Basic civil engineering

TOPIC : WATER QUALITY,MANAGEMENT AND TESTS

PROJECT BY:-

ENTC – 1

MENTOR :-

PROF. I.P. SONAR

Team(E&TC-1):-

PANKAJ GABALE(111107020) NIKHIL KAMBLE(111107028) PRATHMESH ZADE(111107070) SACHIIN TELGOTE(111107067) AJAY WAVHALE(111107068) TEJESH CHULBULKAR(111107015)

The World Health Organisation defines:

safe water as “. . water that does not contain harmful chemical substances or micro-organisms in concentrations that cause illness in any form”

adequate waters supply as “ . . one that provides safe water in quantities sufficient for drinking, and for culinary, domestic, and other household purposes so as to make possible the personal hygiene of members of the household. A sufficient quantity should be available on a reliable, year-round basis near to, or within the household where the water is to be used ”

WATER QUALITY

WATER QUALITYWhat You Need To Know ?

1)HOW TO CHECK THE QUALITY OF WATER?

2)WHAT ARE THE VARIABLES FOR THAT DECIDE

QUALITY OF WATER?

3)HOW TO ANALYSE VARIABLES OF WATER?

Water Quality – Why Is It Important?

• Water quality factors influence and interact with each other

• What may cause problems in one situation may be harmless in another

• Influences effectiveness/toxicity of treatments

Water Quality – Why Is It Important?

• Most disease problems can be avoided with proper management of water

quality

• This includes maintaining water quality at a level that provides an environment conducive to fish health and growth

WATER QUALITY ISSUES

% of disinfected and contaminated water supply

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Africa Asia LA&C

Per

cent

age

Disinfected

Contaminated

WHO et al. (2000)

For Example Aurangabad, India

High counts of faecal coliform in samples collected from outlets during the 1st flush

Water collected 10 mins after the 1st flush were also found to be contaminated (but lower)

Karachi, Pakistan In some zones of the Karachi WSS up to

80% of the samples analysed were found to contain high counts of faecal coliform

WATER QUALITY

WATER QUALITY VARIABLES

Water Quality Variables

• Temperature

• Dissolved oxygen

• Total ammonia-nitrogen, NH3, NO-2

• Alkalinity

• Hardness

• pH

• Carbon dioxide

• For each 10°C (18°F) rise in

temperature the metabolic rate doubles

• Controls the reaction rate of chemicals

• Influences solubility of gases in water

• Influences toxicity of ammonia and therapeutants

• Optimum temperature for tilapia growth is 85-88 °F

Water Quality Variables Temperature

Water Quality Variables - Alkalinity

• Is the buffering capacity of water –

absorbs acids and/or bases

• High alkalinity prevents wide pH fluctuations

• Maintain levels between 75-120 mg/L as CaCO3

• 7 grams of alkalinity consumed by 1 gram of NH3

100

50

04 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Free CO HCO CO

Percent of Total CO

3- =

2 3

pH

Effects of pH on Various Buffers

Water Quality VariablesTotal Dissolved Gases

Super saturation caused by:

• leaking water lines

• air leak on low pressure side of pump

• source of water

• mixing cold and hot water

Recommended total dissolved gas pressure <104%

MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN URBAN NETWORKS

4 MAIN OUTPUTS Guidance to assessing hazards, critical control points. Manual and flow-charts on water quality management and

system monitoring tools for WS managers PC compatible water quality modelling tools. GIS based risk management tool that combines hazard

assessment procedures with water quality software

WATER MANAGEMENT

Management Recommendations

• Maintain water quality within suggested guideline

• Monitor water quality on a regular basis/keep good records

WATER MANAGEMENT

Current approaches towards water supply in cities are usually supply driven – when there’s a “shortage” develop new sources.

But, the cost of developing new sources or expanding existing sources is getting higher and higher as most accessible water resources have already been tapped (UNCHS 1999a)

An alternative approach, advocating water demand management (WDM), focuses on conservation measures to make better use of limited supplies.

It is often not realized that conservation does not necessarily mean a reduction in quality of service but rather a more efficient approach to use.

WDM results in more sustainable water services

GOVERNMENTS RETHINKING THEIR APPROACH - WDM

Saving water rather than the development of new sources is often the best ‘next’ source of water, both from an economic and from an environmental point of view. Water demand management (WDM) therefore is seen as the

preferred alternative to meet increasing water demand. Main objective of WDM is to contribute to more efficient and equitable

provision of water services Many instruments have been developed for WDM

Instruments are interdependent and mutually reinforcing and the most optimal way they are applied will depend on the prevailing local conditions.

BENEFITS OF WDM

Attractive to governments as it can “buy time” by delaying the need for large capital investment in expansion of the water sector.

In most cases, the savings achieved by delaying an investment can provide financial resources to more than cover the costs of implementing a comprehensive demand management programme.

