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![Page 1: Basic coagulation techniques and Quality control issues Dr. Shrimati Shetty Deputy Director National Institute of Immunohematology ( ICMR) KEM Hospital,](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103111/5517e5fc550346cb568b4715/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Basic coagulation techniques and Quality control issues
Dr. Shrimati ShettyDeputy Director
National Institute of Immunohematology ( ICMR)KEM Hospital, Mumbai
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Final Diagnosis of a bleeding disorder
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Anticoagulant
0.129 M tri sodium Citrate at a ratio of 9 parts blood to 1 part anticoagulant is used for all coagulation tests.
Why not EDTA or Heparin?
EDTA irreversibly chelates Ca ions
Heparin activates antithrombin which is an inhibitor of coagulation
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Anticoagulant…
If the HCT is above 55% Anticoagulant vol. [x] = 100 – hematocrit x
total vol. of anticoagulated blood required Example: Patient hematocrit = 60%
100 - 60 x 5.0 = 0.37 mL
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Preanalytical variables
Sample hemolysis/ lipaemic sample Improper proportion of Anticoagulant to blood Prolonged time interval before testing Difficult punctures Freeze thawing the samples
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Coagulation Tests
Screening coagulation tests Confirmatory Tests
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When a bleeding patient walks in, what should be the initial tests to be performed?
Screening tests Peripheral smear ( Bernards Soulier syndrome, macrothrombocytopenia,
leukemia , thrombocytopenia )
Complete Blood Count ( BSS, MTCP, Leukemias, thrombocytopenia)
PT APTT TT FXIII screening
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Only PT is abnormal
Congenital Causes
Factor VII deficiency
Acquired Causes
Liver disease
Warfarin
DIC
Inhibitors
LA
Malignancy
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PT - INR
PT measures the deficiency of all VK dependent coagulation factors and also the integrity of extrinsic pathway
INR = [Patient PT]ISI
[Control PT]
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Only APTT is abnormal
Congenital Causes
Factor VIII/ IX/XI/XII contact factors
Acquired Causes
Liver disease
Warfarin
DIC
Heparin
Inhibitors to factors,
LA
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PT & APTT prolonged
Congenital causes
i.Combined deficiency of V & VIII
ii. Factor X deficiency
iii. Factor V deficiency
iv. Multiple VK dependent clotting factor deficiency
Acquired causes
Liver disease
Warfarin
DIC
Heparin
Inhibitors to factors
vitamin K deficiency
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PT, APTT, TT prolonged
Congenital causes
i. Afibrinogenemia/ dysfibrinogenemia
ii. Factor II deficiency
Acquired causes
DIC
Liver disease
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Screening for F XIII deficiency
Clot solubility test Clot formation with either thrombin or CaCl2 Solubility of the clot using 2% acetic acid , 1% mono
chloroacetic acid or urea After 24 hours , the clot is observed for solubility Different sensitivities with different clotting reagents &
solvents Severe factor deficiency sometimes gets misdiagnosed as
F XIII deficiency
ELISA test is the sensitive assay for detecting F XIII deficiency
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Confirmatory tests-Factor Assays
Reagents required
Normal pooled plasma or unicalibrator
Factor Deficient plasma
APTT reagent
CaCl2
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Factor assays….
Factor VIII/IX/XI/XII – APTT based
Factor II/VII – PT mode
Factor V/X – can be both PT/APTT mode
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Factor VIII Graph
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Interpretation of factor results
At birth, activities of the vitamin K dependent factors II, VII, IX, and X and the concentrations of the contact factors XI and XII are reduced to about 50% of normal adult values. The levels of the factors V, VIII, XIII, and fibrinogen are similar to adult values
Plasma concentrations of the naturally occurring anticoagulant proteins (antithrombin, protein C, and protein S) are significantly lower at birth than during the adult years
Most blood coagulation factors and fibrinogen increase during pregnancy. Factor (F) XI is the only blood coagulation factor that decreases.
