Basic Computer Concepts Final
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Transcript of Basic Computer Concepts Final
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MADE BY:
SIR NASEEM AHMED KHANDOW VOCATIONAL & TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTRE
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What is a computer?
An electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions stored in its ownmemory unit, that can accept data
(input), manipulate the data according to
specified rules (process), produceinformation (output) from the
processing, and store the results for
future use.
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Speed
Storage
High AccuracyVersatility
Diligence
Automatic OperationObedience
Decision Making Capability
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At the early age people used pebbles, stones,
sticks, scratches, symbols and finger tips to count,
which were later replaced by numbers.The history of computing is divided into three ages
during which man invented and improved different
types of calculating machines. These ages are,
Dark age - 300 BC to 1890
Middle age - 1890 AD to 1944
Modern age - since 1944 AD
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General Purpose Computers:
General purpose computers aredesigned to solve a large variety of
problems. The different programs can
be used to solve many problems. Most
digital computers are general purpose
computers and used in business and
commercial data processing.
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. 2 Special Purpose Computers
The special purpose computers are designedto solve specific problems. The computer
program for solving a specific problem is built
right into the computer. Most analog
computers are special purpose computers.These special purpose computers are widely
used in industrial robotics.
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. 1 Analog Computers
A computer that uses moving parts
to show changing information. The word
Analog means continuously varying in
quantity.
The voltage, current, sound, speed,
temperature, pressure etc. values areexamples of analog data.
The thermometer is an example of
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. 2 Digital ComputersThe word Digital means separate. It
refers to binary system, which consists ofonly two digits, i.e. 0 and 1. Digital data
consists of binary data represented byOFF (low) and ON (high) electrical pulses.These pulses are increased and decreasedin discontinuous form rather than incontinuous form.
In digital computers, quantities arecounted rather than measured. A digitalcomputer operates by counting numbers
or digits and gives output in digital form.
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3. Hybrid Computers
The hybrid computers have
best features of both analog and digitalcomputers. These computers contain
both the digital and analog components.
In hybrid computers, the users canprocess both the continuous (analog)
and discrete (digital) data.
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1. Super Computers:
Supercomputer a state-of-the-art,
extremely powerful computercapable ofmanipulating massive amounts of data in arelatively short time. Supercomputers are veryexpensive and are employed for specializedscientific and engineering applications that musthandle very large databases or do a great amountof computation, among them meteorology,animated graphics, nuclear energy research andweapon simulation, and petroleum exploration.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-computer.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-computer.html -
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. 2Main Frame Computers:
The most expensive, largest and the most
quickest or speedy computer are calledmainframe computers. These computers areused in large companies, factories,organizations etc. the mainframe computersare the most expensive computers, they costmore than 20 million rupees. In thiscomputers 150 users are able to work on oneC.P.U
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. 3 Mini Computers
A minicomputeris a class of multi-usercomputers that lies in the middle range of the
computing spectrum, in between the largestmulti-user systems (mainframe computers) andthe smallest single-user systems (microcomputers orpersonal computers).
Mini computers are smaller than mainframes,both in size and other facilities such as speed,storage capacity and other services. They areversatile that they can be fitted where ever theyare needed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer -
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. 4 Micro Computers
A microcomputeris a computerwith a
microprocessoras its central processing unit.They are also called computer of a chipbecause its entire circuitry is contained in onetiny chip. They are physically small comparedto mainframe and minicomputers.
Micro computers of todays are equivalentto the mini computers of yesterday in terms ofperforming and processing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer -
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What does a computer
do?
Input
Process
Output
Storage
Processor
Control Unit/Arithmetic Logic Unit
Memory
Storage Devices
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
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Components of a Computer System
Hardware
All the physical parts
which makes up a
computer system called
hardware i.e. all the
devices or peripherals
which performs the data
processing operations.e.g. 1. Input devices
2. Output devices
SOFTWARE
Software consists of
programs and routines
whose purpose is to make
the computer useable for
the user. These software
normally supplied by
computer manufacturers orsoftware manufacturers
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Input Devices
Any hardware component that allows youto enter data, programs, commands, and
user responses into a computer
Input DeviceExamplesKeyboard
Mouse
Mic
Scanner
Joystick
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Output DevicesOutput devices make the informationresulting from processing available for use
Output Device Examples
Printers ImpactNonimpactPhoto
Display DevicesCRTLCD
Speakers
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Backing storage devices are where
you can store data permanently.