Prospect of conserving water for industrial, agricultural and commercial organisation is always an attractive proposition as it almost always results in a reduction of operation costs.

In many water short cities there is always a proportion of the population who are without adequate water supplies. By saving water in higher income areas, more resources could be made available to the poor.

In LDC’s WDM must be used to promoted equity in supply

METHODS ADOPTED FOR WDM

Reducing unaccounted for water

Leakage detection Reducing illegal connections and unmetered

connections Water Restriction (intermittent Supplies)

Retro-fitting

Wastewater reuse

Water Tariffs

Public Awareness

Conservation for Industry

Reducing unaccounted for water(UFW): may be defined and that percentage of the water produced from the raw water source which is not accounted for. Leakage is often a large source of unaccounted for water and is a result of either lack of maintenance or failure to renew ageing systems.In cities information does exist but there is a lack of resources to undertake an efficient leakage repair programme.

ILLEGAL CONNECTIONS AND UNMETERED CONNECTIONS: In city distribution systems, illegal connections may be the result of contractors connecting illegally to supply new housing developments or unplanned and “illegal” settlements connecting to such supplies.

RETRO-FITTING: Many government buildings or institutions do not pay for their water or the consumers have no interest in conservation. Incentives are offered to those who retrofit including, payment grants from local authorities

WATER USE RESTRICTIONS: Although regulations have a bad name, they are often both appropriate and efficient for managing water demand

The water supply in Mumbai is not only intermittent but inequitable

4% of the population receive water > 8 hrs/day

33% receive water > 4 hrs/day

42% receive water for just 3 hrs/day

21% receive water < 3 hrs/day (often only 1 hr)

NON-IRRIGATION CONSUMPTIONTotal non irrigation water consumption by region

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Con

sum

ptio

n(cu

bic

km)

1995 2025

Rose grant et al. (2002)

WATER STRESS – FACTS

India

At current rate of population growth India will have the largest number of water-deprived persons in the world in the next 25 years.

It is estimated that by the year 2050, half of India’s population will be living in urban areas and will face acute water problems.

WATER TESTS

WHICH ARE THE MOST GENRAL AND DOMESTIC WATER TESTS ?

Jackson candle Method

IT IS A TRADITIONAL METHOD

involves ATTENUATION OF LIGHT

is essentially the inverse measure of the length of a column of water needed to completely obscure a candle flame viewed through it.

THE LONGER THE WATER COLUMN CLEAR THE WATER.

LITMUS TEST

●IT IS USED TO DETERMINE PH OF WATER.

●Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens, especially Roccella tinctoria.

●Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blue under basic (i.e. alkaline) conditions.

● Neutral litmus paper is purple..

ALKANALITY TEST

● P-alkalinity P-alkalinity is expressed in ppm CaCO3 or mval/l

(1mval/l = 50 ppm CaCO3). In this paper ppm CaCO3 is used. The P-alkalinity figure is expressed

as volume sulphuric acid needed to change (neutralise) the colour in a water sample to which

phenolphthalein is added.

M-alkalinity (when needed)

M-alkalinity is expressed in the same way as P- alkalinity, but the indicator Bromcresol Green Methyl red is used.

7. Add the content of one Bromcresol Green -Methyl Red Indicator pillow to the remaining sample from the P-alkalinity test.

8. Add Sulphuric acid standard solution (0.035 N) one drop at a time and swirl to mix after each drop.

PUBLIC AWARENESS

PURPOSE OF PUBLIC AWEARENESS

To made the public aware of the :-

1. Importance of water in their lives.

2. Cost of producing and delivering water.

3. The status of water resources.

4. And their role in water resource conservation for future generation.

WAYS TO PUBLIC AWARENESS

Through social campaigns

1. Awareness campaigns to reduce water use amongst all consumers can play an important role in demand management.

2. Social campaign for promotion of public awareness for conservation and increasing water quality.

WAYS TO PUBLIC AWARENESS

Through communication tool

1. Promotion of public awareness by interviewing with the senior staffs of water supply and irrigation sector in Radio, TV and daily news papers.

2. Preaches for promoting public awareness by telecasting programs in Radio, TV, schools, universities.

3. Publishing magazine

WAYS TO PUBLIC AWARENESS

Through education

1. Including water conservation topics in schools and universities curriculum.

2. by establishing seminars, conferences and workshops.

3. by medical training, formal and informal trainings to prevent contamination of water resources by waste and industrial polluted water.

SUMMARY Water crisis is a reality in most cities.

Water quality : need,procedure,variables.

Proactive WDM enables the effective, efficient and equitable use of limited water.

A combination of WDM instruments must be used to maximise the potential benefits.

An objective of WDM must be to improve the equity of the distribution of limited water.

A participatory approach is essential for affective WDM as successful implementation requires attitude changes.

Different water tests,domestic level tests and as well as industrial level tests.