlide:Inordertoaddaclipartorapicturetotheslideinordertomakeitmoreinteresting,clickontheinsertoptionasexplainedaboveandselectthepictureoptiononthetab.

On clicking the picture option, the power point will open a folder option,wherebyyoucanchooseorselectapicturefromaspecificfileordirectorythatyourdesire.

Selectthedesiredfileandclick“open”.Ondoingthistheselectedpivturewillbedisplayedonyour slide.Youcan further adjust the sizeand locationof thepictureonyourslide.

11. InsertingOtherObjects in a power point :There are a variety ofthingsthatcanbeinsertedinapresentationlikemovies,sounds,texttables,pictures,graphsetc.Thathelpsapresentertopresenthisdataand information in themost interestingways.You can add internetlinks to theslide inorder toshpowsomefactsandfiguresfromtheinternet.

12. ResizingofInsertedObjects:Theobjects so inserted ina slidecanbefurtherresized,scaledandpositionedasperourrequirements.Forexample if we have to show some additional data in the slide indifferentfontandformat,thenwecanresizethetextboxesinordertoinsertathirdtextboxasperdesiredsizebyexpandingorreducingitfromtheedgepoints.

ViewingaPresentationViewingapresentationisnotjustlookingattheslides,itstheviewofthepresentationthewayyouraudiencewillseeit.Clickingontheview option on the top bar of any version of power point will generate thefollowingoptionforyoutoselectfrom.

Youcankeepanormalviewforthepresentation,anotesstyleorahandoutetcviewsoftheslidesasperyourwish.ChoosingaSetupforPresentation.Inordertoworkonthesetupofaslide,selecttheslideshowoptiononthetopbarandclickontheslideshowsetup.Itgivesyouvarietyofchoicesfromslidetiming, transition, speech, sizes etc.You can select the desired pattern for theslideshowandclick“OK”onmakingthefinaldesiredchanges.

On deciding the setup for the slideshow we get the option of running apresentationintheformofaslideshow.Justbyclickingasimplebuttonwecanswitchtoslideshowview.

AddingTransitiontotheSlideShow Inorder tomakeslideshowfullof lifeone can add different types of transitions. Transition means small styles oranimationsthatcanbeusedinandswitchingofslideslikefading,highlighting,jumpingetc.Inordertoaddtransitionselectthe“Animation”optiononthetop,itgivesyouanoptiontochoosethekindoftransitionitstiming,transfersoundetc.

PrintingSlidesandHandoutsInordertouseitforreferenceworkonecantakeaprintoutof the slides forpreparation and future reference. Inorder to take aprintclickonthefilebuttonontheleftmostsideofthetopbar.Selecttheprintoptionfromthesame.Itgivesyouachoicetoseeapreviewofthematerial.

Onclicking theprintoption, theprint setupwouldbedisplayedon thescreen.Youcan select theprinter, page setup andnumberof copies tobeprinted.OnselectionpressOK.

ModelQuestionsandAnswer

Q1. What isPowerPointAns. PowerPoint is apresentationsoftwareprogramthatispartoftheMicrosoftOfficepackage.PowerPointusesagraphicalapproachtopresentationsintheformofslideshowsthataccompanytheoraldeliveryofthetopic.Q2.HowcanyouinsertPictureinPowerPoint?Ans.PicturecanbeinsertedinPowerPointintwoways:FromClipArtFromFile Q3.BrieflyExplainthePrintOption.Ans.PrintOptionisavailableintheFileMenu.Fromthisoptionthevarious Slides of the PowerPoint Presentation can be printed as well asHandoutscanalsobeprinted.Q4.Howcanwelinkinternetfilestopowerpoint?Ans.Intheinsertoptiongivenonthetopmenubarwecanclickonthe“link”optionandthenpastethelinkofwebreferenceatadesiredplace.Q5.Howtosaveapresentation?Ans. Inordertosaveapresentationweneedtoclickonthefileoptionandselect“save”.QuestionsforselfpracticeQ1.Howtoopenapresentation?Q2.Howcanweenterandedittextinapresentation?Q3.Howcanweinsertanexcelsheetinapresentation?Q4.Howcanweinsertordeleteslidesinapresentation?Q5.Howcanwerunaslideshowinapresentation?MultipleChoiceQuestionsQ1.Picturescanbeinsertedintoapresentationthrougha) Fileb) Clipartc) Bothofthesed) Noneof theseQ2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeaddedtoaslide.a)Pictureb) Soundsc) Excelsheetd) AlltheaboveQ3.Whichofthefollowingcommandstosaveanewfile.a)Saveb)Saveasc)Bothaandbd)Printpreview.Q4.Wecanrunaslideshowbya)Addingtransitionsb)Showsetupc)Takinghandoutsd)NoneoftheaboveAnswers:-1-c;2-d;3-c;4–bTrueorFalse

Wecaninsertpicturestoapresentation.Apresentationcannotbemodified.Moviescannotbeaddedtopresentation.Internetlinkscannotbeaddedtopresentation.Wecanseeprintpreviewoftheslides.Wecanchangethetemplatesoftheslides.