This means that data is held whenthe computer is switched off and
can be loaded onto a computer
system when required.
These devices are also known assecondary storage devices or
auxiliary devices.
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Secondary Storage Devices
RemovableFloppy disk, or disketteCompact Disc CD-R, CD-RW,
CD-ROMDVDs DVD-ROM, DVD-R,
DVD-RW, DVD-RAMZip diskFlash disk/USB drive
TapeNon-RemovableHard disk
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Primary Storage Devices
It is divided into two parts:
. 1 Read Only Memory (ROM):
This part of memory contains permanently stored
information. When the power is switched off. ROMdoes not wash away.
. 2 Random Access Memory (RAM):This part of memoryconsists of blank chips and hence the computer can
use it to store and retrieve (write and read) informationduring its processing. The information stored in RAMis volatile, that is, when the computer is shut down thestored information is lost.
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System Unit
The central processing unit (CPU), also called themicroprocessor, the processor or central processor is thebrain of the computer.
The CPU is housed on a tiny silicon chip. This chip
contains millions of switches and pathways that help yourcomputer make important decisions.
The switches control the flow of the electricity as it travelsacross the miles of pathways. The CPU knows whichswitches to turn on and which to turn off because itreceives its instructions from computer programs.
The CPU has two primary sections:
1. Control Unit
2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit
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Types of Computer Softwares
SOFTWARE: -
The software is the planned, step-by-stepset of electronic instructions required to turn
data into information that makes a computer
useful.As stated software, or program, consists
of the instructions that tell the computer how
to perform a task.It is fall into two categories: -
1. System software.
2.Application software.
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Types of Computer Softwares
1.System Software: -
System software enables the application software
to interact with the computer and helps the computer
manage its internal and external resources. Systemsoftware is required to run application software.
Buyers of new computers will find the system software
has already been installed by the manufacture.
There are two basic types of system software such as:-
Operating system. (e.g. Windows, DOS, etc)
Utility programs: (e.g. Antivirus, file compression,etc)
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Types of Computer Softwares
2. Application Software:
Application software, also
known as an application, iscomputer software designed to help
the userto perform singular or multiple
related specific tasks. Examplesinclude accounting software,
office suites, graphics software, and
media players.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_%28application_software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_%28application_software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software -
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Application Software
Word Processing
Spreadsheet
Presentation GraphicsDatabase
Contact Management
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The basic unit used in computer data
storage is called a bit (binary digit).
Computers use these little bits, whichare composed of ones and zeros, to do
things and talk to other computers. All
your files, for instance, are kept in thecomputer as binary files and translated
into words and pictures by the software
(which is also ones and zeros).
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8Bit = 1Byte
1024 Byte = 1 KiloByte
1024 KiloByte = 1 Mega Byte
1024 MegaByte = 1 GigaByte
1024 Giga Byte = 1 Tera Byte1024 Tera Byte = 1 Pica Byte
1024 Pica Byte = 1 Nano Byte
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Electronic CommerceWhen you conduct business activitiesonline, you are participating in electronic
commerce, also known as e-commerce
Business to consumer (B2C) involvesthe sale of goods to the general public
Consumer to consumer (C2C) involves
one consumer selling directly to anotherBusiness to business (B2B) provides
goods and services to other businesses
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VirusA program or piece ofcode that is loaded onto
your computer without your knowledge and runsagainst your wishes. Viruses can also replicate
themselves. All computerviruses are manmade. A
simple virus that can make a copy of itself over and
over again is relatively easy to produce.
Some viruses are programmed specifically to
damage the data on your computer by corrupting
programs, deleting files, or even erasing your entire
hard drive.
Even such a simple virus is dangerous because itwill quickly use all available memory and bring the
system to a halt. An even more dangerous type of
virus is one capable of transmitting itself across
networks and bypassing security systems.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/code.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/computer.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/copy.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/memory.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/network.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/security.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/security.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/network.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/memory.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/copy.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/computer.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/code.html -
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Antivirus
Antivirus (or "anti-virus") software is a
class of program that searches your hard
drive and floppy disks for any known orpotential viruses.
In order to be an effective defense, your
antivirus software needs to run in the
background at all times, and should be keptupdated so it recognizes new versions of
hateful software.
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci213306,00.htmlhttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci213306,00.html -
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