Malignancies
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Interpretation
Should we go ahead with factor assays even when screening tests are normal?
yes, in case of any clinical indication we should do the specific factors even if PT/APTT is normal
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NPP
20-25 healthy donors , blood group matched Compare it with unicalibrator with known
factor values Never use a single individual sample as
control
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Deficient Plasma& APTT reagents
Should have 0% FVIII Negative for TTD/inhibitors Different APTT reagents have different
sensitivities
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Factor Assays
Severe <1% factor Moderate 1-5% Mild 6-40%
About 5% of the patients are clinically mild despite having <1% factor
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Can we diagnose a patient as HA or HB without doing factor assays?
Mixing Studies
BaSO4 adsorbed normal plasma, deficient in factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin
Aged normal serum, deficient in factors V and VIII, prothrombin, and fibrinogen
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Mixing Studies….
Result Interpretation
NPP+Adsorbed Plasma
Correction F VIII deficiency
NPP+ Aged Serum
No Correction
NPP+Adsorbed Plasma
No Correction F IX deficiency
NPP+ Aged Serum
Correction
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Mixing Studies…..
Mixture Result Interpretation
NPP + F VIII Def Plasma
Correction F IX deficiency
NPP + F IX Def Plasma
Correction F VIII deficiency
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Platelet Aggregation tests
Highly variable results Diet, Medication, physical activity Platelet receptor studies to confirm diagnosis Always confirm diagnosis by other tests
Never give a diagnosis based on platelet aggregation alone!
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Disorders diagnosed by platelet aggregation and receptor studies
Von Willebrand disease Glanzmanns thrombasthenia Bernard Soulier syndrome Storage pool defect Cyclooxygenase deficiency others
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What are the other supporting tests?
Platelet receptor studies using antibodies specific for platelet receptors
GP 1b/IX for diagnosis of BSS (CD 42)
GP IIb/IIIa for diagnosis of GT( CD41, CD61)
collagen receptors ( CD36)
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Diagnosis of VWD
Platelet aggregation with Ristocetin ( 1.25 mg/ml) absent or reduced
Type IIb shows increased aggregation with 0.5 mg/ml whereas in normal cases there is no aggregation
VWF by Electrophoresis sensitive only for severe def ELISA is the test of conirmation RCof , collagen binding ELISA and Multimer analysis
to subtype
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Diagnosis of BSS
Giant platelets in peripheral smear Normal or reduced platelet count Absence of aggregation with 1.25 mg/ml
risticetin Absence of GP 1b/IX receptors by flow
cytometry
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Diagnosis of GT
Absence of aggregation with 6uM ADP, 4ug/mL collagen and 0.75mM arachdonic acid
Absence of GP IIb/IIIa receptors by flow cytometry
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Storage pool defect
Primary phase aggregation with all agonists
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Screening for inhibitors ( Mixing studies)
NPP and patient plasma mixed and APTT performed at 0 hour, 1 hour and 2 hour
Should exclude Lupus anticoagulants FVIII inhibitors are generally progressive ,
FIX inhibitors/LA immediate acting
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Screening for inhibitors
0 hr 1 hr 2 hrs
NPP
Patient
Separately incubated
Incubated Mix
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The Bethesda Assay
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Specialized Investigations
Thromboelastography
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Thromboelastography
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Thrombinoscope
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Thrombinoscope
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PFA 100
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Quality control exercises
IQC EQC
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Some examples
Case 1
Peripheral smear- giant platelets seen
Platelet count 130X103/uL
PT – C14 Secs/ P 15 secs ;
APTT – C29 secs/P 32 secs;
TT – C 16 secs/P 15 secs
F XIII - N
RIPA – Ristocetin 5%
ADP, collagen, AA 90-100%
GP1b/IX receptors – highly reduced
Diagnosis : BSS
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Some examples …..
Case 2
PS – normal
Platelets 260X 103/ul
PT C14 secs/ P 32 secs
APTT C 30 secs P 58 secs
TT C 15 secs/ P 16 secs
F XIII - N
FX 96%; F V 15%
F VIII 8%
Diagnosis: Combined deficiency of F V and VIII
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Thank you